Yintoni inkqubo ngokwendalo nature (biology)

Ukususela kwixesha yamandulo imbali, umntu wazama ukuba zingene nemigaqo yehlabathi kwaye ufumane impendulo yombuzo iyini na uhlobo yenkqubo yendalo. Wayeqonda - ihlabathi iyavisisana kwaye ngokungqinelana nemithetho ethile. Cinga ibaluleke ukuba isayensi yezinto eziphilayo kwiinkqubo eziphilayo ehlabathini, wadalwa ngexesha kuphuhliso imbali abantu.

Ulwahlulo lokuqala zendalo eziphilayo

It yaphakanyiswa yi ephi Greek - nguyise eziphilayo - Aristotle. Ukusebenzisa indlela ngokuthelekisa abalinganiswa morphological kwaye yokwakheka, wadala uhlelo yezilwanyana kwaye wabeka isiseko sekamva lwamacandelo zebhayoloji - systematics. Aristotle kaThixo ekuphenduleni umbuzo wokuba yintoni na uhlobo yenkqubo yendalo, afundeka ngolu hlobo: ihlabathi yahlulwe zizikumkani ezibini - nohlobo ezingaphiliyo kwaye iphile. Nevuthisayo ngexesha ke, alungiswe zakhiwa, ukususela izityalo nezilwanyana yaye emva koko - ukuba loo mntu.

View - taxon aphantsi eziphilayo

Siyaqhubeka ukufumana iimpendulo kumbuzo, yintoni na uhlobo isixokelelwano sendalo. Eziphilayo, inkcazelo isakhiwo ihlabathi lulandelayo - oko kwazo wayalela nokonyulwa extinct kwaye ekhoyo ngalo mzuzu izinto eziphilayo, kwakunye usasazo yi ngaphantsi oluneqela kunye zohlaza ezinxulumene - iiyunithi yokuhlelwa. Eyokuqala i imbonakalo. Usebenzela lembombo KABLOOM mihla.

Inkqubo Linnaean zehlabathi organic

It laliqulunqwe ngo-1735 kumsebenzi odumileyo "Systema Naturae". UKarl Linney, engqina izifundo D. uRay Buffon, iyunithi kuthatha uhlobo yokuhlela. Ngenxa saka, yena ukholelwa ukuba izinto eziphilayo rhoqo, akatshintshi. Scientist inika nokuhlelwa lokubini apho zonke eziphilayo unikwe igama ezibandakanya amagama amabini, umzekelo: .. Umntu efanelekileyo, umntu imidlalo, engcotyeni buttercup, njalo njalo apha zonke zebhayoloji basebenzisa amagama kabini kweentlobo, kunye nenkqubo endalo imvelo imfundo enzima izinto kabani na oqhagamshelwano phakathi, okt. e. ukuba ezisezantsi.

kwezidalwa ephumelela zehlabathi ephilayo yaphakanyiswa yi C. Linnaeus. Yayithetha izikumkani: izityalo, izilwanyana kunye neeminerali, nto leyo zahlukane iiyunithi superordinate - iintlobo, kwisizukulwana, imiyalelo. Umzekelo: ubukumkani izityalo ziye zohlulwa iiklasi-24, kunye nabo - kwiiyunithi 116 ngokwesiseko isakhiwo gametophyte kunye zokuzala - kunye archegonium antheridium.

Inkqubo bendalo theory uhlobo ntlekele

Eminent semvelo French Georges Cuvier ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 ndandishumayela kuphando kwicandelo komzimba lokuthelekisa kunye kwesayensi. Izibakala efunyenweyo iya kuvumela izazinzulu ukuvakalisa ingcinga koko, kamva, ukuba ufake ngenxa ingcamango yakhe, ukuba uphendule umbuzo othi "yintoni na uhlobo kwinkqubo yendalo." Impendulo elifutshane ngolu hlobo lulandelayo - ngaphantsi yakhelwe phezu siseko ngesakhiwo ukushiyana equlathe isakhiwo kunye nobomi ezahlukeneyo iinkqubo ze eziphilayo.

Amatye abantu bubungqina obubonakalisa ukuba phakathi engasekho neyanamhlanje eziphilayo, akukho iindlela zotshintsho. Cuvier kunye nabalandeli bakhe ukuba ekutshabalaleni amaqela yonke zezilwanyana, ezifana esanyisayo ezifana namacikilishe ngxilimbela, ingqalelo ntlekele wovandlakanyo zejoloji ukuba wanyikima umhlaba. Noko ke, izazinzulu abanamathela ngayo iimbono kwindaleko, ugxeke imfundiso Cuvier. Ekugqibeleni, umahluko phakathi zebhayoloji ziye wanyamalala ukuvela imisebenzi Charles Darwin kunye A. Uolessa ngokuphathelele imvelaphi eziphilayo.

hypothesis kwemvelo Lamarck kaThixo

Isazinzulu French Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, indlela yokuqala abaphikisa yendaleko ekudaleni inkqubo ngokwendalo nature lubalaseleyo ngelixa izimvo ngendalo. Wabhala umsebenzi multivolume "French Flora", liphuhlise inkqubo yokuhlelwa of ezingenamqolo, isasetyenziswa nangoku. Naye, kunye Treviranus, ibinzana elithi "Biology" yaphakanyiswa. Kwincwadi yakhe "The Ifilosofi Zoology" Lamarck ichaza ukuba uhlobo inkqubo zendalo, ngokusekelwe kuluvo lokuba izinto eziphilayo zibe izixhobo luncedo ngenxa yempembelelo iimeko zokusingqongileyo.

