Inkcubeko Archaeological Russian

inkcubeko zakudala yingqokelela zobuciko lilungu kwindawo ethile ziwayo. Igama lafumana ngokwesiseko iimpawu ezikhethekileyo Isivatho esetyenziswe intsimi elinikiweyo. Igama elithi "nenkcubeko" zakudala yahluke kancinane ukusuka nkcazelo eyamkelekileyo. Ingasetyenziswa kuphela xa ngeziphumo izazinzulu ukunika ufifi lokuba yintoni uhlobo lwabantu ubomi embalwa kwiminyaka engamawaka eyadlulayo.

inkcubeko zakudala Russian kuquka izigaba ezininzi zophuhliso. Ngamnye kubo udlula ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwelinye. Ngenxa yokuba kwintsimi lizwe esikhulu, kwangaxeshanye oko ukuphila Izizwe yelo kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo asiyonto zokuphila efanayo.

ngekhulu Culture srednekamennogo

Loo nto njengoko inkcubeko Mesolithic zakudala, enyanisweni, ndingekho. Ngeli xesha izizwe hayi ndinabele phakathi kwabo. Abantu bezama ukuphila, yaye akukho mahluko kwindlela enza ngayo. Umntu ngcembe benza umsebenzi wokufama, umntu waqhubeka lizingela, kwaye ezinye izilwanyana mbuna, ukuseka isantya ukuya izilwanyana mihla. Nangona kunjalo, kwesi sihlandlo sexesha ayikwazi nihlale ngokupheleleyo, kuba ekubeni lowo wabeka isiseko ukuze kwakhiwe impucuko eze nezinto ezintsha.

Kweli nqanaba, kukho iintlobo yokuqala ngamasiko zakudala. Oosonzululwazi kunye zakudala bakholelwa ukuba kufuneka yahlulwe njalo ekuqaleni. Kodwa iziqalo walala. esizweni ngasinye kude nezalamane zabo zangaphambili, wahlukana ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo, nokuba kuyimpilo, kukho icala yobuhlanga le umba, okanye, umzekelo, iindlela yokungcwaba ookhokho abafileyo. Kodwa ke iqonga ekuthethwa kuyo nayiphi na imeko ayikwazi akufunekanga ijongelwe phantse, kuba kwisifundo sakhe kuya kunceda ekuphenduleni imibuzo enxulumene kukuvela izityalo ezilandelayo.

Tripolskaya impucuko

Tripolskaya inkcubeko zakudala yomhla emva Eneolithic (5-2 leminyaka BC. E.). Kufunyenwe igama layo ukusuka kwindawo apho afunyanwa yezikhumbuzo kuqala. Kwathi lali Trypillya.

Kuyabonakala ukuba malunga ngenkulungwane ye-18 ngomhla kummandla eRomania, olwenziwe zamaqula ngexesha apho inkcubeko Cucuteni uyaziwa. igama layo wabona kuloo lali, kufuphi apho wafumana izinto ezenziwe enxulumene nayo. Ekuqaleni kwakucingwa ukuba ezi iinkcubeko ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Akubanga de lo gama izazinzulu kuthelekiswa izinto ezifumaneka ezikhumbuzo. Ndafumanisa ukuba kukutentsy kunye tripoltsy - bantu.

Le zezinto zakudala ziye ukuba izazinzulu bagqibe ukuba inkcubeko zakudala kuqwalaselwa yaba kunawo kummandla Russia naseYurophu, abemi balo kwimigangatho kwincopho ngaphaya abantu amawaka 15.

Njengoko ubomi impucuko, kwenzeka ngendlela efanayo nakwezinye iindawo ngexesha Stone Age. Ngasekupheleni kwexesha abantu baqala ukuba bahlole udongwe, ngoku ayisetyenziselwa kuphela iinjongo zasekhaya, kodwa zokuhombisa. Ukusuka yavelisa Izithombe kunye nezinye iimveliso ngodongwe.

dolmens

Dolmen inkcubeko zakudala akuxhomekekanga ngokukodwa negalelo kuphuhliso zezizwe, ibekwe kwi kummandla Russia yanamhlanje. Zivela e Indiya malunga nenkulungwane BC-10. e., kodwa abantu baqalisa uhambo lwabo ukuya ecaleni lasentshonalanga kakhulu kamva. Oku kwenzeka kule nkulungwane BC-3. e., dolmens ngoko yahlulwe kabini. Kuqala ndaya phesheya eCaucasus, wesibini - e-Afrika, ingakumbi eYiputa. Ngomhla kummandla Russia ngelo xesha kugcwele ngomnye impucuko, ngoko izizwe bakwazi ukuncedisana lemveli lenkcubeko kuphela. Yona ke uphuhliso eYiputa, le nto apho baye bakwazi ukuvula ngokupheleleyo.

