Yan Komensky, le pedagogue Czech: engobomi, iincwadi, iminikelo pedagogy

Yan Amos Komensky (wazalwa 28.3.1592 e Nivnice, Moravia, wafa nge 11/14/1670 e Amsterdam, Netherlands) - wenguquko Czech kwinkqubo yemfundo kunye enkolweni. Eyaziwa ngokuba iindlela ezintsha zokufundisa, ngeelwimi ezithile.

Yan Amos Komensky: biography

I mncinane kubantwana abahlanu, wazalelwa Comenius abangaxhalabisiyo owayesisityebi usapho yamalungu azinikeleyo oluntu lobuProtestanti le Bohemian Brothers. Emva kokusweleka kwabazali bakhe kunye noodade ababini 1604, mhlawumbe ukusuka isibetho, waselehlala nezalamane wafumana imfundo eliphakathi, lo gama 1608, akazange afike ngalo kweso sikolo Latin abazalwana Přerov Bohemian. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, enkosi ukusekelwa Count uCharles Žerotín wayephantsi kweempembelelo uJohann Genriha Alsteda wangena Reformed University Herborn. iinkalo ezininzi ingcinga Comenius ziyafana kakhulu intanda-yokugqibela. Alsted, umchasi-Aristotle kunye ezihlangwini Petra Ramusa, wayenomdla kakhulu e-Raymond Lully kunye UGIORDANO Bruno, ezakwalizwi yaba chiliasts waza wasebenza kuqokelelwe bonke lwazi odumileyo yakhe "Encyclopedia" (1630). Emva kokugqiba izifundo zakhe e-Heidelberg ngo-1614, Yan Komensky wabuyela kwilizwe lakhe, apho kuqala wafundisa esikolweni. Kodwa ke ngo-1618, kwiminyaka emibini emva kokuba ordination wakhe abe ngumbingeleli abazalwana Bohemian, waba ngumfundisi fulnek. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala eshicilelweyo, "Latin Igrama", labhalwa emva kwabo minyaka.

War Years ' kunye Battle of White Intaba ngoNovemba 1620 kwaba nefuthe elibaluleke kakhulu ubomi Comenius, njengoko inkoliso yemisebenzi yakhe ejoliswe ekubuyeni umhlaba wakhe nabantu wokholo. Kule minyaka isibhozo ezayo, akuzange kube ekhuselekileyo de ukugxothwa lokugqibela abazalwana abasuka kumazwe ombuso abazange ndimalathise e Leszno, ePoland, apho ngaphambili sele uthethathethwano lokukhokhela kunokwenzeka.

Yan Amos Komensky, biography leyo kule minyaka iye yabalasela ukufa umfazi wakhe wokuqala, uMariya waseMagadala, nabantwana babo ababini, ngo-1624 watshata okwesihlandlo sesibini. Yathi yakudlula loo "ekulo of the World kunye Paradise Yentliziyo" ngo-1623 no Centrum securitatis ngo-1625-m, ndivakalisa nabo 1631 no 1633 ngokulandelelana ngolwimi Czech.

Ukususela 1628 ukuya 1641 Yan Komensky wayehlala Leszno njenge ubhishophu emhlambini wakhe, kwaye Umphathi Izabelo yasekuhlaleni. Kwakhona wafumana ixesha ukusebenza kuphuculo ulwazi pedagogy, ukubhala, kwaye ngaphezu koko incwadi enkulu Didactica magna yakhe yokuqala. Ibhalwe ku Czech, oko yapapashwa ngowe-1657 e-Latin njengenxalenye Opera didactica omnia, oluqulathe inkoliso yemisebenzi wadala ukususela 1627

Enye incwadi, ebhaliweyo ngeli xesha Yan Amos Komensky, i "Abazali School", abazinikele kwiminyaka yokuqala emithandathu ndikhuliswe komntwana.

Ukuthandwa engalindelekanga

Ngowe-1633, Yan Komensky singalindelanga amkelwa yaseYurophu ukupapashwa Janua linguarum reserata ( «Vula umnyango ngeelwimi"), akhululwe kunyaka omnye. Oku kukwazisa elula Latin ngokungqinelana nale ndlela entsha, esekelwe kwimigaqo ezivela Wolfgang Rathke kunye neencwadi ezishicilelwe Spanish bamaKatolika Salamanca. Utshintsho lokufundisa ulwimi, ukuba siyawaqinisa lula ukuba wonke, waye lifana kuphuculo jikelele koluntu kunye nehlabathi, apho bonke chiliasts bafuna ukufikelela kwi kwiiyure eseleyo phambi ukubuya kukaKrestu.

