Yiergot - yintoni na le nto?

mushroom esinetyhefu iqulethe yiergot sezakhi eyingozi, ingxaki lezolimo kwaye efanayo ixesha ngokuzenzela ulinywa iinjongo amayeza. ukusasazeka kwayo okukhawulezayo kwizityalo kumaXesha Aphakathi kukhokelele ukuvela nezifo ngenxa yokufakwa lesonka ingcolisekile umgubo.

izinto ezininzi indalo yeyona ndlela imangalisayo, yaye oko ukubulala, ngexesha elifanayo nako ukumphilisa.

Yintoni yiergot?

Yiergot - a sodidi lwe nomngundo ukusuka usapho efanayo. Bonke bephela ngokutya igazi okuziinkozo, kuquka irye kunye nengqolowa. Ungafumana luguqulelo oluphambi igama ngundo - iimpondo wesizalo. Igama "yiergot" lisuka kwigama Old Russian elithetha "ngobuninzi, ngaphezu kwemfuneko." Loo ixabiso ngamazwi, ngokutsho ngeelwimi O. Trubacheva, ngaloo mihla wamzalela umlinganiswa euphemistic.

Sclerotia na lume-side, oonxantathu ukwakheka ngaphantsi eqinileyo shape egosogoso kunye neentanda longitudinal kunye imibimbi. Kumphezulu entlahleni abamnyama nemfusa, maxa wambi olumhlophe ukuba ziphele kwi umbala amadlala okanye amhlophe unomona ebengezelayo. ubude Sclerotia ixhomekeka kuhlobo wokudla, leyo iphuhlise yiergot (ingasentla). Umzekelo, irye - ngu 1-3 cm kwaye ububanzi of 6 mm.

Yiergot kumaXesha Aphakathi

Ukonakaliswa izilwanyana nabantu sezakhi yiergot igama layo - ergotism. Ziyenzeka, ngasendleleni, angqiniweyo ngokwezenzululwazi kwaye kumaXesha Aphakathi, owazeka umlinganiswa abaninzi. Ngelo xesha, ukungafuni ukuya lomhlaba nespelete lwezinambuzane-resistant ikhule kuyo yonke indawo, kwaye isonka a kutyiwa. Iinkozo ezingcolisekileyo busuke ngumgubo baze ngaloo ndlela bafumane phezu kwetafile. Ergotism wabangela bhubhane enkulu, yaye kwakukho nkqu Order okhethekileyo Antonito abanyanga abantu abosulelekileyo.

UNjingalwazi Sheyn Rodzhers of the University of Clarkson kunye nabafundi bakhe isidanga baye bahlola ingxaki iziporho, weyiseka ukuba kumakhaya amaninzi, apho kwakukho isandi engaqhelekanga okanye umbono, liyachuma ezinye iindidi ayingozi sande enokuba nempembelelo nabahlali. Le mbono ingqina liyavumelana malunga yempembelelo iziganeko yiergot ephakathi eYurophu, kuquka kuzingelwa gqwirha, Zomnqamlezo. Kwifoto ngasentla - ukupeyinta yi ngumzobi Flemish, obonisa ifuthe bhubhane ergotism.

Yiergot - ngundo ekumfimfitheni ukuya sezakhi, leyo, ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo, azikho Ityhefu kuphela, kodwa ukuba nemibono, unditsho, ukurhawuzelela. Imbali yezi mpawu zaziwa ngokuba 'amahlaba ngamagqwirha "yaye" ukubola. " Alkalodidy ibhujiswe kwanasemva unyango ubushushu (ukubhaka isonka). ukuziphatha okunjalo izigulane nxamnye inzondelelo yonqulo ikhokelela imiphumo ebuhlungu.

Umjikelo yophuhliso ngulo mngundo

mycelium ezinzwaneni uba namona zifuna ukuba ngqombela, lasungulwa kwenzeka entwasahlobo, it has uhlobo namanqina iintloko, ezo phezu imizimba ezimilise ibhotile-fruiting (perithecia), ibonakale ngokucacileyo kumfanekiso ngezantsi. Kule nokuphuma yokugqibela inkqubo ngokwesondo, nto leyo gametangliev Fusion, apho elilodwa. Kwangoko ungena ukwahlulwa (meiosis) ngaphakathi ingxowa (i cela) wabumba ukusuka mycelium lwe ngulo mngundo.

Emva koko ehlotyeni iimbewu yiergot (eziyingozi) ngumoya okanye izinambuzane basasaze kwiikhilomitha ezininzi emhlabeni. Kanye kwizityalo okuziinkozo eneentyatyambo pistil, bona ziqhume yaye ekugqibeleni ke ayakhekanga ingqolowa, kunye mycelium ezinzwaneni. Likhipha fluid ezizodwa etsala izinambuzane (uju). Ngale ndlela, kukho ukusasazeka yi imbewu ngundo. Emva kokuba yamaqanda olusele, endaweni yayo, ebizwa ngokuba sclerotia - lophondo bakha hyphae edidekile, ye ngulo mngundo. Xa uyisikile ingca, sivuthiwe, loo manzi abuyele emhlabeni aze overwinter emhlabeni, yaye le nkqubo iphindiwe kwakhona entwasahlobo.