Igama le nkcubeko zakudala zingafumaneka ulwimi Breton, yaye lithetha "itheyibhile ilitye". Nangona yokuba kwifuthe lazo kule ndawo Slavic wayengekho phezulu, ukufumaneka likhulu ezikhumbuzo kufuphi nonxweme noLwandle abamnyama kummandla Krasnodar. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ezinye iisayithi nje akazange sisinde kule namhlanje.

In dolmens afunyanwa ukuphuphuma zamatye kunye nobhedu neemveliso, ezi zinto zisetyenziswa hayi kuphela ukuvelisa izixhobo nokuzingela; kodwa izacholo. Abaninzi kubo baye bafumana ngqo ngcwaba. Bona, ngengozi, ebizwa dolmens kwakhona, njengoko izizwe. Ezi zizathu yokungcwaba zazifana iiphiramidi zaseYiputa. Uninzi abaphandi bayavuma ukuba kungenzeka ukuba ezinye dolmens kwakhiwa ngeenjongo izinto zezenkolo okanye zenkcubeko, hayi emngcwabeni. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba izakhiwo ngokwabo baqhele ukuba babe yobudala ngaphezu kwalawo afumaneka iintsalela zabo. Ngenxa yoko, kusenokwenzeka ukuba lo impucuko dolmen wabeka isiseko iiphiramidi, ezo nto zombini kwaye bayinqule zininzi unanamhla.

amasiko Catacomb

Catacomb inkcubeko zakudala weza kummandla Slavic empumalanga, oko kuqala eyafunyanwa ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. kokuhluma nezidubula umhla wayo ukusuka kwixesha lokuqala ngobhedu. Eminye imithombo bathi ukubonakala izizwe catacomb ngokubanzi swi kwi Copper Age. Xa ilizwi, ukuba ukhankanye umhla ngqo lwenkcubeko kangaka kude akuphumelelanga.

Izizwe ukuba aqhube ngaphaya kwemida baseYurophu, ngoko impembelelo yazo kuphuhliso impucuko angabamelwane kukha kuphela. Igama le nkcubeko zakudala afunyenwe indlela yokungcwaba, leyo isixa esikhulu umahluko. Ngokomzekelo, xa sithelekisa catacomb kunye yamnye izizwe, ngoko ke yokungcwaba sokugqibela ngokwaneleyo ukuba wemba umhadi encinane. Ubunzulu yokungcwabela lokuqala yayimi kwinqanaba kweemitha 3-5. Ngaphezu koko, ngokufuthi ezi ziye amasebe eziliqela, baya nzulu emacaleni okanye nje. Kukholelwa ukuba kula mangcwaba bangcwatyelwa okanye abantu usapho enye okanye udidi enye okanye isimo.

izizwe Appliances catacomb kwakhona entle kakhulu ezahlukene. Okokuqala, ukuba phantse abazange babe ezantsi flat. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuchazwe into yokuba izizwe musa kodwa ukuqonda zonke lula imveliso, okanye abazange babe namathuba ezinjalo. Okwesibini, zonke izitya yaba imilo ezibanzi. Nokuba ukhetha up umphanda, ngoko ukuphakama kwayo - lincinane kakhulu. Kwabakho nesangqawe kwakudala. Njengazo zonke izizwe ixesha, oko kuthwalelwa phandle ngoncedo yokuvela ngentambo. Zophondo kuphela inxalenye engentla imveliso.

Le guns kwenziwa ikakhulu lesilicon. Le nto ke asetyenziswe xa kusenziwa yotolo, iimela, ngezinkempe njalo njalo. Ezinye nabachweli abanobuchule izizwe wasebenzisa iinkuni imveliso zodongwe. Bronze lisetyenziswa kuphela imveliso izacholo.

