Ekuweni omxhuzulane. iinkwenkwezi neutron. imigodi abamnyama

Xa isithuba, kukho izinto ezininzi ezimangalisayo ukuba nesiphumo iinkwenkwezi ezintsha, unyamalale endala kwaye ukwenza imingxuma emnyama. Eyona nto inkulu eliyimfihlakalo wakhetha ekuweni omxhuzulane, leyo ikwagqibezela ngendaleko leenkwenkwezi.

kwemvelo ogcwele - litshintsha umjikelo ngokuhamba inkwenkwezi ngethuba ikhona (izigidi okanye iibhiliyoni zeminyaka). Xa hydrogen kuwo iphela kwaye iba helium, helium isiqalo ibunjiwe, kwaye into isithuba uqalisa ukutshintsha kungena isigebenga red - kade-uhlobo iinkwenkwezi, nto leyo iba iqaqambile eliphezulu. ubunzima yabo ingaba ngaphezu amaxesha 70 ubunzima kwelanga. supergiants ngakhanyi kakhulu ngokuba iingxilimbela ehleliyo. Ukongezelela ukukhanya phezulu, banalo ixesha elifutshane yobukho.

Umongo ekuweni

Le nto ithathwa ukuba ekupheleni ingongoma nasekusungulweni iinkwenkwezi ogama lokulinganisa izihlwele ngaphezu ezintathu elanga (Sun ubunzima). Eli xabiso isetyenziswa ngeenkwenkwezi yemvelo ukuba ukujonga ubunzima neminye imibutho yesiqalo. Kuwa kwenzeka kwimeko xa imikhosi omxhuzulane ukuba imizimba ezinkulu yesiqalo of mass enkulu lincipha fast kakhulu.

Xa Iinkwenkwezi ubunzima iinginginya ngaphezu ezintathu elanga ngokwaneleyo basabele fusion ebanzi eziphathekayo. Xa into iphela, ime basabela yenyukliya, neenkwenkwezi kuyeka ukuba zoomatshini izinzile. Oku kukhokelela ekubeni bona ngesantya supersonic baqale nciphisa zijonge embindini walo.

iinkwenkwezi neutron

Xa zixinaniswe iinkwenkwezi, oko kukhokelela soxinzelelo lwangaphakathi. Ukuba ikhula ngamandla ngokwaneleyo ukumisa ucutheko omxhuzulane, iba yinkwenkwezi neutron.

umzimba engaphandle kwegunya isakhiwo esilula. It sakhiwa engundoqo nolwenzelwa amaxolo, kwaye, yena, amiliswe of elektroni kunye nuclei atomic. ubudeki balo nama-1 km kwaye ibhityile kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa namanye amaqumrhu, ivela emajukujukwini.

iinkwenkwezi Weight neutron yi ubunzima ilanga. Umahluko phakathi kwabo kuxhomekeke kwinto yokuba kwirediyasi amancinci zabo - akukho km ngaphezu kwama-20. Ngaphakathi kwabo zisenokuxabana nezinye nuclei atomic, ngaloo ndlela uyila, umcimbi zenyukliya. Yaba ingcinezelo kwiqela lakhe asisiniki inkwenkwezi neutron ku nciphisa ngakumbi. Olu hlobo Star ebonakala ngesantya esiphezulu kakhulu ejikelezayo. Bona bayakwazi ukwenza amakhulu revolutions mgomzuzu omnye ngalinye. Iqala inkqubo lokuzalwa supernova, olwenzeka ngexesha ukuwa omxhuzulane ngayo inkwenkwezi.

supernovae

Eqhumayo i simanga Star utshintsho ngokukhawuleza nokubengezela. Okulandelayo, inkwenkwezi uqalisa ngokucothayo yaye ngokuthe ngcembe. Utsho evala nqanaba yokugqibela yokuwa omxhuzulane. Zonke sehlelwe sikhatshwe isixa esikhulu amandla.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba abantu Umhlaba ungabona esi senzeko kuphela emva mhaka leyi. Ukukhanya ifikelela umhlaba emva kwexesha elide emva kokuqhambuka yenzekile. Yaba unobangela ubunzima ekugqibeni uhlobo supernovae.

Ukupholisa iinkwenkwezi neutron

Emva kokuphela ucinezelo omxhuzulane, apho inkwenkwezi neutron kuyilwa, kwithempritsha yayo liphezulu kakhulu (ephakamileyo kakhulu iqondo lobushushu Sun). Star ebanda nge neutrino okupholisa.

Phakathi kwemizuzu embalwa, iqondo lobushushu ukuze bawe izihlandlo 100. Kule minyaka izayo ezilikhulu - nkqu izihlandlo ezili-10. Emva Star likhanya liyancipha inkqubo yayo okupholisa lancipha kakhulu.