Yan Komensky utyikitye isivumelwano kunye eliNgesi Samuel Hartlieb, lowo ethumele yesandla ye 'lwayo zamaKristu "wamthiya Conatuum Comenianorum praeludia, yaye emva koko, ngo-1639, Pansophiae prodromus. Ngowe-1642 Hartlieb wapapasha inguqulelo IsiNgesi, othi "Utshintsho izikolo." Yan Amos Komensky, isandla pedagogy leyo eyakwenza umdla omkhulu kwizangqa ezithile eNgilani, wacelwa ukuba London Hartlieb. NgoSeptemba 1641 wafika kwikomkhulu yaseBritani, apho wadibana abalandeli bakhe, ngokunjalo nabantu abafana Dzhon Pell, uTheodore Haak kunye Sir Cheney Culpeper. Wamenywa ukuba ahlale ngokusisigxina UK, izicwangciso ukudala kwikholeji pansofskogo. Kodwa Irish Imvukelo kungekudala buziphelise zonke ezi zicwangciso nethemba, ngoxa Comenius wahlala eBritani kude kube ngoJuni 1642 Ngoxa London, wabhala yakhe Ukudlula Lucis ( «Indlela of the World"), apho ubuhanjiswe ekwimo ngqangi eNgilani de yashicilelwa 1668 e Amsterdam. Ngelo lixa utitshala Czech wafumana isithembiso ukusuka Richelieu ukuba siqhubeke nomsebenzi wayo e Paris, kodwa endaweni wayetyelele Descartes kufuphi Leiden.

Ukusebenza Sweden

E Sweden, Yan Komensky kwakhona wadibana nobunzima. Oxenstierna Yey efuna ukubhala iincwadi luncedo ezikolweni. Comenius Kwakhona, xa ukunyanzelisa abahlobo bakhe IsiNgesi, wacela ukuba asebenze kwi Pansophius. Wagxininisa ngeengxaki ezimbini ngaxeshanye, umhlala e Elbing e Prussia ngelo xesha phantsi kolawulo yaseSweden, phakathi 1642 no-1648. umsebenzi wakhe iye yapapashwa Pansophiae diatyposis e iDanzig ngo-1643 no Linguarum methodus nouissima - in Leszno ngo 1648. Ngo-1651-m "Pansophia" yapapashwa IsiNgesi njengomzekelo ulwazi jikelele. Yakhe 'intanda-Natural, iinguqu ukuKhanya Ungokobuthixo, "okanye Lumen divinuem reformatate isishwankathelo (Leipzig, 1633), wabonakala kunyaka omnye. Ngowe-1648, wabuyela Leszno, Comenius waba ubhishophu wamashumi amabini kunye yokugqibela abazalwana Bohemian (kamva similise okwaloo Moravian).

Ukwehluleka Sarospatak

Ngowe-1650, utitshala Yan Komensky wafumana umnxeba ovela ePrince Sigizmunda Rakotsi of yayo, lo umninawa ka-George II Rakoczy, sifike Sarospatak icebiso kubuyekezo esikolweni Pansophia. Uye kuqaliswa utshintsho ezininzi esikolweni, kodwa, nangona umsebenzi onzima, impumelelo yakhe encinane, yaye ngowe-1654 wabuyela Leszno. Ngelo xesha Comenius wavelisa omnye edume kakhulu yemisebenzi yakhe, Orbis sensualium Pictus ( «yenyama World ku Izithombe", 1658), e-Latin kunye nesiJamani. Okubalulekileyo, umsebenzi ivula epigraph "ukuba" xa Wazithiya amagama uAdam (Genesis 2:. 19-20). Yaba incwadi yokuqala yesikolo apho ukufunda umfanekiso ukusebenzisa izinto ulwimi. Yena wazekelisa mgaqo uphambili ukuba abathi Yan Amos Komensky. Ngokufutshane ke oku: amagama kufuneka sikhatshwe zizinto kwaye ayikwazi kufundwa ngokwahlukileyo kubo. Ngowe-1659, Charlz Hul yapapasha inguqulelo IsiNgesi ye kwincwadi "Ihlabathi okubonakalayo Comenius, okanye Umfanekiso kunye noluhlu izinto eziphambili ezikhoyo ehlabathini, kunye nemisebenzi yabantu."