Ngokwamanani mihla zebhayoloji, amandla engundoqo uqhuba emva nasekusungulweni Lamarck indalo yakholwa non-ilifa - Uguqulelo kancinane Ukwahluka. Ngaphezu koko, akukho Lamarck, wambeka khona umntu emthini yendaleko of obeku-, kwaye inkqubo yophuhliso endalo, wayemela njengoko kwingxaki ye lombutho eziphilileyo yi ukushiyana.

KaDarwin - ithiyori okanye hypothesis?

Ingcamango ezisisiseko yintoni na uhlobo yenkqubo zendalo, inkcazelo leyo kutolikwa izinto ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo ngeendlela ezininzi, lanikwa "The Origin of Species Esebenzisa Ukhetho Natural" kumsebenzi ka Charles Darwin. Ukususela ngo 1859 waqala ixesha elitsha kuphuhliso izifundo nembali yemvelo. Inkqubo yemvelo uhlobo zithe kuthathwa kucalulo, ebonisa ukuba utshintsho ngcembe kweentlobo, kwisizukulwana, kunye kwiiklasi zonke eziphilayo phantsi kwempembelelo yokwahluka kwemfuza zivunywa.

Iimbono evakaliswe Darwin, zibonisa amacandelo amabini: ekuqaleni - imfundiso izinto yokuzivelela kunye yesibini - imfundiso iimpembelelo zamandla okuqhuba yokuba izinto zazivelela. Darwin wakhetha iintlobo ezintathu nomzabalazo yobukho, nto leyo isisiseko yokukhethwa zendalo: intraspecific, interspecific kunye ukulwa izinto ezimbi abiotic. Ukukhetha Natural eqinisekisa ulondolozo lweentlobo ezininzi apha naphaya ukulungiselela iimeko ezithile ezihlala kuzo. yokwahluka kwemfuza emane ukhetha abantu abaye bafumana ngenxa yemfuza, iimpawu ezintsha yokupha engqondweni iingenelo ukusinda. Classic kaDarwin kungoku nje ibonelela inkqubo ebanzi izimvo yendaleko kuphuhliso zasendle.

hypothesis zokwenziwa of zazivelela

izifundo Ezinye yemfuza oluqhutywe kwinkulungwane yama-20, ngaphandle kokuba isiseko nokudalwa hypothesis zokwenziwa of zazivelela, nto leyo wanika impendulo yombuzo, yintoni na uhlobo yenkqubo zendalo eziphilayo. Isishwankathelo ke le - ukwahluka Uhlobo isakhiwo olulawulwayo osekelwe kumgaqo ngaphantsi (Weqela Lefayile) zohlaza ezahlukeneyo: iintlobo, kwisizukulwana, iintsapho, odolo (okanye amaqela), iiklasi, amasebe (okanye iintlobo).

Naziphi na izinambuzane iphila Earth series bobabo zonke iiyunithi yokuhlela ngentla, esekwe zizivelela kunye zazivelela. Ikharityhulam ukuhlola ukuba yintoni na uhlobo yenkqubo zendalo eziphilayo. Grade 9 Eyokuba ukufunda mpembelelo zamandla okuqhuba zazivelela - yokwahluka kwemfuza zivunywa. hypothesis Synthetic ngendaleko ngazo kwikhondo eziphilayo 10 cl., xa abafundi sele uqhelene iingqiqo nemithetho imizila yemfuza.

Biological Organisation

Kwakhona inkqubo zendalo endalo, nto leyo imele 7 amanqanaba alungiswe owayamileyo zokwakha Open Biosystems. Makhe ukuzibiza, ezinto, zeselula, iziko, izihlunu, ephilayo, labemi, iintlobo, biogeocenotic Biosphere.

Ufundo isenzeko wobomi kwinqanaba ngalinye iinkalo zezifundo ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo. Umzekelo, lifunda ze ngamachiza ezinto eziphilayo ezinto eziphilayo. Cell - based cytology, biogeocenotic nokuPhilayo kwiglobhu - Indlela ekhuhlelwe, anatomy lokuthelekisa, eziphilayo, njl Ngaphandle kokukhetha, zonke izinto eziphilayo - .. Abantu, izityalo, izilwanyana, iintsholongwane - kungathathwa kwinqanaba zonke, evela Iimolekyuli ezakha organelles yeseli, ophela isakhiwo jikelele - biosphere. Iqhuba imijikelo uguqulo mba kunye namandla kwiinkqubo ezivulekileyo eziphilayo.