Yintoni na isiko Chernyakhov? Culture Chernyakhov: imvelaphi kunye nenkcazo

Chernyakhov neNkcubeko - elona xesha likhulu zakudala kwimbali yokuqala nokuxubana. Kwathabatha ezininzi lesithuba kummandla namhlanje Ukraine, Romania, Moldova naseRashiya. ISipro ikakhulu kwi emathafeni kunye ehlathini, ubuncinane - nemimandla emathafeni.

iimpawu ngokubanzi

Uphononongo yalo inkcubeko kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ukuqonda yamabali, benemfundo ethnogenesis. yenzekile ngexesha ezifanelekileyo Iinkqubo yokufudukela esebenzayo, abantu ugalelwe omnye komnye, ngamanye amaxesha kunzima kakhulu ukuchonga amacandelo ahlukeneyo yobuhlanga nakwizityalo. Sekunjalo, iingcali ezininzi bavumelane nento yokuba lokusekwa nokuxubana amandulo kwenzeka ukunxibelelana kunikwe nezinye izizwe kwindawo yokuqala lukulungele. Xa inzululwazi kuyanda imbono yokuba intshukumo yokugqibela, nto leyo kwiinkulungwane 1-3 BC. e. bafudukela kwiindawo amaphondo baseRoma, Northern Black Sea Coast, idlale indima ekhethekileyo. Ngeli xesha, kukho ukuyilwa kwezinye iinkcubeko uhlobo Slavic, ezifana, ngokomzekelo, Przeworsk, eKiev, kunye nabanye. Izazinzulu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba nokuxubana zabelwa phakathi antskogo isizwe, njengoko bekunikwe ingxelo phakathi imithombo yamandulo. Kulapha kule meko kwaye kufuneka kuqwalaselwe isithuba Chernyakhovsky kwimbali lenqaba zokuhlala.

isifundo

Le nkcubeko kuthatha igama layo ukusuka kwidolophana Chernyakhiv (kummandla eKiev), nto leyo wahlolwa kwinkulungwane yama-20, izazinzulu Korotynskyy. Iingcali abaninzi oyikholelwayo ukuba kumafa yayo uhlanga kwaba ngeentlanga. Kwakhona ayekholelwa ukuba Zarubintsy kunye nenkcubeko Chernyakhov ezinento, ngokuba woku indawo lowo wokuqala, egqalwa lenqaba (nangona historiography wolunye uluvo ukuba kumafa yayo uhlanga ke German). Tshintsha yokuphila zifundwa ezifana izazinzulu ebalulekile ababambisi beentlanzi, bambambazele Sedov.

imvelaphi

Chernyakhov Isiko ngenxa yeenkqubo ukufudukela, leyo senzeka kummandla amazwe aseMpuma Yurophu. mbali abaninzi bebulawa imvelaphi yayo kufudukela ngamaGoth, owathi, ukuthatha ummandla Ukrainian, ugalelwe kunye nabantu basekuhlaleni. Ngeli xesha kwavela i oium karhulumente. imida yayo eyodwa kwelo qumrhu kwezopolitiko. Ngenxa yokufudukela esimbaxa yhuu Chernyakhovskaya babengene multi-yobuhlanga, izilingo Slavic Por, amaJamani, ngamaSkitiya Sarmats. mbali Abalobi, wayekholelwa ukuba lo Slavic yamandulo, kodwa le uluvo kuqulathwe sisaziso sothotyelo eso kwinzululwazi.

umnotho

Culture Chernyakhovskaya iquka ixesha ukusuka IV ukuya II on. n. e. Yena waba kwinqanaba kwezoqoqosho kakhulu phambili. Isiseko yoqoqosho yaye yaxhasa yokulima ikhuba. Abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumana iintsalela amakhuba, iingcebiso yentsimbi, hacks, ezazisetyenziswa kwezolimo. Esilawulwa ukufuya iinkomo, lo gama abahlali waphakamisa iihagu kunye namahashe. Esetyenziselwa emhadini engoovimba, awafunyanwayo kwiqela zokuhlala. inkcubeko Chernyakhovskaya lubonakala ngokuba kwinqanaba eliphezulu nangobungcibi. Population kakuhle ukuphatha otyhidiweyo, ithambo neenkuni. umhombiso abalondolozwa intsimbi non-ayoni, yokutyiwa izixhobo ezenziwe amathambo zezilwanyana.