Umda Oppenheimer-Volkoff

Kwelinye icala, lo mfanekiso ubonisa ubunzima liphezulu kangangoko inkwenkwezi neutron apho umxhuzulane ihlawulelwa igesi neutron. Oku akuthethi ukunika ithuba lokuba ukuphelisa ukubonakala ekuweni omxhuzulane emngxunyeni omnyama. Kwelinye icala,-kuthiwa umda-Oppenheimer Volkova yi zombini imingxuma emnyama umbundu ubunzima aphantsi imiswe phakathi ngendaleko obalaseleyo.

Ngenxa inani ezingachanekanga kunzima ukumisela ixabiso ngqo le parameter. Noko ke, loo nto ixela ukuba le iindidi ukususela 2.5 ukuya 3 sezigidi. Kweli nqanaba, izazinzulu zithi neutron inkwenkwezi esisinda lo J0348 + 0432. ubunzima bayo ngu ngenani eliphezulu ezimbini elanga. Ubunzima emngxunyeni kunenye black 5-10 izihlwele elanga. Akhona bathi ezi ze data iyahlolwa kwaye kusebenza kuphela iinkwenkwezi neutron kwaziwe kunye nemingxuma emnyama, kwaye zibonisa ukuba kungenzeka kubukho omkhulu ngakumbi.

imigodi abamnyama

Umngxuma omnyama - yenye ye nesenzeko ezininzi ezimangalisayo ukuba kwenzeka emajukujukwini. Kuyinto ummandla isithuba-ixesha apho le ingaka ibatsalayo omxhuzulane akavumeli naziphi na izinto ukuze uphume kuyo. Yishiye ayikwazi nkqu umzimba, apho ukuhamba ngesantya sokukhanya (kubandakanywa photons ukukhanya). De 1967, imingxuma emnyama, ebizwa ngokuba "iinkwenkwezi emkhenkceni," "collapsar" yaye "inkwenkwezi liwa."

Emngxunyeni emnyama i eyahlukileyo. Libizwa ngokuba umngxuma emhlophe. Njengoko sisazi, ukususela emngxunyeni omnyama akunakwenzeka ukuba basinde. Njengoko ngokuba mhlophe, ngoko ke ngeke yayize.

Ngaphandle kokuwa omxhuzulane, abangele ukuyilwa emngxunyeni omnyama mhlawumbe baphele kwiziko lo mnyele okanye iliso protogalactic. Kukho kwakhona ingcamango yokuba imingxunya abamnyama umphumo Big Bang, ngokunjalo iplanethi yethu. Iinzululwazi zizibiza ngokuba zaseprayimari.

Kumnyele wethu, kukho umngxuma omnye abamnyama, apho, ngokutsho akhona, kwabunjwa ukusuka ukuwa omxhuzulane bezinto omkhulukazi. Izazinzulu zithi ezi mingxuma zenza iseti ezingundoqo beminyele.

Izazi yaseUnited States lubonisa ukuba ubungakanani mingxuma ezinkulu abamnyama ukuze phantsi kakhulu. nokucingela zawo zisekelwe kwinto yokuba ukufikelela iinkwenkwezi nesantya ngazo ngapha kumnyele M87 ibekwe kwiminyaka ukukhanya nezigidi ezingama-50 ukusuka iplanethi yethu, ubunzima emngxunyeni emnyama i embindini Galaxy M87 kufuneka ubuncinane 6.5 billion izihlwele elanga. Okwangoku, njengoko kucingelwa ukuba ubunzima umngxuma omkhulu black 3 billion izihlwele elanga, nto leyo amaxesha ngaphezulu kwe ezimbini ngaphantsi.

Yolungelelwaniso ezivuzayo abamnyama

Ku bathi ezi zinto ukuze abonakale ngenxa yokusabela zenyukliya. Izazinzulu ziye ubanike igama izipho quantum emnyama. ububanzi zazo ubuncinane 10 ^-18 m, ubunzima lincinci - 10 ^-5 emzini

I ezinkulu Hadron Collider yakhiwa ukuba Yindibanisela mingxuma ezincinane emnyama. Bekucingelwa ukuba kuya kuba lula nje kuphela nokulungelelanisa una abamnyama, kodwa kwakhona ukuba zilinganisa i-Big Bang, eya ukuvelisa inkqubo wokusungula ezininzi zezinto isithuba, kuquka umhlaba. Nangona kunjalo, lo experiment aluphumelelanga, kuba amandla ukudala imingxunya abamnyama akonelanga.