Ukungabikho impumelelo Sarospatak, mhlawumbi ubukhulu becala ngenxa yinzondelelo fantastic nenemibono iziprofeto ungumzondeleli uNicholas Darbika. Comenius ingelilo ixesha lokuqala kwambatha ngosuku lokugqibela umprofeti - buthathaka, apho savelisa ezinye chiliasts. Bona uyiphicothe iingqikelelo iziganeko YeApocalypse avule ezingalindelekanga, ekufuneka kwenzeka kwixa elizayo, ezifana kokuwa wendlu Habsburg, okanye ukuphela kwakuphethe iCawa yamaRoma. Ukupapashwa kwale ngxelo ukuphembelela iziganeko zezopolitiko bube nefuthe elibi igama okanye ngutitshala obalaseleyo.

kwiminyaka yakutshanje

Kungekudala emva Comenius wabuyela Leszno, phakathi Poland kunye Sweden, kwaqalisa imfazwe, kwaye ngo-1656-m Leszno yatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo amabutho Polish. Waphelelwa zonke iincwadi zakhe yesandla kwanyanzeleka kwakhona ukuba ashiye ilizwe. Wamenywa ukuba ahlale e Amsterdam, apho wachitha iminyaka esaseleyo kubomi bakhe endlwini unyana ka umxhasi wakhe owayesakuba uLawrence de Geer. Ngexesha lezi iminyaka bagqiba umsebenzi omninzi, leyo ahlala kuyo iminyaka ubuncinane amabini, De rerum humanarum emendatione consultatio catholica. Eliquka iindawo ezisixhenxe ncwadi wachaza yonke yobomi bakhe waza waba ingxoxo olubanzi ukuphuculwa izinto zabantu. "Pampedii" umyalelo kwi ukwakheka jikelele owandulelayo "Pansophia", noseko lwalo elilandelwe ngu "Panglottiya" umyalelo ukoyisa iilwimi okuxuba, nto leyo eyenza ukuba kunokwenzeka lolungiso lokugqibela. Nangona ezinye iindawo umsebenzi yapapashwa ngowe-1702, oko ingqalelo elahlekileyo kude kube sekupheleni kuka-1934, xa incwadi kwafumaneka Galle. zisandul'ukupapashwa ngokupheleleyo ngo-1966.

Comenius wangcwatyelwa ibandla Wallonia e Naarden kufuphi Amsterdam. iingcinga zakhe kakhulu ayazise pietists German kwenkulungwane XVIII. Xa kowabo ke ebalulekile iqhawe lesizwe kunye nombhali.

indlela ukukhanya

Yan Amos Komensky imisebenzi enikelwe zokubuyiselwa kwabo ngokukhawuleza nangempumelelo izinto zonke eziphathelele ubomi babantu entsimini lonqulo, uluntu kunye nolwazi. inkqubo yakhe "Indlela Yehlabathi", ziyilelwe ukuba zinike ulwazi sikhulu sala umntu ngaphambi ukubuya kwakhe lokuchaphazelelka ubukumkani emhlabeni Lweminyaka kaKristu. iinjongo jikelele baba ukuhlonela uThixo, isidima kunye nolwazi; Ubulumko kukufumana kuzo zonke zontathu.

Ngoko ke, lo mthombo kunye injongo wonke umsebenzi Comenius yezakwalizwi. iinkolelo zakhe neminqweno abantu abaninzi ababephila ngexesha lakhe, kodwa inkqubo wakhe, kakhulu, eyona ngokupheleleyo ezininzi eziye esicetywayo kwinkulungwane XVII. Kwaba kakhulu iresiphi usindiso ngolwazi elinebaxiweyo i kwinqanaba ubulumko jikelele okanye Pansophia inkxaso inkqubo yemfundo efanelekileyo. Umyalelo sobuthixo sezinto ngexesha xa kwakucingwa ukuba ezayo leminyaka yokugqibela, ngokuhambelana kunye ithuba ukuphumeza yotshintsho lwehlabathi kobugcisa bokushicilela, kwakunye ukwandiswa urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokuhamba, nto leyo okokuqala kwimbali ukusasazeka ehlabathini lonke yalo idinga, ubulumko entsha zingaguquka.

Ke wona umsebenzi wakhe uThixo ezifihlakeleyo, umntu umele uvule ukuya nezityhilelo ezintathu: indalo ebonakalayo, abonisa ngamandla kaThixo; Man, sidalwe ngokomfanekiso kaThixo yaye bembonisa ubungqina ubulumko lakhe; igama, kunye nesithembiso sayo ukuthanda elungileyo, ebhekisele umntu. Yonke ukuba umntu kufuneka azi kwaye uyazi, ukuba kukhutshwa iincwadi ezintathu: uhlobo, ingqondo okanye umoya womntu, yaye izibhalo. Ukuphumeza oku ubulumko, yena eyaziyo, izivamvo, isizathu kunye nokholo. Ekubeni abantu ngokwemvelo izidalwa zikaThixo, kufuneka babelane enye indlela efanayo, postulate, ukuqinisekisa wemvisiswano epheleleyo ngezinto zonke phakathi kwabo kunye ingqondo yomntu.