Inkcubeko Russian le Bronze Age

Ngelishwa, inkcubeko zakudala le Bronze Age eRashiya wasilela ukufikelela ephakeme kunazo, kodwa yophuhliso lulonke ngoyaba ixesha isikali. Yaqala ukuya 4-3 nkulungwane BC. e. I amaRashiya ngelo xesha benza wokufama. Ubukhulu becala eyayigquba unyango ehlathini, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe abantu baqala ukuphuhlisa ukulinywa komhlaba ngaphantsi otyebileyo.

Kukho jump encinane ukwakhiwa kwezindlu. Ukuba zokuhlala ngaphambili wamisa ukwakhiwa kwezindlu kuphela iintili, kodwa ngoku bafudukela ezintabeni. Kwakhona iqala Ukuqiniswa abangekaphuhli lwezakhiwo.

YoBhedu Age inkcubeko Early zakudala yohlukile zokuhlala Maikop. Kamva yahlulwe kwizakhiwo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Uqeqesho olubanzi kakhulu kwi ezinabantu ke isidumbu kunye nenkcubeko Andronovo.

Maikop inkcubeko

Maikopskaya inkcubeko zakudala imihla ubudala ekuqaleni obhedu, kuba wayekho kule nkulungwane BC-3. e. e North eCaucasus. Kwezi ezikhumbuzo bafumana ziyalungiswa, sinokugqiba ukuba abantu wayenza iinkomo kufuywe nezolimo. Culture yavela emantla-ntshona kunye nakumbindi zaseCaucasus. A isici esasenza zezizwe nto akudala xa kusenziwa izixhobo kunye nezinto zendlu. Noko ke, nangona inkangeleko eziphelelwe ezi mveliso, i impucuko kancane. Ukongezelela, oko akukho ndlela enasilela ngayo kwamanye le mihla ngakumbi ukuba izixhobo xesha.

Kwakhona, ngenxa ezafunyanwa ngabembi bezinto zakudala, siyakwazi ukubona ukuba inkcubeko Maikop archaeology incopho yayo akazange agcine kuyiphi indawo kuphela North neAsia. Kukho imikhondo e Chechnya, phezu Taman Peninsula, ukuya ku Dagestan kunye eGeorgia. Hi ndlela leyi, ku kwimida ezi iindawo kukho amasiko ezimbini ezahlukeneyo (Kura-Araxes kunye Maikop) zifumaneka, kukho interlacing kubo. Phambi okufunyenweyo umda, izazinzulu babekholelwa ukuba linqanaba mbuzo kwindawo ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Kwaye ngeli ingcaciso eyiyo malunga ukuxuba namasiko nto.

amasiko isidumbu

inkcubeko isidumbu zakudala th yomhla we-2-1 zeminyaka BC. e. Intsimi zezizwe njengento abanzi, it spread ukusuka kwindawo Dnieper ukuya Urals, ukusuka Kama ukuya kunxweme Black kunye lweCaspian Seas. Kufunyenwe igama layo ngenxa yobuninzi izakhiwo log. Akazange ahlale ngaphandle ingqalelo kunye omngcwabo izithethe, imihlaba yokungcwaba, ezingontsini log ngasentla apho ngokuqhelekileyo akhiwa.

zokuhlala yezizwe zibekwe ngqo ecaleni komlambo, ngokuqhelekileyo masimu amatheku. Ngokufuthi ukuba ezinqatyisiweyo kunye izisele kwenqaba. Asazi ukomeleza isakhiwo, kodwa i xisirhelelo elungileyo lwangaphandle ukuba kwakungeyomfuneko ukuyenza. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe, zonke izakhiwo zazenziwe ngamaplanga, maxa wambi zincediswa ulwakhiwo kwimixube zodongwe.

inkcubeko isidumbu zakudala bema ngaphandle, efana nabanye abaninzi, ngeendlela wokungcwaba. Ngokungafaniyo neyezingaphambili, izizwe amkhapha mntu uswelekileyo, amangcwaba mass zinqabile kakhulu. Umngcwabo amaqela endaweni enye manzi 10-15. Kukho inkalo uphawu indawo kwabafileyo - ngecala, intloko kwicala lasemntla. Ezinye umngcwabo ziquka sitshisiwe kwabafileyo, niya kuxhaxhwa. Oku kungenzeka nokuba iinkokheli zesizwe okanye abenzi bobubi.

