Polyols: abalinganiswa, ukulungiswa kunye nokusetyenziswa

Alkoholi itsalwa iimolekyuli ezizizembiwa apho enye okanye ngaphezulu athom hydrogen elikufutshane carbon atom ifumile lifakelwa neqela hydroxy - WO. Kuye ngokomfuniselo wabonisa ukuba imali hydroxyls utywala kwi molecule ayikwazi ukudlula inani athom hydrocarbon. Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo ngokugqibeleleyo, ukwahlula acyclic (aliphatic) kunye alkoholi elibujikele; ngenani kwamaqela hydroxyl, - mono-, indo-, ikhangele kunye alkoholi polyhydric; Ukwanda - isinyibiliko unsaturated; indawo kwasendaweni leqela hydroxyl kwikhonkco ezizizembiwa - alkoholi lokuqala, lesibini nelesithathu.

alkoholi Polyhydric - yezabelo ze alkanes e iimolekyuli kunye athom ezingaphezu kwezintathu hydrogen athathelwa indawo hydroxy - WO. Kuba alkoholi polyhydric njengoko yezabelo of monosaccharides esibonakala isomerism kunye isomerism Indawo enombala kwi ezizizembiwa chain iqela OH. isomerism Optical imalunga nolwazi amaqela athile kwezinto komgquba izisombululo kombisa umsebenzi optical. umsebenzi Optical kwezinto kumiselwa usebenzisa polarimeter.

indlela qualitative ku polyols

Indlela abasabela kakhulu ezifanayo polyols qualitative basebenzisana yabo hayidroksayidi zezobhedu. Ngexesha inyibilike indlela hayidroksayidi, ngaloo ndlela bakha ezintsonkothileyo purple chelate.

Polyols: abameli eziphambili

S4N6 Chetyrehatomnye alkoholi (OH) 4 Ndanqula tetritami, pentahydric S5N7 (OH) 5 - pentitami, alkoholi hexahydric S6N8 (OH) 6 - hexitols. Kwiqela ngalinye ezinjalo ukwahlula ngamnye alkoholi leyo ezinamagama zembali: erythritol, arabitol, sorbitol, xylitol, dulcitol, mannitol, njl

polyalcohols ukulungiselela

Ezi alkoholi ukuba kuhlelwe yi ukuncitshiswa monosaccharides, ukuba amafu of aldehydes kunye formaldehyde ngendlela obrak medium. Amaxesha amaninzi, alkoholi polyhydric olulungiswe izinto zendalo ekrwada. Ezinye alkoholi itsalwa uthuthu entabeni iziqhamo.

alkoholi Polyhydric - optically umchiza, ezinyibilikayo kakhulu emanzini. I-IR and UV spectra babe nokufunxwa bands amaqela ezithile OH of alkoholi monohydric. Iipropati lwemichiza alkoholi ngenxa yobukho amaqela OH. Xa indlela ezi zihlanganisi kunye nesinyithi obrak nomhlaba alcoholates kwakhiwa - saccharate. Xa igcwala of hydroxyl leyo yenzelwe kufuphi yokuqala carbon atom (C1) kwakheka monosaccharides.

Polyols: abameli eziphambili

Erythritol HOCH 2 (CHOH) 2SN2ON - crystalline into linyibilike kwi 121,5 ° C. Le utywala ngentla eziqulathwe ulele kunye ubulembu. Erythritol zingafumaneka ngenxa nokufunyanwa 1,3-butadiene kunye erythrose. Uthe utywala lisetyenziswa ekwenziweni iikhompawundi ezinokugqabhuka, inks ngokukhawuleza-omiswe, izixubisisi.

Xylitol HOCH 2 (CHOH) 3SNON - ziikristale esimnandi, enyibilikayo amanzi lula, zanyibilika kubushushu degrees 61,5. Le utywala ingentla kuhlanganiswa yi ekunciphiseni xylose. Xylitol esetyenziswa kwishishini yokutya ekwenziweni kokutya ngenxa seswekile, kwakunye ekwenziweni nentlaka alkyd, oyile iyoma, kunye surfactants.

Pentaerythritol, C (CH2OH) 4 - eqinileyo kakuhle enyibilikayo emanzini. Afunyenwe ngokuhlanganisa formaldehyde kunye acetaldehyde phambi Ca (OH) 2. Oku kusetyenziswa ekwenziweni polyesters, nentlaka alkyd, tetrapentaeritrita, surfactants, plasticizers ngenxa Polyvinyl chloride,-oyile zokwenziwa. Ibonisa iipropati ezidakumbisayo.

Mannitol HOCH 2 (CHOH) 4SN2ON - kweziyobisi ngolangazelelo linyibilike ngama 165. Eziqulathwe ubulembu, nomngundo, ulele, izityalo ngaphezulu. Elinokusetyenziswa umchamo kwaye njengempembelelo yeemveliso izithambiso (namafutha).

D-Sorbitol HOCH 2 (CHOH) 4SN2ON - linyibilike kwi degrees 96. Utywala iziqhamo zizityebi wentaba yentaba. Sorbitol ifunyenwe ekunciphiseni glucose. Uthe utywala yimveliso eliphakathi kwi Yindibanisela ivithamin C, kubonisa inyathelo umchamo, isetyenziswe njengento ethatha indawo seswekile sucrose.