Numismatics: iimali zeRoma zakudala nezasendulo

Ukuthakazelisa nge-numismatics kuyathandwa kakhulu kule mihla. Abaqokeleli babiza izizathu ezahlukeneyo zokufuna kwabo iimali zexesha elidala: oku kubaluleka kwabo kwimbali, kunye neembono zexesha elidlulileyo, kunye neephupha zabantwana zobuncwane obungavaliyo. Abantu abanjalo banomdla ngokukhethekileyo kwiimali ze-antique, kuba bagcina imifanekiso engabalandeli kuphela, kodwa iimbali ezipheleleyo, iziganeko ezinkulu, kunye nokuhluka kwazo kuphazamisa ingcamango.

Inxalenye ethile yembali

Kwakuqala ukuhlawula imali kwi-Middle Kingdom naseIndiya ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-12 leminyaka. BC. E. Kodwa ukubuyiswa kwalo mqondiso akugqithanga imida yale mazwe. Kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, amaGrike aqala ukutshintsha iimali zesiliva. Yaye yaba yindlela esetyenzisiweyo yokutshintshisiswa kunye nokuthengiswa, ukuba ifike kuqala kuMbindi Mpuma, kwaye ukusuka apho kwasasazeka kuwo onke amazwe anelisayo.

Inkqubo yezimali iqhubekile. Iingxowa-mali zolawulo lobukhosi baseRoma zatshintsha indawo yamaGrisi, eyayiyimodeli yokudalwa kwayo. KwiRoma yayo yakudala yayimzekelo wempucuko ephakamileyo. Ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwayo, abantu babedluliweyo, kuba iimpumelelo ezininzi zazikhohliwe iminyaka emininzi. Ixesha elide lemali yamaRoma mandulo lenza njengento ephantsi yemali yeYurophu naseAsia, njengabo babandulela, okwenziwa ngamaGrike.

Zemali zexesha elidala

Ngomlinganiselo omncinci, kuphela iimpawu zeemali zaseRoma yakudala zibhekiswe kulolu hlobo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwenene oku akunjalo. Iquka iimali zabantu bonke basendulo, kuquka iPersi, i-Israel (yamaYuda) ne-Byzantine. Iimpawu zeemali zexesha elidlulileyo liye zenziwe kwiitye ezixabisekileyo: ubhedu, ubhedu, isilivere negolide. Izinto ezixhomekeke kwisidima sengqekembe, kuba bebenaye abaye baqikelela ixabiso layo. Lo mgaqo wawugcinwa ngamaxesha onke kwaye ukhona nanamhla. Iingqekembe zaseRoma zasendulo zazihlotshiswe izibonda zomlawuli olawulayo. Kwakungesiqinisekiso sobunzima, ukulungisa ixabiso layo. Iingqekembe ze-Antique zihluke kakhulu, njengoko iibhanki ezitsha zikhutshwe ngenguqu elandelelanayo yomlawuli.

Iibhondi kunye neebhedu

Kwiinkqubo zemali yaseRoma yakudala, izitya ezifana nebhedu kunye nobhedu (iAurichalk endala) zadlala indima ebalulekileyo. Kwavela kubo ukuba iimpawu zemali zityhilwa. Intengo yokuqala yenziwe ngebhedu. Ubunzima balo ngexesha elo bulinganiselwe kwi-ounces. Kwakuyi-esile yobhedu, ubuninzi beli-12 ounces (340 g). Kwakukho iimali ezinesidima esincinci:

• Semis - 170 gr.
• Uvavanyo - 113 gr.
• I-Quadrant - 85 gr.
• Sextans - 56 g.
• Izabelo kunye neeyunice izabelo, zilinganiswe ngokufanelekileyo kwigama.

Emva koko i-aurihalk yensimbi (ubhedu) yabonakala-eyabiza ngakumbi, kunobhedu, i-alloy yobhedu kunye ne-zinc. Ukususela kuso kwakubonakalisiweyo iimali zemali zaseRoma zakudala njenge sestertius (27.28 gr.), IDuponium (13.64 gr.) Kunye nesile (54.59 gr.).

