Yayingubani yokuqala yaseYurophu ukuba ukufikelela kunxweme Australia?

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba amazwe Australia wambulela ezifunyaniswe kaYakobi Cook. Yaba nguye lowo wabhengeza ilizwe elitsha ephethwe yi-Crown, wanika amagama neetyali kunye zokupaka, ekufumaneka ngaselunxwemeni lelizwekazi. Kodwa, Kakade ke, izinto zilula kakhulu. BaseYurophu bokuqala zafika unxweme Australia akayi Cook. Waba ababengaphambi ezininzi, eziphaphazelayo iflegi kwamagunya emikhulu aselwandle ixesha: Portugal, Spain kunye Netherlands.

Terra Australis

Nkqu kumaxesha amandulo, baseYurophu niqashele ukuba i-Southern saseNtla, kufuneka ibe lizwekazi, kulinganisa Northern saseNtla. Le kwilizwekazi wasentsomini yaba ngumthombo waphefumlelwa ukuba abahloli beemaphu. Kwiinzame ekucebiseni baseYurophu besithembe ukuba Terra Australis uya kuba sisityebi yaye otyebileyo. Kodwa akazange azame ukhangelo ekujoliswe: isibakala sokuba ezinezinga eliphezulu akazange athembise nto oomatiloshe elungileyo. Baba idume izaqhwithi babo njalo, kwaye akukho namnye uqubha ngokuthanda. Ukongezelela kuhla benqanawa babesoyika inkungu ashinyeneyo. Oku nevuthisayo, wavele, kukho isizathu sokuba Australia yafunyanwa emva kwe ziqithi ezingqongileyo.

labantu

Xa sicinga ngokuba ngubani zafika lwaseYurophu Australia, iyavakala ukukhankanya Bomthonyama azinza kwilizwekazi malunga 40,000 eyadlulayo. bâphuma ooyise evela Asia yaye bakwazi ukuya Australia kuba ngaloo mihla ilizwe imilo eyahlukileyo kancinane. Kamva, Australia yemveli sasikwanti ukusuka lonke ihlabathi, inkcubeko yabo iye bavela kancinci kakhulu. Ngoko ke, boyisa yaseYurophu ngazwi linye wababiza 'ulusizana. "

Ngubani zafika unxweme Australia?

Xa benkulungwane ye-16, koloniyalisti isiPhuthukezi kakuhle Sunda Islands. Abahlali balapha wababalisela emazweni elele ukuya ngasemazantsi-mpuma. I-Portuguese lawela emantla-ntshona kunxweme lizwekazi, ehlola bafumana kulilize. Ezinye ubungqina bokuhlala kwabo apha ke ayishiyile: amakhulu ambalwa kunxweme into enjengebhadi Bay wafumana guns isiPhuthukezi.

Ngenkulungwane ye-16, kwafunyaniswa omnye umhlaba omtsha ezisondeleleneyo othile - Papua (New Guinea). Zonke iziqithi zifumaneka kwezi ezinezinga (idla ngengozi), ezibonwe njengenxalenye Unknown South Land, kodwa ke IsiPhuthukezi okanye iSpanish ayikho kwintsimi entsha wayithanda. LwaseYurophu baba kakhulu kakhulu, kwaye abantu - amahlwempu. Nangona umgca unxweme lwase sele ngokupheleleyo zazotywa, imbali akazange agcine igama umthetheli, ngubani yaseYurophu wokuqala ukufikelela kunxweme Australia.

Imisebenzi ye-East India Company

Ngexesha le ukufuna Terra Australis nomdla Dutch, matiloshe IsiSpanish (Mendanya, Quiros kunye Torres) wafumanisa kwisiqithi Santa Cruz, kwakunye Marquesas kwaye i Solomon Islands, yaye zingqina ukuba New Guinea Southern Umhlaba ayikho. Ngenkulungwane ye-17, i-Dutch wasebenzisa elo Portuguese Sunda Islands, waseka East India Company kwaye ukuzibandakanya kurhwebo kunye India kunye mpuma Asia.

Izifundo ukuba iinqanawa Dutch ezibe amathanga Asian, usindisa ixesha elininzi, ukongeza, walala iyelelene kwi-South Land yezinto, leyo Dutch ngenkuthalo bafuna. Kukholelwa ukuba baseYurophu bokuqala bafika unxweme Australia umthetheli Dutch Willem Janszoon. Le nyaniso ukuba ubungqina obubhaliweyo. Abahlali of Cape York Peninsula wadibana oomatiloshe Yanszon ngaphezu abangenabubele, yaza induna wangxama ukuze angalibali. Oku kwenzeka ngo-1606.

losuka Tasman

Nangona ukubuyekeza ezimbi Yanszon umhlaba omtsha kunye nabemi bayo, i-East India Company waqhubeka ukuthumela ngeenqanawa zayo emanzini yasekuhlaleni. Irhuluneli omtsha eBatavia (Jakarta) - Anton Van Diemen - esigunyaziswe 1642 Abel Tasman e nantoni na kwaba ukufumana umhlaba omtsha.

