Yintoni na iintsomi. Neentsomi yamandulo, Antique, ongumRoma, Greek Ancient

Kwilivo yamandulo abantu ukuba baveze izimvo zabo malunga ehlabathini, baza bakholwa ubukho Olympus, esezulwini ubukumkani komhlaba. Yamandulo Iintsomi zamaGrike isixelela imvelaphi woothixo kunye nabantu abaninzi ngokucacileyo. AmaGrike ndazigcina amakhulu amavo malunga nendlela abazalwa ngamagorha yenkcubeko, yintoni odumileyo? kunye nokukhulula njani nakwizibetho zabo.

Yintoni intsomi? Ingcamango yokuba kukho oothixo namaqhawe

Liguqulwe lithatyathwa kwigama lesiGrike elithi 'intsomi' lithetha "ibali". Olu didi lungaquka amabali oothixo, amaqhawe ngokuxhaphaza ngezimanga zendalo. Inkolelo waqonda njengoba iqiniso ayidlulisele kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Kungaphikiswa ukuba yenye yeentlobo zindala lwemveli.

Inkolelo kwaba sisiphumo intsomi-yokwenza: lonke endalo kunye zelimiweyo eyenziwe ngabantu abakrelekrele ezakha uluntu. AmaGrike amandulo fetishirovali izinto eziphathekayo kunye namandla, waphefumlela kubo. Ehlabathini obala, yintoni wabona umntu iye namandla kwemvelo. oothixo Greek baba anthropomorphic. Babenayo yimbonakalo yomntu kunye nolwazi zomlingo, uyakwazi ukutshintsha imilo yaye awufi. Njengabantu, oothixo wenza uqulukubhode, batsho baba zixhomekeke enamandla ngaphantsi xa uqala kuqala, izinto - oothixokazi ezintathu wekamva. Moira egqiba ziyahlelwa ngamnye ummi ezulwini nasemhlabeni, ngoko akazange nobuganga bokuthi nabo, nkqu kuZeyus.

Intsomi yahlukile nonqulo?

Bonke abantu bamandulo, kuquka isiGrike namaRoma, wegqitha kwenzeka fetishism izithixo. Ekuqaleni, lo mbandela sentlonelo ukuze iimveliso ngomthi kunye nentsimbi, leyo kungekudala waqalisa ukufumana kucacile zaphezulu, kodwa eqingqiweyo ayekhona yingxondorha ebalelelwe lilanga ngaphandle umphefumlo, kunye namandla imilingo.

Intsomi kunye inkolo - amagama ezifanayo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kunzima ukubona umahluko phakathi kwabo, ekubeni okwesibini licandelo inxalenye yokuqala. Iinkonzo ezininzi lwesizwe babenqula izidalwa anthropomorphic eyaziyo, ngamandla amakhulu - kuba oothixo, ogama iyantlukwano kunokubonwa kwiinkcubeko zamaRoma nangesiRoma. Ubukho nayiphi inkolo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwiintsomi. Heroes ekulweni, mabatshate, bazale inzala - konke oku kwenzeka nge inxaxheba amagunya ngokungummangaliso magic. Ngelo xesha xa intsomi uzama ukucacisa iziganeko kwemvelo, yena uqala ukufumana Umbala yonqulo.

intsomi yaMandulo njenge arsenal lonke inkcubeko yehlabathi

Fridrih Engels wayesithi ukuba ngaphandle kwiimpembelelo zamaGrike namaRoma kuba akukho eYurophu yanamhlanje. Ukuvuselelwa yelifa yamandulo yamaGrike baqalisa kwixesha Renaissance, xa ababhali, bezakhiwo kunye namagcisa kanye baqalisa kwakhona ukuba bakhuthazwa amabali Hellenic legends zamaRoma. Namhlanje yeeMyuziyam kwihlabathi thaca iindwendwe eqingqiweyo emikhulu oothixo kunye nezinye izidalwa, kodwa imifanekiso na onokumxelela malunga umzuzu ethile ngesiganeko esibalulekileyo. Komxholo othi "kwiintsomi" kunye ababhali abanomdla kwi "Golden Age". Ukuba lidala yokungena Pushkin kunye Derzhavin, kuphela ukubonisa iingcinga zabo, abazange ukusebenzisa ibrashi ngepeyinti kunye nelizwi.