Xa cookware tyaba usisangqa zamafu kusetyenziswa ngexesha inkcubeko isidumbu. Ekuqaleni wazama ukuhombisa nesingxobo. Kamva wenza iimbiza okanye izingxobo njengesiqhelo. Ukuba kukho umzekelo, oko Ubuthelezi okanye sengathi. Lo msebenzi osemqoka eqhelekileyo naziphi izitya ubuciko - esi kwayo iifom yemigca. Ayifane ibonwe imiqondiso bezinye iintlanga, abaninzi abaphandi bathi ukuba umbhalo kwakudala.

Ekuqaleni, yonke imipu zazenziwe zelitye lenyengane, nobhedu kodwa seladlula nqanaba wabhiyozela Ngaphezu yentsimbi. umsebenzi soqoqosho iinkomo, kodwa kwezolimo oluqhelekileyo ngakumbi.

Andronovo inkcubeko

Andronovo inkcubeko zakudala ifumana igama layo ukusuka kwindawo apho kufunyanwa iziphumo zokuqala enxulumene nayo. Ngomhla eli xesha 2-1 nkulungwane BC. e. Izizwe umelwane kwilali mihla Andronovo (Krasnoyarsk Territory).

A isici esasenza inkcubeko ithathwa ngokuba iinkomo. Abantu izimvu sajika, emhlophe-stockinged, amahashe anesibindi zeenkomo-heavyweights. Ngala izilwanyana, bakwazi ukuphuhlisa ngokukhawuleza. Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba Androns waya India wamlalisa nasekuthwaseni impucuko yakhe.

Androns ekuqaleni babehlala Urals, uze bafudukela eSiberia, apho abanye babo baqhubeka nohambo lwabo ngendlela Kazakhstan. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, nangona yobuninzi iziphumo ezahlukeneyo ziyalungiswa, abaphandi ayikwazi ukwazi ukuba kutheni izizwe kwisigqibo sokuqalisa loo yokufudukela ngomlinganiselo omkhulu.

Ukuba sithelekisa zonke inkcubeko zakudala eRashiya abahlala yeBronzi Age, oko Androns kuba alwayo kakhulu. Bona wadala inqwelo kwaye angasibetha amajoni okanye i zokuhlala yinxalenye ngokukhawuleza kunaye nabani na ongomnye. Mhlawumbi oku kuchaza ukufuduka, ngenxa yokuba ekufuneni ukuba uzama ukufumana indawo obutofotofo ngakumbi ukuba ubomi obungcono. Kwaye ukuba kufuneka - kwaye uya kuzigqobhozela.

Indlu Grave Culture

Ekupheleni yeBronzi Age uqalisa ukusebenza Yamnaya inkcubeko zakudala. Ngomhla kummandla Russia ndilolonga izizwe evela empumalanga, yaye iboniswe yawo ekhethekileyo - an iinkomo ekuqaleni. Abantu abaninzi niqalise ukuphuhlisa kunye nezolimo, ezifana kususwe ngokukhawuleza kwi kufuywe izilwanyana. Igama lwenkcubeko ngenxa emaquleni yokungcwaba. Baba alula kunye nobu-, kodwa yabo nezibekekileyo.

Ngelo xesha Yamnaya inkcubeko zakudala yeyona kufundwa. Zokungqinga elise iincopho yehewu, bazama kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukususa ukusuka emlanjeni. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba xa yokuhlala kwana ngexesha imilambo, ngoko abantu baye babe yechaneke ngaphezulu. Ayifane uchonge yokungcwaba ngqo kufutshane nemilambo. Zonke mangcwaba babekwa ecaleni ikhosi, ngokwamaqela amancinane (5 ukufa). Umgama ukusuka kwenye yokungcwaba kwindawo ukuya kwenye nto yahluke gqitha, ukususela eemitha-50 ukuya 500.

Imishini yamnye izizwe ezenziwe ngodongwe. Njengoko kwakunjalo kwixesha elidlulileyo, yaba iimpahla ezimcaba usisangqa ezinobukhulu obahlukileyo. Kwakukho zitsha omkhulu, okuthiwa egcinwe okuziinkozo ezilulwelo, kwakunye iimbiza ezincinane. kwi izitya nesingxobo isicelo ngeentambo ngamandla, kunye nangeengcinga yabo yonke lokubhalela.