Kwezinye iindawo amaziko metallurgical Ayifumaneki. Kuyabonakala ukuba abahlali babesiva iindlela ezahlukeneyo zesinyithi processing (ucimayo) kunye nemveliso ngentsimbi. Noko ke, kukho inkalo bronzes ezininzi igcinwe. Kukho imbono yokuba ezinye iindlela zokwenza ziye abolekwe kumaphondo baseRoma, kwakunye kummandla Central yaseYurophu.

zokuhlala

Chernyakhovskaya inkcubeko kwaqhenqetha kakhulu kwiindawo ehlathini, ngoko ekhayeni lakhe yayimikhulu ngobukhulu kwaye ngokubanzi buxande ngayo imilo. zokuhlala onqatyisiweyo encinane, kodwa ezinye zazo ezisagcinwe yokuhlala emazantsi (idolophu, Aleksandrovka). kweendonga ukufika elinambini ubude, kukho kwenqaba kunye iinqaba. Baye zibekwe ezisezintabeni, lo gama izindlu zesiqhelo - ecaleni nemingenela yemilambo ezincinane.

Sasihlala yahlulwe kabini: zokuhlala kunye nezoqoqosho. iziko ibekwe kweli ziko. Kweminye imizi, iindonga benza "owomileyo", okt. E. Ngaphandle isisombululo Umatshini okhethekileyo. Ezi zithinteli jikelele Stolbovo isakhelo kubo lalenziwe wattle wawutyabeka ngodongwe. Zokuhlala ibekwe "iindlwane" kweendawo ezithe natya. Ngaphakathi yokuba iikhamera omnye okanye emibini.

ezikhumbuzo

Chernyakhov inkcubeko zakudala iye igcinwe inani ezikhumbuzo umdla. Okokuqala sithetha njengeenyoka odumileyo (Troyan) emigodini, usebenziso, okanye ukuya ezantsi Kiev kwi kweenxweme Dnieper. Le ndijonge ukuba uvukwa kwinjongo. It is a chain manzi umhlaba emaquleni, ndisolulela umgama omde (nezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo abe ubude ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwelinye elinamanci mahlanu km) ngaphezulu.

Of umdla ethile nazo sikhumbuzo Chernyakhov inkcubeko kummandla Vinnitsa. Apha, i ukupeyinta iliwa ekhethekileyo, intsingiselo yazo nangoku izazinzulu ukuphikisana uyaziwa. Ibonisa umthi owomileyo, kwelinye amasebe apho inkuku behleli phambi kwakhe - indoda emva apho kukho nexhama. Ngaphezu koko, ukwakhiwa kukho isakhelo kwisithuba phakathi iimpondo. Enye lesikhumbuzo kwindawo enye - enkwalini Ilinetsky ze tufa mlilo ngokwenza okugaya. Oku kubonisa umgangatho ophezulu nophuhliso yokunyibilikisa isinyithi kule ngingqi.

yokungcwaba

Duffel complex Chernyakhov inkcubeko ingalandwa kuphela kumakhaya kodwa ngcwaba. Noko ke, njengoko umthetho, ukuba emangcwabeni abo kancinane, kodwa ukuba ezinye ezenziwe lokuphinda inkangeleko kwexesha. Emigodini yokungcwaba ngamanye amaxesha sithole izinto zemihla ngemihla kunye nezinto zendlu. Ngamanye amaxesha akubikho zitya neenxalenye ukwenzela ukwenza imisebenzi yendlu, ezifana zokuluka. Fumana kunye nezinto nokuhombisa. Phakathi kwabo, umzekelo, i-lesiquluba.

inkcubeko Chernyakhovskaya luphawulwa iindlela ezimbini yokungcwaba: imingcwabo kunye cremations. Kwimeko yokuqala kusetyenziswa emhadini eqhelekileyo eziziingxande, iintsalela yesibini zibekwe kwiinqanawa imiphanda, iimbiza kunye nezitya zokufefa. Ngcwaba afumaneka, kwaye izidumbu iingalo, umzekelo, yotolo, imikhonto, ninamakrele bent ukulungiselela iinjongo lokuhlambulula. Kukho kokubili single kunye binary yokungcwaba.