Exakayo, iintsomi bezizwe zamaGrike namaRoma yenza isiseko zehlabathi kwenkcubeko, nokuba emva kweenkulungwane ezininzi kangaka. indoda Modern unendlela eyahlukileyo imbono malunga ngemvelaphi iphela, Noko ke, aliyeki ebhekisela izimvo bamandulo kwakunye nabakonwabelayo ukufunda ngokuxilonga ilifa lenkcubeko imihla yakudala. Inkolelo yaba lilinge lokuqala ukucacisa iphela, yaye ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ifumene inkolo, nesimilo kubuhle. Amandla abalinganiswa kubonisiwe kwi "Odyssey" yaye "Iliad" kunye nokutsala abantu namhlanje yaye amabhinqa bazama imvelo kanye nobuhle ukuba abe Venus, Aphrodite, uDiana. Ngelishwa, abantu abaninzi baqhoboshele ukubaluleka na indlela babe yinxalenye le ntsomi kunye neentsomi kubomi womntu mihla. Kodwa ke badlala indima enkulu kwinkcubeko ehlabathini.

Imvelaphi woMhlaba

intsomi yamandulo amaGrike namaRoma ngobambana xa ngokuphuma yayo. Ezininzi uyazibuza njani abantu bamele izwe ngobuchule - mhlawumbi ke bonke ukuba ngokwenene? Ekuqalekeni kwakukho YomonakaloName, ukusuka apho kwakukho Gala - Umhlaba. Ngelo xesha kwakukho Eros (Love), Erebus (ubumnyama) kunye Nyukta (ebusuku). ETartaro wazalwa komhlaba - indawo hellish apho bathunyelwa aboni emva kokufa. Ukususela ubumnyama zobusuku waza wathabatha kaEtere (ukukhanya) kunye Hemera (Day). Umhlaba wazala Uranus (isibhakabhaka), abaya kuzeka yaye zikhwele Titans ezintandathu liphezulu abathi banika ihlabathi imilambo, uthixokazi elwandle, ilanga, nenyanga, umoya. Ke ehlabathini kwakukho zonke izinto, yaye abantu babengazi usizi logama nje kukho izidalwa ezimbi. Umhlaba iye yabangela Cyclopes ezintathu, nto leyo yenza nobukhwele Uranus ebumnyameni, Omnci ngegama Krohn, wenyuka waza wathabatha amandla kayise. Unyana ukuvukela asikwazanga msulwa, yaye inkqubela phambili njengoko ilivo iya. Thixokazi kunye oothixo, ogama Death, imbambano, inkohliso, ukutshatyalaliswa, Lala kwaye Impindezelo, ngokuba ityala wazalelwa Nyuktoy. Kwaye kwakukho ihlabathi lamandulo, ngokutsho iingcamango yamaGrike amandulo. Chaos inzala wayehlala kwelabafileyo, naphezu komhlaba, yaye nganye injongo yawo.

oothixo Iintsomi zamaGrike

inkolo Ancient yahlukile lukhulu namhlanje, yaye ukuba namhlanje abameli eziphambili ezine ezinkulu bakholelwa ukuba kukho uMdali omnye kuphela, kodwa amawaka ambalwa eminyaka eyadlulayo, abantu wayenembono eyahlukileyo. KwanamaGrike ukuba oothixo wahlala phezu engcwele kwiNtaba Olympus. Ngamnye imbonakalo yayo nenjongo. Kwiintsomi of Ancient Greece imelwe oothixo ezinkulu elinambini.

zoothixo baseRoma

Oku bekusoloko ingqalelo i intsomi ongumzekelo zamaGrike. Uthixokazi namaRoma amagama abo yoqobo kunye nenjongo, yaye yiloo ibali igcina lapho. musa ukuza amavo ezintsha kunye namabali Abantu bathabatha njengesiseko amaGrike, kuba yomsebenzi yabo kamnandi ngakumbi kwaye inemibalabala. njengamaRoma ngaphantsi zizityebi, amaxesha amaninzi kangaka abolekwe lemveli zawo.

AmaRoma aba yeyona uthixo uJupiter kunye nomfazi wakhe - Juno. Yokubambela imisebenzi efanayo kwiintsomi zamaGrike. uphethe Marine - kwabanye, kwaye patroness weziko - UVesta. UThixo kwelabafileyo, iPluto waba, ndingumthetheli womkhosi - Mars. Togu waseRoma yaseAthene uMinerva, noqhawulo ezintle - Phoebus, yaye nodade wabo Diana waba zehlathi lady. Venus - isithixokazi uthando, bazalwe amagwebu. Mercury ukubukelwa lwabahambi kunye nokunceda abantu kurhwebo. Mkhandi Vulcan waye analogu engumRoma Hephaestus. Ngoko ke, nangona neentsomi waseRoma yaye kwabalelwa wanzonza, inani koothixo yaba efanayo naleyo yamaGrike.