Iveliswe evela yotolo lenyengane, amazembe kunye nezinye izixhobo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umngxuma ombiwe umntu ngesandla wadala isicwangciso abangekaphuhli ngenxa ukubhola, leyo ezingumthwalo ngoncedo amatye, ukuba loo mhlaba babomelele.

Izizwe ezisetyenziswayo xa kwenziwa imveliso nezomthi kwawo benza kuhle ephucukileyo kwisakhiwo layo ixesha. Yaba lokukhwelisa, sleds, izikhephe kunye neenqwelo ezincinane.

Kweso sifundo, zonke abaphandi waphawula izizwe inkcubeko yesazisi emhadini sengqondo onoxanduva imizimba kwabafileyo, ngoko ke kuthiwa ezibonakalayo kuphela kodwa izinto zokomoya. Ngaphezu koko, ezi zizwe yandisa impembelelo zawo zokuhlala asebumelwaneni.

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ekuqaleni inqwelo wenza hayi iinjongo silwe. Androns kuba, ezinye iinkcubeko ezininzi, baba abelusi, oomatshini zamandulo ezifana ababefanele ukubanceda izilwanyana amadlelo. izizwe kamva wafumana iinqwelo imveliso kwisigaba emkhosini, kunokuba nangoko wasebenzisa.

Imenkov inkcubeko

Imenkov inkcubeko zakudala lisukela emva Ages ekuqaleni Aphakathi (4-7 kwinkulungwane th). Yayikumgama kwi ummandla kwiingingqi Tatarstan, Samara kunye Ulyanovsk mihla. Kwakhona, kukho unxibelelwano zofuzo nezinye iinkcubeko, ezibe ebumelwaneni.

Xa kummandla inkcubeko beza Bulgars, inkoliso Imenkovs waya ngasentshona. Emva kwexesha elithile bafudukela kwisigaba entsha yophuhliso - esungulwe abantu Volyntsevo. Intsalela ingxubevange kunye labemi, yaye ekugqibeleni baphulukana yonke ukuqokelela zabo zenkcubeko kunye nolwazi.

Imenkov inkcubeko zakudala na indawo eyodwa kuphuhliso lwabantu Slavic. Kucingwa izizwe yokuqala ukuqhelisela zokulima ikhuba. Ngethuba lale nkqubo ukuba usebenzisa amakhuba nobu-, ezibe esisigxina ferrules. Ukongeza, xa inkqubo yokuqokelela le Imenkovs isivuno lasebenzisa mihla noko elo xesha izixhobo - ngeerhengqe zentsimbi kunye ezinamarhengqa amakhulu. Ukugcinwa okuziinkozo utsaleleka kubantu emhadini wemba-in Yokugcina, lifana izisele mihla. isivuno Ukugaya senzeka etyeni lokusila kwi version manual.

U-Imenkovtsy wakha ngokukhawuleza kungekhona kuphela kwizizwe zawo. Babenomasifundisane, apho izitya ezimbiweyo zanyanzeliswa, amanye amagumbi ajoliswe ngokukhethekileyo kubaketsi. Bakwazi ukuvelisa izitya, iingcebiso zokulima okanye, umzekelo, izigulane. Izizwe zineempembelelo ezintle kwiindawo zokuhlala zommelwane, zinika ulwazi, ubugcisa, ezolimo kunye nokuzaliswa kwemfuyo. Ngako oko, akunakwenzeka ukunyanzelisa ifa lemveli ye-Imenkov kungekhona kuphela eRussia, kodwa nakwamanye amazwe angomakhelwane.

Kubonakala ukuba, iinkcubeko ezininzi zezinto zakudala zeSlav zafika kwintsimi yaseRashiya yanamhla ukusuka empuma okanye entshonalanga. Kwimeko yokuqala, abantu bafunda iifom ezintsha kunye neempawu zezolimo, bazi kakuhle izakhono zokuzalisa iinkomo. Amazwe aseNtshona awanceda ekuphuhliseni izixhobo zokuzingela kunye nokulwa neemoto. Enye into eqinisekile - zonke iinkcubeko ezitsha zenze igalelo elikhulu ekuqhubekeni kwengqondo lonke lobuzwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yiyiphi into ebonakalisiweyo.