Mushroom kwezolimo

kulinywe Special of yiergot kubalulekile linokuyithelekisa umonakalo evela emasimini zakhe kwezolimo. Ngokutsho nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe, umxholo imingxunya amabele ityhefu kufuneka ingadluli 0.05%. Noko ke, amanye amazwe wabeka imfuneko yokuba ukungabikho ngokuphelele imbewu e izinto, ingakumbi eYiputa. Yiergot abelwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye isixa esithile uhlala emasimini. Ngokutsho kweengcali, ukuba umxholo wayo iinkozo yokugqibela zero kunzima kakhulu, kodwa ke isondlo kunokwenzeka.

Eyona yiergot uqhelekileyo ingqolowa, irye kunye nerhasi. Lo mqathango ephambili yokulwa ngundo - olunzulu ukucocwa cone zonke (ekwindla) olinyiweyo imbewu awe emva kokuvuna. Sclerotia babulawe kokulima. Njengoko Ngenjongo yokuphepha, bubulumko ukukhetha zokutyala kwiintlobo nge xesha eneentyatyambo elifutshane nangaxeshanye kwaye sigcine imithetho crop rotation.

Le meko igalelo ukusasazeka kokhula yiergot enengca kwaye izandulela emasimini, imvula omninzi kunye umoya ngexesha lokuntshula cereal, ukubanda kunye namafu, nto leyo ekhokelela kukunaba kwexesha kweentyatyambo.

Ekusasazeni kunye kulinywe

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba yiergot - ngundo, wayaneka apho kukho cereals okuziinkozo. Eyona nto kakhulu zemozulu kuba ukufuma ephakamileyo (70%).

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe ngentla apha, ngeenjongo zamayeza ngundo, yiergot angala ezimfusa, zikhuliswa ngokukhethekileyo. Ukuze wenze oku, kukho iifama kwezityalo ezingamayeza, ingakumbi naseNovosibirsk kunye laseKirov imimandla eRashiya, Belarus. Iindlebe rye zitofwe ngokukodwa kunye imbewu ka ngundo ngesandla okanye iimatshini inaliti. Izivuno ngelo xesha ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-4 ngehektare nganye.

Ukuqokelelwa izinto ekrwada oluqhutywa bexesha emuncu, xa mpondo zipeyintwe nombala purplish-omdaka, lukhuni kwaye ngokulula wahluliwe indlebe. Izinto eziqokelelweyo loma ngendlela iivenkile umoya kakuhle mnyama. ukuba ifidi ogqityiweyo afwaya ukufuma hayi ngaphezulu kwe-11% kwaye kukho ubumdaka xa imali engaphantsi kwe 1.5-2%.

sezakhi yiergot

Xa amayeza sebenzisa iimpondo (sclerotia) of yiergot. Bona babe ngababini amathandathu sezakhi stereoisomeric. levorotatory nganye esebenzayo elivumelana isomer ubuncinane buthathaka dextrorotatory. Ngokukodwa, kwaye ergotaminin ergotamine, ergocristine kunye ergokristinin, kunye ergozimin ergozin, ergocryptine kunye ergokriptinin njl Ilungu iphambili sezakhi levorotatory -. Lysergic acid. Yenziwe ngoobani kunye nomxholo sezakhi oxhomekeke yebhayoloji uhlanga ngundo iimeko zangaphandle kunye okutyiwa sisityalo.

Ukufumana LSD

usomachiza Swiss Albertom Hofmanom (ingasentla) ngo-1938, le yezabelo ka lysergic acid equlethwe yiergot, yayifunyenwe ukulungiselela chemical - iLSD notorious. kweminyaka 5 kamva, lo mntu mnye wafumanisa iimpawu hallucinogenic le ezimbaxa. Okwangoku LSD kumazwe amaninzi lakuphelisa UN Convention, kwakunye nenkqubo yophando. Le Okungumahluko eSwitzerland ukususela 2008 kuvunyelwa ukuba aqhube unyango kunye ime emdeni wayo kwizigulana abagulela ukufa, kuquka kwamanqanaba abalulekileyo zomhlaza.

Ukusetyenziswa in amayeza

Ngokusetyenziswa sezakhi amayeza iyaziwa ixesha elide. Yiergot - ngundo, inxaxheba ezisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa yokubelekisa. Oku kusekelwe amachiza kubangela ixesha elide kunye kwesibeleko zesibeleko kwaye uyeke zesibeleko ukopha. Eli nyathelo ibangwa bubukho sezakhi physiologically esebenzayo levorotatory, ingakumbi ergometrine. Kuyinto ayinabungozi kunezinye, ubude amanyathelo ayikho phezulu, kodwa isiphumo ngokukhawuleza.

sezakhi yiergot Hydrogenated ilifa iipropati umthomalalisi. Kulo mba, ukuba ezixatyisiweyo kunyango lwegazi, migraine, isifo Basedow ngayo, ukuphazamiseka engqondweni.

Yiergot Ityhefu kwenzeka kuphela phakathi kwabantu, kodwa kwenzeka izilwanyana. Ekubeni iinkozo ziyatya Kubalulekile ukujonga ukuba ukucoceka ukutya okuziinkozo yenkukhu kunye nemfuyo. Uphawu olungundoqo ityhefu na necrosis komsila, iindlebe kunye omzimba.

Nantsi ke, yiergot. Le nkcubeko ngenxa kliniki nempembelelo yehlabathi ngokwenene kwi olujongwayo lubonwe. Nokuba mushroom omncinci kubangela izifo ezosulelayo, okanye uya kuba unyango olusebenzayo, kuxhomekeke indlela echanekileyo yobuntu.