umsebenzi Sisyphean, uvalo nezinye

Irubrikhi umntu ngokusebenzisa amazwi ezimibalabala, iiyunithi phraseological yaye kuthetha yokuvakalisa yokuluka. intsomi yamandulo waziva nje kuphela sisimbo eliphezulu zoncwadi, kodwa kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Ethetha ngomsebenzi ngokugqithiseleyo, usoyiswa, abantu badla ngokusebenzisa i sisaci "umsebenzi Sisyphean", nkqu ngaphandle kokuyifunda etymology layo, lo gama i-mazwi aye iingcambu yamandulo. Ukuze yokungathobeli koothixo nonyana Aeolus Enarety ke wasuka wawohlwaya ngokuqatha. Kuba zeminyaka Sisyphus kufuneka qengqelani kum ilitye elikhulu phezulu endulini, ukuphakama kwalo akukho mda, kodwa kuyimfuneko ukuba ungahlali ezandleni Lilishwa - njengoko litye ukuba kumcola.

Isidumo ngokuqinisekileyo wazibonela ngamnye kuthi ubuncinane kanye ebomini bakho, yaye eli binzana kufanele uthixo Pan kunye nenkangeleko entle woMntu ngemilenze ibhokhwe. ukubonakala kwakhe ngequbuliso kuqhankqalazo sidalwa Ndoyikelani abahambi, kodwa kukuhleka yakhe semfene emkhenkceni emithanjeni yakhe igazi. Kwaye yokubonisa "panic" ithetha ukoyika into kunzima ukuyichaza.

Tantalus - oothixo enobuqhophololo Greek ozama ukuba etafileni ukutya emangalisayo wabelane ngayo nabantu, ukuba apho ke wasuka wawohlwaya ngokuqatha. Wosizi waphoswa esihogweni, kwaye ediniwe nalunxano, wayengakwazi ukunxila ngenxa yokuba ukuya entanyeni yakhe emanzini. Kwafuneka nje ukuvula umlomo wakhe - ulwelo inyamalala. Kwaye kwabonakala sisaci "tantalizing".

Abantu abo bangazazanga neentsomi ngokwabo ngokwabo ukubonisa ingqondo, esebenzisa intetho yakhe amaqhalo umdla. Xa kaHomer yakhe ebonga iivesi abazahluleleyo eziliqela ukuchaza ukuhleka ezihlekisayo woothixo. Great badla ukuvumela ukuba zidlale ngaye into Goofy kwaye nzima, lo gama intlekisa ngamandla ngokupheleleyo. Ngoko ke wazalwa ibinzana elithi "kukuhleka Homeric".

imixholo wentsomi kwi uncwadi eminyaka akutshanje

Fair ukuba uthini kweempembelelo inkcubeko lakudala kwi imibongo Russian. Kuba yamandulo ilifa zamaGrike wayethandaza Alexander Pushkin, kunye inoveli yakhe ivesi "Eugene Onegin", ungenza angatsala ezininzi iindinyana, eyayinesihloko amagama kaZeyus, Juvenal, Circe, Terpsichore, Flora kunye nezinye izithixo. Ngamanye amaxesha uyakwazi ukufumana amagama okanye amabinzana yonke ebhalwe ngesiGrike. Le nqubo ngokufanelekileyo kule mihla, yaye ngokufuthi iintatheli, abezopolitiko kunye namanye amanani abanempembelelo ukhetha ukuthetha aphorisms. C`est la vie izandi kakhulu amisiweyo ngaphezu nje "lowo bubomi", kwaye ileta, isigwebo sigqityiwe Vale et kum ama ufumana ixabiso ngakumbi ubunzulu beengcinga. Hi ndlela leyi, iqhawe inoveli ngu Pushkin ngokwakhe wakhetha ukuba ukugqiba umyalezo kwesi sivakalisi in Greek.

Imbongi Russian Osip Hope wayesazi ukuba kwiintsomi, kwaye umtsalane yakhe kudala yaqala ekuthathweni wokuqala "Stone". Kule mihobe imifanekiso olubonakalayo iErebus, Odyssey kaHomer, kananjalo babe Golden ngoboya. Poem Silentium!, Leyo yaguqulelwa isuka kwisiLatini lithetha "cwaka" ebangela umdla womfundi ngegama layo kanye. Heroine kwisicatshulwa ombambazelayo - uthixokazi Aphrodite, leyo Hope iminxeba ahlale amagwebu yolwandle.

Umsunguli Russian Umqondiso valeriy Bryusov uyakuqonda ukuba "Rome esondeleyo" kuye, intsomi yamaRoma ngoko ngokufuthi kubonakala kwimigca yakhe enkondlo. Kwimisebenzi uthi Agamemnon, Orpheus, Amphitryon, Orion ibhiyozela ubuhle Aphrodite, aze abuze ukuba le vesi; Oku kubhekisela uthixo Eros uthando.