Houseware

Zokusonjululwa Chernyakhov inkcubeko, njengoko umthetho, baba yoqoqosho injongo yayo nemisebenzi. Ngoko ke, ngokufuthi kukho izinto ezidingekayo kwezolimo kunye namashishini. Abahlali wayesazi yevili wombumbi, benza izitya zeemilo ezahlukeneyo. Kwathiwa kakhulu saphuhliswa nokuluka, abembi wambi ukufumana imizila ngemisonto ezahlukeneyo izinto zasekhaya kunye nobomi ekhaya.

izitya

ukuba wathini nezitya zodongwe, njengoko kunjalo kwi imbaxa duffel, abembi badla ukwahlula inkcubeko. kubuyekezwa Abemi lemveliso iindidi zezinto zemihla ngemihla, kodwa izitya iziphumo aziwa, ihonjiswe okanye iilayini ezithe tye, okanye rolls ezongezelelweyo kunye vee encinane isiqabu. Phakathi iziphumo iyamangalisa Sea Black amphora kunye krasnoglinyanoy kunye krasnolakovoy izitya wadala kwaye ayethathwe koomasifundisane zamaphondo baseRoma. Iimveliso ezenziwe ngodongwe erhabaxa zifumaneka ngokuqhelekileyo izakhiwo.

nezinye izinto zobuciko

Metal Chernyakhov inkcubeko - ubukhulu becala yentsimbi. Inani labemi bakwazi ukusingatha nsimbi, ngokucacileyo, ngaphandle kwempembelelo ubuchwepheshe yamaRoma. Nakuba kunjalo, iziphumo ngezikhali ayikho kangako, kodwa ubukhulu becala yotolo, imikhonto, amakrele inxenye.

Ngokwahlukeneyo, kufuneka enokuthethwa ubuncwane. Ngomhla kummandla inkcubeko afumaneka kwinani elikhulu imali waseRoma ayenza ukuya entshona Dniester - sobhedu, empuma - zesilivere. Kwaye yokugqibela Ndafumana kakhulu hoards, kodwa iingcali baye bavakalisa imbono yokuba le mali isetyenziselwa urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ngelilixa iimfuno zendawo lalisetyenziswa unaniselwano. eqhelekileyo bade imali Bosporan ayenza.

duffel complex

Phakathi ezenziwe bafumana isixa esikhulu izacholo, umzekelo, ukuba ukubona inani elikhulu bezisa izacholo, amaso, isiqhoboshi, bamanqatha. Yezinto lokusetyenziswa ngemihla ezi iintshengece, amazembe, loza. Ngamanye amaxesha ufumana imiba zomkhosi, kodwa bambalwa. Of umdla ethile angamakrele, ngezinkempe, imikhonto. Ngokwahlukeneyo, kufuneka kuthiwa apha ngeziphumo original - umfanekiso elikwi- isitya. It has a imilo ngeenxa, kwaye phantsi kwenyanga nganye - lomzobo ahambelanayo.

imikhumbi

Ngoko ke, lo inkcubeko Chernyakhov, ifoto ezikhumbuzo ezo zithiwe thaca kweli nqaku, ayesahluka inqanaba sezingeni eliphezulu lophuhliso ezoqoqosho kunye noshishino. Ngokwahlukeneyo, kufuneka ngokuphathelene nenjongo iimpahla isiko: ezinye zezi khalenda bemifanekiso. Ngaphezu koko, kukho kufunyanisiweyo zokubhala. Izixhobo lemveliso iye kakuhle ngamaRoma AD ngenkulungwane yokuqala yaye wahlabela mgama ingqalelo inkcubeko uluntu. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ezi iimpahla umbala bulubhelu okanye zana iqanda-ezimile.

ezizwe

Chernyakhovskaya inkcubeko, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, yaba beentlanga kumafa yayo yobuhlanga. Oku kungenxa nokuphuma yemfuduko eziye zenzeka kwilizwekazi laseYurophu ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Ngoko ke, ababhali-mbali ichonge licandelo ngenkcazo kumafa yayo: esiJamani, Sarmatian-nabaphantsi, Slavic. Eyokuqala imelwe amangcwaba yokubini, izindlu ezinkulu nezakhiwo, kwakunye ngodongwe olulodwa uhlobo velbarskogo. Ezi mpawu mava phantse yonke indawo zokusasaza yalo inkcubeko.

Uhlobo lwesibini imelwe izakhiwo ilitye elikhulu ngenkcazo, izindlu multi-gumbi sisithethe ekhethekileyo yokungcwaba, xa wafaka inyama engcwabeni ngemela exabileyo kuyo, amaqhekeza ngetshokhwe okanye ipeyinti. Ngokomthetho yokungcwaba owenziwa emihadini podboynyh okanye mangcwaba. Kwakhona kule ndawo iphawulwa luhlobo okhethekileyo cookware - iimbiza ngentamo elandayo phezulu. Eli qela ifumana uninzi lwawo kwi North woLwandle Black, umiwe ezi zizwe.