Igolide kunye nesilivere

Isilivere yenziwe ngeedariyari, abahluli, i-quinaria kunye nesterces. Iyona enkulu kunazo zonke nge-denariyo) yayilinganisa ama-gram e-5, kwaye encinci - ibe ngaphezu kwegram enye. Ngenxa yenguqu ye-217 BC. E. Ubunzima bawo behla. Igolide, i-aureus yadalwa, kwaye emva kokuhlaziywa koConstantine I ekusebenziseni kwakuquka ukuqina, i-semis kwaye kuhlalutya (amagama ahlelwe ngokuhla kwe-denomination).

Namhlanje kucatshangelwa ukuba iyunithi eyisiseko kwiinkqubo zemali ye-antique yayingumlinganiselo okanye i-drachma. Ngoko, kwisakhelo seNkqubo ye-Agin, iifom zesilivere (12-14.5 g) kunye needrakhim (njengesixa semali yesiliva sasendulo saseRoma sasilinganiswa nesiqingatha se-stator) zatshintshiwe, kunye ne-Miletus, zegolide ze -Phocian ne-Persian. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iibhanki zeebhanki zenziwe ngobhedu okanye ngobhedu, nazo zibalwe ngoncedo lwale nqununu. Esi siko sasisasazeka kwiixesha likaAlexandro Omkhulu.

Malunga neefakes

Kukho ezimbini iintlobo zezandla. Inxalenye yenziwe ngabakhohlisi belo xesha, ngelixa ezinye iikopi zanamhlanje. Kule candelo, siza kuthetha malunga nokugqibela, kuba iphela ilahlekelwa yixabiso namhlanje. Kukho iindlela eziliqela, ezifanelekileyo ukujonga ngokuzenzekelayo:

1. Ukuchonga inkohliso engapheliyo ngokwaneleyo ukukhangela isithunzi kwikhathalogu. Ngoku iibhendi zamandulo zamaRoma zenziwe iindawo zokuvakasha kunye nabantu abaqhelekileyo abangazi nto malunga ne-numismatics. Ngako oko, ukufana kunye neemvelaphi kubaluleke kakhulu.
2. Xa kuthelekiswa nedatha kwirejista, unokulinganisela uze ulinganise imali. Ukuba izalathisi azibhalwa kwiimilinganiselo ezichaziweyo, isiphelo siyabonakala.
3. Ngemihla yeemali zeRoma zakudala azizange zenziwe, kodwa zatsalwa. Ngako oko, imali eyenziwe kwizixhobo zanamhlanje ingakwazi ukwahlukana.
4. Ukuba kukho inqwelwana yeengqungquthela emanzini kwimali, yinyani. Akunakwenzeka ukudala le mpawu. Kubangelwa ukubola kwangaphakathi kwezinto ezingcolileyo.
5. Ubungqina bokukhanya okugqithisiweyo buthetha ngokuthanda i-specimen ehlolwayo.
6. Imali yamandulo yaseRoma ingakhangela i-microscope. Ngokunyuka okuqinileyo, ukubola kwe-surface, uphawu lwe-ligatures yelo xesha, kuya kubonakala.
7. Ukuthelekisa kunye neyokuqala yindlela efanelekileyo, ukuvumela ukuthelekisa umboniso kunye neenkcukacha zayo ezincinci.
8. Uhlalutyo lwentsebenziswano luya kunceda ukufumana isampuli kunye nokwakheka kwe-ligature. Ukuba iziphumo zoluhlalutyo lweempawu ezixakekayo kunye neyokuqala ziyafana, ngoko sinokugqiba ukuba iinkozo zisexesha elifanayo.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, umntu ongenalwazi akanakukwazi ukuhlula inkohliso. Kwaye kulo mzekelo isisombululo esona sisisombululo kukusetyenziswa kwi-numismatist eneenkcukacha.