Yintoni na ke ubushushu yingqele na utywala?

Ukungqinelana inkcazelo jikelele, lo qhwa yi ubushushu utshintsho kwento bekwimo engamanzi ukuya eqinileyo. Olu phawu kuxhomekeke koko kweziyobisi lupholisiwe (composition) kwaye oko koxinzelelo, njengoko oluphezulu uxinzelelo, iqondo lobushushu ebandayo ephakamileyo. Eyona nto kakhulu ezaziwayo-kakuhle ukuba amaninzi zidluliselwe ukusuka kulwelo ukuya isininzi eqinileyo isinye, amanzi. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba amanzi eziqhelekileyo engumkhenkce kwi degrees zero Celsius, Noko ke, ultrapure H ₂ Owu ngesitya abahlambulukileyo abe lulwelo kwaye yeqabaka kakhulu, kwakunye elwandle, equka ezininzi neetyuwa.

Ezinye izinto kufuneka amanqanaba entsebenzo angafaniyo. Umzekelo, ukuqanda utywala kwindawo asezantsi kakhulu kunokuba metric efanayo amanzi zesiqhelo. Oku kungenxa yokuba le nto onokuxinana asezantsi.

Xa iyonke kukho amaqela eziliqela alkoholi, nganye eneyazo iimpawu zayo ngokomzimba imichiza. Namhlanje, ukuba ezi ndidi zilandelayo:

- kuxhomekeka kwinani lamaqela hydroxyl (ukusuka monohydric ukuya alkoholi polyhydric) ;

- kuxhomekeke ukuba elizele ezizizembiwa substituent (unsaturated, umda, elimnandi);

- ngokuxhomekeka kwimiba ezizizembiwa substituent elibujikele (alicyclic, elibujikele);

- inani substituents kwi-atom alpha carbon (eziziiprayimari - emfundo ephakamileyo).

Umzekelo, qhwa of methanol utywala, ezinxulumene monohydric ngu thabatha 97 degrees Celsius kunye cyclohexanol - malunga thabatha 42 ° ^C. Noko ke, inkoliso iinjini zokuphendla kubonakala umbuzo malunga neempawu ulwelo, yinxalenye utshwala. Iqondo lobushushu neGauteng of ethyl utywala (ethanol) nguthabatha 114 Degrees Celsius. Le propati lisetyenziswa ekhaya ukuqaqambisa icandelo utywala i beziselo zotywala ukuze 'ukwandisa kumlinganiselo ", kwakunye nemveliso yasebusika" nezamerzayki "iimoto. Abanye abaqhubi sifakwe izisombululo iglasi-ethanol lohlobo ehlotyeni, okanye entle ingxengelelwe ngamanzi enkulu ezithile.

Qaphela ukuba ayisizizo zonke ulwelo kule klasi zikwimeko esiqinileyo kuphela kobubi kakhulu kunene. Umzekelo, ukuqanda utywala indawo phenyl carbinol (benzyl utywala enuka) ngu thabatha 15 ° ^C.

Ukuba ukhe ube nomdla ukuhlelwa ithemomitha ungabona ukuba kukho kwiithemometha, iyasebenza utywala-based. ie endaweni womatshini elektroniki okanye isixhobo iqulethe Mercury utywala. Ezi ithemomitha ezichatshazelwe kakhulu zisetyenziswa apho kuyimfuneko ukuba balinganise iqondo lobushushu liphantsi kokusingqongileyo lwasekhaya. Umzekelo, eSiberia, apho kuneqabaka rhoqo ukuya degrees 50-60. Apha ithemomitha eqhelekileyo ayikwazi ukusebenza kakuhle ngenxa yovalo mercury lobushushu imalunga thabatha 38 ^° C Funda ngento unayo ithemometha, ungakwazi umbala kwikholam ye ithermometer. Ukuba nesilivere, mercury ngaphakathi. Kodwa bar ebomvu ibonisa isisombululo utywala anombala. kwiithemometha anjalo adla ngokusetyenziswa umlinganiselo amaqondo yangaphandle. Nokuba ezitratweni ziya kuba -45 ^{° C,} iyunithi akayi kukuyekela, ngokuba lobushushu neGauteng utshwala asezantsi kakhulu.