Yintoni umgaqo wolondolozo werhafu yamandla

Njengoko kuyaziwa kwikhosi ye-physics, kwinkqubo yezinto ezichanezelayo, umthetho wokulondolozwa kweendleko zombane uzaliseka. Ekuboneni kokuqala kunokubonakala ngathi ulwazi lo bulumko luyinto engabonakaliyo ukujongana nayo kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla. Makhe sithethe namhlanje ukuba ngaba kunjalo ngokwenene, kwaye apho ungayifumana khona umthetho wolondolozo werhafu yamandla.

Iingcamango ezikhoyo malunga nesakhiwo se-microworld ziqinisekisa ukuba umphathi wecala ngumnyuli we-electron, enye yeengqungquthela ezizinzile. Amandla akakwazi ukuphela: kwindalo yonke, kuphela ukuguqulwa kwayo kwenzeka. Ngaloo ndlela, umthetho wokulondolozwa kwentlawulo yamandla uzaliseka. Masithi ukuba i-electron phantsi kweemeko ezithile ikwahlukana ibe ngamanye amaqabunga ayenzayo (umzekelo, i-photon kunye ne-neutrino engenanto), kunye nexabiso elifanayo elipheleleyo. Nangona kunjalo, kude kube ngoku, inzululwazi ezisemthethweni iphihlile loo nto, ekubeni ukuvavanya okwenziweyo (kwaye kwenziwe rhoqo ngokuphindaphindiweyo) akuphumelelanga. Akumangalisi ukuba bathetha ukuba i-electron ayibonakaliyo, ayinakuphela ... Ubomi bokufunda beli qhekeza ubuncinane kwi-10 kumandla angama-22.

Akuyiyo imfihlo kunoma ubani ukuba ixabiso le-athomu lilonke. Oku kungenxa yokuba amandla angenakwenzeka kuwo onke ama-electron ahlawulelwa yintlawulo efanelekileyo yeeproton kwi-nucleus. Ukungathathi hlangothi kuqhutyelwa, ngoko ke i-athomu ngokubanzi i-electrical neutrality. Enyanisweni, ukuba ulwazisa amandla angaphezulu (umzekelo, ukushisa izinto eziphezulu kwiqondo lokushisa okanye ukwenza nge-alternate magnetic field), ngoko-ke ii-electron kwiimpawu zangaphandle (i-valence) zingashiya "indawo ezifanelekileyo". Kule meko, i-ion i-substance kunye ne-electron yamahhala iyatholakala. Kodwa, njengomgaqo, amandla afunyenwe yincinci ikhutshwa ngendlela ye-quanta kwaye isakhiwo esomeleleyo se-athomu sibuyiselwa. Icandelo elikhethekileyo kukuxhamla kwezinto, xa ezinye iindidi ziqhelekileyo kwiimathom ezimbini (okanye ngaphezulu). Umthetho wolondolozo uzalisekiswa ngokupheleleyo.

Nangona kunjalo, masibuyele kwintsimi ye-microworld ukuya kubomi obungakumbi. Umthetho wolondolozo werhafu yombane usebenza ngokusetyenziswa kwizibalo zobunjineli zombane. Umzekelo, kwanele ukukhumbula umthetho wokuqala weKirchhoff. Enyanisweni, kuqinisekisa umgaqo wolondolozo werhafu yamandla. Ngokomzekelo, kwiisekethe zokutshintshwa kwamanqanaba amathathu okwangoku , indlela yokudibanisa abaqhubi beenkwenkwezi isetyenziswa rhoqo. Kule meko, abaqhubi beesigaba ezintathu badibaniswe kwi-node. Kuya kubonakala kungenakukhunjulwa ukuba isiphaluka esifutshane siza kwenzeka ngokunyuka kwamanje kunye nokutshiswa kwezinto eziphathekayo. Enyanisweni, oku kulandelwayo: nganye kweso node ixabiso leemitha zihamba. Kwizibalo (ukudibanisa), amaphethana aphumayo abhekwa njengento efanelekileyo, kwaye iifudu eziphumayo zibi. Ngamanye amagama: I1 + I2 + I3 = 0, okanye, eyona nyaniso, I2 = I1-I3 njalo njalo. Ngendlela elula, inkokhelo engenayo ayikwazi ukudlulela inani elivela kwi-node. Ukuba, ngokuxhamla okunjalo kwabaqhubi, umthetho wolondolozo lweentlawulo awuzange usebenze, ke ukuqokelela kweengqungquthela ezihlawulwe kwisayithi kuya kubhalwa, kodwa oku akukwenzeka.

Ubunjineli bombane kunye nee-atom zikude kwiindawo apho umgaqo wolondolozo wentlawulo usebenza khona. I-biology kunye ne-botany nazo azikhohliwe. Ngeenkqubo ezidumileyo ze-photosynthesis (ukudala izinto eziphilayo kwi-chlorophyll i-grains phantsi kwefuthe lokukhanya kwelanga) ngelixesha lokutyunjwa kwe-quantum of light, isakhiwo seethambo sishiya enye i-elektroni. Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni i-molecule ye-chlorophyll ithola inkokhelo efanelekileyo kulo mzekelo, "indawo engenamntu" kungekudala izaliswe enye yeengqungquthela zamahhala. Enyanisweni, kukubuyiselwa kumthetho wolondolozo lwentlawulo yokuba ubukho boMhlaba kwifomu esiye sijwayele ngayo.