Ekugqibeleni, iqela Slavic nezinto zakudala amelwe kwizindlu ezincinci ezisikwere kunye amaqashiso kwemingxuma ndyangu. Le ndawo luphawulwa kukungabikho iindonga ezinkulu, kwakunye nobukho zeebhekile becala sistucco. indawo Main zokusasaza - Dniester, nayo leyo bavela kwezinye inkcubeko Slavic Kiev, Przeworsk. Ezahlukileyo Penkovsky kunye nenkcubeko Slavic labiwe Om Prihodnyuk. Chernyakhovskaya inkcubeko ukusondela kuye adjoined, nangona izazinzulu baye babonisa ukuba akazange abe nempembelelo tsotsololo kuphuhliso Slavic element, ngenxa yokuba ngeentlanga kakhulu.

iingxaki yokubala

Ngokunxulumene inkalo ngasentla kwinzululwazi, kukho iingxaki ukuthandana kunye nobalo yalo inkcubeko. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba iziphumo azisoloko ukuvumela ukuthembeka ezaneleyo ziquka zakudala bayo kwinkulungwane ngokukhethekileyo. Ukongeza, kwindawo anikiweyo ezininzi impahla evela kwamanye amazwe, ikakhulu imvelaphi yamaRoma, yaphuhliswa phantsi kabani kwempembelelo yena. Ngoko ke, indlela efanelekileyo kakhulu indlela uthandana yi neyemingcwabo.

yeempawu ezibonakalayo

Ngoko ke, le nkcubeko luphawulwa ukwahluka iziphumo, echaza ukuba nokubunjwa kwayo kwakukho izinto eziliqela ezahlukeneyo. Okubaluleke kakhulu kukuba kwakunjalo kummandla eziphembelela baseRoma. provincialism layo, ngokuqinisekileyo negalelo kwinqanaba eliphezulu inkcubeko kunye, bona, kwenza ukuvela iiteknoloji thuthu kule ngingqi. Ezinye iingcali baphawula Dacian nefuthe kule ndawo.

Ulwalamano kwezinye iinkcubeko

Chernyakhovsky ixesha kwibakala ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso nokuxubana yamandulo. Nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha sasisendle abadibana obukhulu kunye nezinye iintlanga, ngoko eli inkcubeko ivumela kudala kuphela ngokuyinxenye ngokutsha Slavic. Kodwa phantsi kwempembelelo kunye nabo, uye waba nefuthe kwezinye iinkcubeko apho element Slavic waba ucaca ngakumbi: Przeworsk, kolochinskoy, Kiev.

ukugqitywa

decadence Cultural kwakubangelwa kwenye wave yemfuduko ukuba yashukumisa eYurophu. Eli xesha, kwakukho yokufuduka imfazwe Huns ephila. Oku kwakhokelela ukuba yayikukuphuphuma inxalenye enkulu yabemi ukuya ngasentshona, njengoko kukho iingxelo ezibhaliweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ehlathini-emathafeni kunye emathafeni nemimandla ezinye amaqela ukuba ngokuxhomekeke Huns. Kodwa ukuya emntla-mpuma kwixesha eyandulela inkcubeko Chernyakhov, waza kungqamane naye ngelo xesha, waqhubeka ukuba zikhona ezinye inkcubeko Slavic - Kiev. nentwana yayo alondolozwe kakuhle. Abembi bezinto zakudala bafumane amangcwaba, amakhaya, izinto zasekhaya kunye nokuba ubuncwane.

inani

Chernyakhovsky ixesha lophuhliso kubalulekile kuba yenye samanqanaba okuqala kwimbali ekuqaleni nokuxubana. Iquka kakhulu indawo enkulu indawo, kuquka inani kwimimandla kwilizwe lethu: Belgorod kunye Kursk. Noko ke, ukuba ufikelelo kwimbali kwezinye izizwe ingqalelo ixesha: amaJamani, amaCelts, AmaSkitiya nabanye. Ukongeza, eli xesha uye iimpawu ezicacileyo amaRoma kade, impembelelo Sea Black ekuvumela ukuba ukuhlola amanqanaba yamva kuphuhliso kule mimandla. Ngoko ke, echazwe Culture nqaku ngenkuthalo bafunda phambi Revolution, ngamaxesha Soviet, uhlalutyo iyaqhubeka unanamhla. indlu Chernyakhovsky of inkcubeko, umzekelo, hlale liqhuba imisebenzi zokugcinwa abantu bemveli izithethe nenkcubeko, ekufuneka inkxaso umdla ngamakhoboka.