Nakuba isaqhwithi, iinqanawa ifikelele lwaseYurophu Tasman ali- siqithi elandelayo, ogama Land Van Diemen, yaye kwiminyaka igama Tasmania kamva. UAbheli wavakalisa ilifa layo le-Dutch, kodwa akazange aqonde ukuba ngaphambi kwakhe - isiqithi okanye inxalenye kwilizwekazi. Wandula ke wafumanisa New Zealand, apho baseYurophu abazi lutho, yaye Tonga kunye eFiji. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba asingabo bonke abafunyanwa ngaphambili Islands yinxalenye yezwe, ngokuqhelekileyo ngokuba "Entsha Holland". Imida yoMzantsi Land engaziwayo amana nakwezinye ezantsi.

Dampier e Australia

Sailing Tasman baba lutho. Ukongeza, ngenkulungwane ye-17, i-Netherlands iye ubunzima uthotho ukoyiswa yi England uphulukene nesidima sawo phezulu. Studies yolwandle esemazantsi benze British. Kwezi, ngowokuqala ukufikelela kunxweme Australia, uWilliam Dampier. Kabini owawuya Australia (New Holland) bazifundisisile emantla-ntshona elunxwemeni kwaye ubhale iincwadi ezimbini ngawo. Enkosi kubo, njengezwekazi intsha yaziwe ehlabathini (i-Dutch zonke iziphumo zabo ziyimfihlo).

kohambo lokuqala Cook kaThixo

ULieutenant Dzheyms Kuk waduma ukuba amandla akhe lwamaqosha cartography. Ngoko ke, oko urhulumente waseBritani waya ukuhlola New Zealand kunye kwindawo yayo. Noko ke, ngokusesikweni, wayengafundanga ukuba agcine Venus edlula kwi diski ilanga (esi siganeko umdla izazi). Ukongeza, uYakobi wathuma "isibonda" zonke amazwe yafunyanwa nguye. Xa Cook Australia, kwaba nyaka 1770. Hambo wafunda km ngaphezulu kwama-1600 unxweme ngasempumalanga. La mazwe, uLieutenant ekuthiwa New South Wales.

Eziliqela Amazibuko ngobuchule ebalulekileyo oomatiloshe bakhe indwe iphakanyisiwe yaseBritani. Cook nabo bafumanise waza wafunda Great Barrier Reef waza wafumanisa ukuba New Zealand ukhandwa ziqithi ezimbini.

yezinto ezibaluleke

Xa Dzheyms Kuk Australia, wamisa kwindawo ethekwini, kamva owaziwa ngokuba Botany Bay. Apha, amaBritane wabona mila kunye nezilwanyana ukuba afumaneka kumazwe azo. Ekukholelwa ukuba bay igama Botany Bay ngenyathelo Banks leNgcali yezeNzulwazi yenqanawa. Ngelo xesha, iqela laqala ngokukhawuleza ophikisana kwabantu bomthonyama. Enyanisweni, amazwe British of Australia yaqala intshabalalo balapho, nto leyo ngaloo mihla, ithetha ukuba uphumelele.

Musani ukuba kude kakhulu kuwo Botany Bay, Cook wafumana izibuko elula kakhulu, nto leyo, Kakade ke, urhulumente wathi. apho Kamva yokuqala kwisixeko kwilizwekazi omtsha - Sydney. Oomatiloshe bahamba kunxweme lwasempumalanga, uze emva koko elirhangqiweyo kunye emantla. Cook Wazithiya amagama uAdam zonke izinto kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo kwaye wazoba imephu unxweme. I-British zange awukhathalele ngubani na kuqala ukufikelela kunxweme Australia. Them kwakubalulekile ukubhengeza nokunikwa le mimandla. Ngoko ke bashiya zonke iintlobo ubungqina kokuhlala kwakhe, bakuwufunqula iiflegi nezibhaliweyo ngenyameko izenzo zabo.

Iziphumo travel Cook

UYakobi waya kunxweme New Zealand ngexesha uhambo olulandelayo, kodwa Australia akusekho lukhona. umsebenzi yakhe ukungqina ukuba kwiZwekazi twisiseka Southern isekhona. Kwaye xa Cook wafika kunxweme Australian, sele wayesazi, ngokungafaniyo langaphambili, nto leyo ibekwe eNew Holland, yaye hayi kwenye indawo.

Iinqanawa babewela Arctic Circle, ndandide ku ezinezinga eliphezulu, apho wadibana ice pack kunye kwazo. Cook wenza kusengqiqweni ukugqiba ukuba kwiZwekazi Southern, kwaye kukho, ngoko awukwazi ukufumana kulo, kunye nomdla akukho, njengoko egqunywe ice.

Yona Australia, sele kwiminyaka eli-17 emva kokuba yayo ezisemthethweni Botany Bay inqanawa lafika igweba waseNgilani, owaba ukuqala ubomi obutsha apha.

iziphumo

Asikwazi ngokuqiniseka ngubani kuqala baseYurophu bafika kunxweme Australia, kodwa akazange Cook. yokufaneleka layo ukuba phantse kwakhona wavula lizwekazi, ndimncinile ngenyameko, waza wavula indlela yokuba ikoloni elandelayo.