Yintoni ebandakanyekayo? Ngaba isakhiwo se-atom nganye sinye?

Imba yimixholo yethu. Injongo yokwenene, igcwalisa isikhala kwaye isebenza njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo kuyo yonke into ephilayo kunye neyiphiyo. Iinkalo ezibini ezibonakala zingqinelaniyo nolwazi, ezifana nesayensi kunye nefilosofi, zivumelana kuphela into enye - into ebalulekileyo izalisekisa indima ebalulekileyo ebomini yehlabathi ezincinci nakwii-macro. Iyintoni umcimbi osijikelezeyo kwaye senziwe kuyo? Kutheni kuthatha iifom ezingaqhelekanga, ezininzi zazo ezingabonakaliswa kuthi? Masizame ukwenza oku okufutshane.

Leli gama laqonda njani abantu abakhulu?

Ngokumalunga nento eyenza umcimbi, kwaye ukuba utshintsha njani iifom zayo ngokukhawuleza, abantu baqala ukucinga ukusuka kwiintsuku zakudala. Ngaloo minyaka kwakungekho i-microscopes kunye neelasekopi, kwaye ke iifrifu zezilumko ezingenakukwazi ukufunda naliphi na iqumrhu lomntu okanye nje isiqwenga somthi apho isihlalo sagqitywa khona kwinqanaba le-athomu. Nangona kunjalo, iingcali zasendulo zazi kakuhle ukuba ixesha liphi ixesha kunye nendlela zonke izinto eziziphatha ngazo ngayo. Nguye abo baqulunqa ukutolika okuye kwafikelela kwiintsuku zethu. Imba yahlula yaba ngama-halves: izinto ezizalisiweyo, kunye nexesha-iziganeko. Ngenxa yenkambo eqhubekayo yokugqibela, zonke izinto nezinto eziphilayo ziyakushintsha ifom yabo. Le ndoda yazalwa, yaguga yafa, umthi unqabile, isinyithi esohlwayo. Ngekhulu le-17 leminyaka, i-physicist kunye nesibalo seMathematika iLeibniz ichaza umcimbi njengesihloko esichaza iipropati zexesha kunye nendawo. Kamva imisebenzi yakhe yabonakala kwiingcamango ze-Einstein.

Ukujonga into ephantsi kwe-microscope

Ukuba siphendukela kwi-optics ye-biological ukuze sincede, sinokubona ngamehlo ethu ukuba into ebalulekileyo ibhalwe ngama-athomu. Oku kuyimpawu elula yeli gama, elingenalo ukutshatyalaliswa kwaye ayifuni ubungqina obuninzi. I-Atom zibizwa ngokuba ziincinci ezincinci zezinto zonke ezikusijikelezile, kunye nathi. Isakhiwo ngasinye sawo sifana. Kodwa ngelo xesha, kwii-athomu zento nganye yehlabathi lethu, ingaba lifu le-methane kwi-Jupiter okanye isibindi senja, ulwazi malunga nepropati yezinto eziphathekayo zikhowudiweyo. I-athomu iqukethe i-nucleus ehlala ihlawuliswa ngokuqinisekileyo, kunye nee-elektroni. Xa inani leeponononi kunye nee-elektronta ziyahambelana, le nxalenye ingathathi hlangothi ngokwemali yombane. Ukuba i-equilibri iphulwa, i-athomu iya kuba yintoni enesimo esihle okanye esibi.

Yintoni i-atom ephuma ngaphandle?

I-molecule iyakhiwa ukusuka kwiqoqo lamatye amabini okanye ngaphezulu. Ukongeza kwenkcazelo kumphathi, kukho inxalenye enkulu yezinto ezidibeneyo kuyo. Ndiyabulela kuye, iimlekyuli ziyakwazi ukwakha loo nto esiyithethayo. Ezi zixhobo zithumela ulwazi kwii-atom ezahlukileyo phakathi komnye nomnye kwaye ngaloo ndlela zenza into engenayo indissoluble. Into ebangel 'umdla kukuba iamolekyu inokuqalwa iqela ekuqaleni. Umzekelo obalaseleyo apha ngamanzi: iqukethe i-hydrogen kunye ne-oksijini kwipesenti ethile. Kuvela ukuba ukuze siqonde ukuba yintoni umbandela, kufuneka sifunde kuphela izinto zePeriodic Table of Mendeleev uze uzifumane kwizifundo ezithile ezisijikelezile.

Yintoni esiyibonayo ngeso lesiso?

Ukugxotha eceleni i-telescope, thina, xa sifumene nolwazi oluthile, jonga loo mbandela unomcimbi. Ngenxa yesakhiwo salo, esinokujongwa nge-optics, sinako ukuthatha esinye sezibane ezine-gaseous, liquid, solid and plasma. Iintathu zokuqala zazo sinokuzicingela ngokulula ngomzekelo wamanzi afanayo, okokuba, kuba ngumbane, unokujika ube ngumqhaqhe okanye ube yigesi. Ezinye ezinye izinto zingabakho kuphela kwenye yezi zizwe ezine. Ukuxinisa kwifilosofi yakudala, akunakwenzeka ukuba ubenze ukufanisa nezinto ezine. Iingqondi zihlukanisa amanzi, umhlaba, umoya nomlilo phakathi kwabo. Kucacile ukuba, i-plasma efunyenwe nje kutshanje ifana nomlilo.

Yintoni na into ephuma kuyo?

Abo bafundisa i-physics esikolweni bayazi ukuba umcimbi unamandla afanayo ngokufanayo. Ii-athomu kunye neengqungqutyana zazo ezincinci, ezihambayo kunye ezihambayo, zenza imimandla ekhuphayo kunye namaziko athile. Ziguqulwa zibe yintsimi ye-electromagnetic, i-quantum kunye nefuthe kuxhomekeke kwiipropati zee-athomu zezinto ezithile. Ekubeni ukusebenzisana okunjalo kunye nemisebe yenzeke kuyo yonke indawo, oko kukuthi, emzimbeni womntu, kwindawo yokucima, kunye nomda omnyama, yonke into yethu igcwele amandla. Into nganye inommandla othile, eneendawo ezikhethekileyo. Kubonakala ukuba kumgangatho wamandla, sonke sitshintshisisa ulwazi esingaziqondi kwaye sisebenze.

Icala eliphambene nenye yemali

Sihlolisise ngenyameko into ebandakanyekayo kunye naziphi na iinkalo ezingenayo. Ngoku qwalasela into enjengomcimbi omnyama. Iingcali zenzululwazi zikholelwa ukuba i-85% yendalo yonke iqukethe. Into ebumnyama ayiyikukhupha nayiphi na indawo, ayinayo amandla ayo, kodwa amandla avela kuyo. Ngenxa yokuba akunakwenzeka ukulungisa amagagasi okombane avela kumbono omnyama, asikwazi ukuyifumana kwaye siyayiqonda imeko yayo. Mhlawumbi ekubunjweni kwemfihlo yamagqabhagqabha ikhona imfihlelo yokudala indalo kunye nathi sonke.