Gavrila Derzhavin lwaye ngokuphandle imbongi Horace ode engumRoma "Ku Melpomene". Eyona ingcamango umbongo "Monument" - ingunaphakade ilifa zemibongo kunye nokunakana umsebenzi wakhe. A engamashumi ezimbalwa kamva uAleksandr Pushkin wabhala umsebenzi igama elinye epigraph ibhekisela eRoma. Exegi monumentum yaguqulelwa isuka kwisiLatini lithetha "endiyimisileyo ilitye lesikhumbuzo." Ngenxa yoko, umxholo ukungafi ichazwe ziimbongi ezinkulu ezintathu: Horace, Derzhavin kunye Pushkin. Buchopho zingqina ukuba uncwadi kunye neentsomi bahlalisene, nangenxa yokuba umtshato zabo bazalwa imveliso enkulu.

Art kunye bokwakha kwi ngabalawulwa kwiintsomi

Peter Sokolov Ukupeyinta "Daedalus, Icarus amaphiko kuvuliwe" kucingwa phezulu ubugcisa ocoliweyo, ngoko ngokufuthi phantsi ukukopa. Lo msebenzi yabhalwa ngowe-1777 yaye namhlanje oluboniswe kwi Tretyakov Igalari. Le artist yahlaselwa kwebali enkulu nomkroli baseAthene Daedalus, yena kunye nonyana wakhe Icarus wayevalelwe kwi inqaba ephakamileyo. Dodger wadala amaphiko ezivela iintsiba kunye wax, kunye nenkululeko kwabonakala kufutshane sele ... Icarus labhabha phezulu elangeni - ukukhanya sifile moya wakhe, nenkwenkwe wawa ilimele.

Le ilaphu Hermitage unique eseleyo ebalulekileyo emva uyageza wawagalela phezu kwalo wagwazwa acid. It is a "wanikwa" - ekupeyinteni Rembrandt. Enye yesithathu zelaphu yayonakele, yaye kubuyiselwa ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi. Ukusuka kwiintsomi ingafunyanwa ukuba danae wavalelwa inqaba uyise, xa yokugqibela wayethe ukuphela kwesandla Perseus - unyana ka intombi.

umdla intsomi Antique eqingqiweyo Russian, ekhaliphileyo izinto yesinyithi ezikhethelwe umsebenzi. Le Umfanekiso yobhedu "Marsyas" Feodosiya Schedrina osondeza hero elandelayo alinazo yamandulo. Forest ikhawulelane nowayo wabonisa isibindi waza wagqiba ekubeni athethe Apollo ezizintshaba ubugcisa somculo. flutist ungonwabanga ngenxa yobhavumo lwalunxityelelaniswe umthi, apho ahlinzwe kuye.

Piazza della Signoria e Florence i ezihonjiswe marble sculpture "Menelaus ukuxhasa umzimba kaPatroclus", wadala ngokusekelwe licebo "I-Iliad." Lo mfanekiso lokuqala ombiwe kwiminyaka engamawaka amabini eyadlulayo. KaPatroclus, ekhohlo impi Hector endaweni Achilles, kanye babulawa, kwakunye Menelaus ibamba isidumbu salo ecinga ukuziphindezela. intsomi Ancient kudla inomdla eqingqiweyo njengoko iphefumlelwe lo mbandela umntu. Lomdali akazange mathidala ziveza amagophe ezintle omzimba musa awugubungele iimpahla.

"I Odyssey" yaye "Iliad" njengoko eluchochoyini kwiintsomi lakudala

Imisebenzi yamandulo eyavelela zamaGrike zezifundo ezikolweni kunye needyunivesithi, kwaye abalinganiswa iboniswe kubo, kodwa lathathwa ababhali ukwenza amabali kunye neenoveli. intsomi yaMandulo emelwe mbongo uyindumasi "I Odyssey" yaye "Iliad", nto leyo kuthathwa ukuba ngumdali kaHomer. Wabhala imisebenzi yakhe BC 8, kunye kwiinkulungwane ezimbini kuphela kamva zabhalwa Athene uzwilakhe Pisistratus, kodwa kude kube ngoko ke ziye zithunyelwe amaGrike ngomlomo. Imbambano malunga negunya wavuka ngenxa yokuba inxalenye lo amaqhawe zaye zabhalwa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, naye wothuswa ukuba igama Homer likaThixo bubonakala "iimfama."

"Odyssey" ithetha adventures Odysseus, yena waye mbanjwa Uphunguphungu Icalypso iminyaka elishumi, emva koko wayecebe ukuba ukubuyela ekhaya. Hero ngobunzima kulindelekile: uveza enzela siqithi lestrigonov kunye Cyclops, ndiyihlanganise ndiyidadise phakathi Scylla kunye Charybdis, wehlela kwelabafileyo, kodwa kungekudala wabuyela Penelope wakhe oyintanda, besithembele kuye ngokuthembeka yonke le minyaka, yaye yonke amasoka.

"Iliad" - lo amaqhawe, nto leyo ithetha kaTrojan, ezivele ngenxa ukubiwa Princess Elena. Iintshukumo ezibandakanyekayo kunye Odyssey, nto leyo thaca umfundi ngokohlobo ngumlawuli ubuqili oonozakuzaku, enobuchule ebambe ubugagu. Eyona hero of lo amaqhawe - Achilles. Iimfazwe ziphambili walwa Hector, owathi ekugqibeleni ufa yokufa kabuhlungu.

Neentsomi bezinye izizwe

lemveli lwamaGrike eRoma izityebi kakhulu kwaye inemibalabala, ngoko kwimbali inkcubeko yehlabathi ithatha indawo phambili. intsomi yaMandulo olwalukho kwezinye iintlanga, yaye amabali amaninzi edibene namanye. Zonke izinto banqule nokuxubana yamandulo, ngubani de 988 ningabeentlanga, atshabalalise iinkosana abafuna ukuhamba njengonqulo enye, ubuKristu. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba eqingqiweyo oqingqiweyo ka Perun, Dazhdbog, Horsa. Ngaphantsi unkulunkulu ephawulekayo-analogue le Oophunguphungu isiGrike satyrs.

Egypt isekhona indawo kozuko iintsomi ezikhoyo. OoThixo Amon, Anubis, Imhotep, Ra, uOsiris kunye nabanye kuboniswe iindonga iiphiramidi kunye nezinye iitempile yamandulo. Namhlanje, abantu abaninzi abathi Islam kunye ngamaKristu kweli lizwe, kodwa musa ukuzama ukuphelisa imikhondo unqulo yamandulo, yaye likwavakalelwa ngumba lemveli lenkcubeko.

Le nkolelo ke ngenxa yenkolo, iinkolelo zonqulo nabantu yangoku encinane okanye enkulu unolwalamano izifundo nangqondo. ilizwe ngalinye Vikings iye kwenkcubeko yayo, kuba naye apho phakathi amaNdiya, Hispanics, IsiJapanese, Caucasians, i Eskimos, isiFrentshi. Eli lifa luyasuka ukusuka kwisizukulwana ukuya kwisizukulwana, ngomlomo okanye ngokubhala.

Apho afunda intsomi?

Fumana lemveli lenkcubeko yabantu iqala esikolweni samabanga aphakamileyo. ERashiya, abantwana bafumana iintsomi Russian - ukusuka 'Bun "kwi" Ivan Tsarevich kunye Grey Wolf ". Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva utitshala ubalisa kubo ngantsomi Sharlya Perro kunye Brothers Grimm, yaye emva kokuphumelela amakhwenkwe kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi kunye namantombazana kuqala bafunde ubukho ithi bamandulo - Greece neRoma. Yeentsomi namabali zihlolisiswe kule ncwadi kunye nobugcisa obubonwayo. Abantwana baya kufunda kokusekwa kwehlabathi ukusuka kwindawo umbono yamaGrike amandulo, uqhelane ezingoothixo ezinkulu namaqhawe. Emva kokufunda incwadi "Mythology. Grade 6" Abafundi baqale ukuqonda umahluko phakathi intsomi kunye nentsomi, makaqonde ukuba iinkonzo ezininzi zehlabathi zisekelwe ilivo izizwe yamandulo.

Kwiiklasi senior izifundo abantwana benze iinzame zabo yokuqala ukwenza imizobo eqingqiweyo antique, funda amabali yamandulo kwi imizobo abaculi baziincamisa. Kwimfundo ephakamileyo, abafundi philology ukufunda iincwadi yamandulo kwakhona funda iintsomi, wazi ngendima yabo ukuyilwa inkcubeko yehlabathi. Ngentembelo ukuqinisekisa ukuba kwiintsomi ezinjalo, nendlela ayifani nenkolo. Uluvo eziphambili zezi nkalo kukuba isizukulwana esitsha akazange asilibale izithethe ezindala kunye owned ulwazi ngokupheleleyo-epheleleyo incoko ezinokusetyenziswa kubomi kunye msebenzi elizayo.