Zazi wena kunye nohlobo

Le mfundiso ezaziwayo-kakuhle macrocosm-sekuba kusinika intembelo yokuba umntu uyakwazi ngokwenene ukufumana ubulumko kude kuwo. Wonk 'ubani, ngoko, uba Pansophists, uthixo encinane. Njengabangakholwayo, abangenaso ilizwi, abakwazi ukufezekisa le ubulumko. Nkqu namaKristu, kude kube kutshanje, baye ulahlekile maze iimpazamo ngenxa yesithethe kwaye baphenjelelwa ukuhamba iincwadi, ngelo best ziqulathe ulwazi engamaqhekeza. Umntu kufuneka sijonge kuphela imisebenzi kaThixo baze bafunde yokungqubana ngqo ngezinto - kunye uncedo yotyando, njengoko ibizwa ngokuba Comenius. Jan Amos izimvo zokufundisa isekelwe kwinto yokuba lonke uqeqesho kunye nolwazi luqala izivamvo. Oku kulandela ukuba ingqondo iingcamango angaphakathi ezenza umntu akwazi ukuqonda inkqubo, kunye ngawo ehlaselwa. Ihlabathi nobomi ngamnye na isikolo. Nature efundisa, utitshala loo mkhonzi endalo kunye zemvelo - ababingeleli etempileni wendalo. Omnye kufuneka uyazi wena kunye nendalo.

Encyclopedia of lwayo

Ukuze ufumane indlela liphuma ekulo, indoda kufuneka ngomsonto Ariadne kaThixo, indlela apho uya kubona ulandelelwano lwezinto, ukuqonda oonobangela zabo. Lendlela kufuneka senziwe kwincwadi Pansophia apho umyalelo endalo kunye umyalelo engqondweni ngcembe uya kuhamba ngayo ubulumko nokuqonda. Akuyi kuba nantoni na ngaphandle nolwazi eziphathekayo kunye luncedo, yokutshintshwa kwazo zonke ezinye iincwadi. inkcazelo epheleleyo irekhodi ecwangciswe ngendlela, yinto encyclopedia yokwenene, ubukhulu becala coinciding kunye "Repository" noRoberta Guka ezimangalisayo zendalo kwi the Royal Society, umbutho ngokungqinelana iindidi Dzhona Uilkinsa yakhe "lwezincoko okuzekeliswayo lokwenyaniso ulwimi bulumko." Ulandela lo ndlela yendalo, abantu ngokulula bafumane ubunini ngokupheleleyo ngokupheleleyo lonke ulwazi. Umphumo iya kuba wonke oyinyaniso; kwaye uza kuba umyalelo yokukhanya kunye noxolo. Nale kwinguqu mntu yaye ihlabathi liya kubuyela kwimo efanayo naleyo apho phambi Fall.

Innovation in Education

Yan Komensky, imfundo efunekayo ukuze lwabantwana abasaqalayo umntwana bafunda uthelekise izinto amagama, ndandicinga ukuba ulwimi lweenkobe ukuphathwa kunye nenyaniso yokuba kufuneka zifihlwe amazwi alambathayo nesigama ayikaqondwa. Foreign isikolo ulwimi - ingakumbi kumazwe angabamelwane, uze emva koko Latin - kufuneka zifundiswe unina, kunye neencwadi isikolo kufuneka balandele indlela Pansophia. "Umnyango kwiilwimi" ziya kuqhuba umbandela ofanayo 'umnyango izinto ", yaye aba babini baya kuba encyclopedia encinane. iincwadi zesikolo kufuneka zahlulwe kumaqela ubudala kunye nenkxalabo kuphela ezo izinto phakathi amava umntwana. Kunxibelelwano jikelele best Latin, kodwa Comenius wakhangela phambili ukuvela ulwimi ofezekileyo bulumko eyayiza abonisa Pansophia indlela, hayi ezilahlekisayo, kwaye kuba uninformative. Ulwimi - nje yenethiwekhi ulwazi, kodwa usebenziso lwayo lokwenyaniso mfundiso ndlela iqinisekileyo ukuphumeza ukukhanya nobulumko.

Ubomi nje School

Yan Komensky, apho didactics ndayalelwa nje ukuya esikolweni, kodwa onke amaqela ubudala, ayekholelwa ukuba zonke izinto eziphilayo esikolweni nokulungiselela ubomi obungunaphakade. Amantombazana namakhwenkwe kufuneka bafunde kunye. Ekubeni bonke abantu sinomnqweno ongaphakathi ulwazi kunye ukuhlonela uThixo, kufuneka aqeqeshwe ngendlela ezizenzekelayo odlalayo. Ukohlwaya ngokubetha aziyi kusetyenziswa. ukufunda ihlwempu na nandzu umfundi, yaye ubungqina nokungakwazi katitshala ukuze sifeze indima yalo 'ngumkhonzi wendalo "okanye" umbelekisi ulwazi, "njengoko Comenius.

Yan Amos, iingcamango zokufundisa ethathelwe ingqalelo ibaluleke kakhulu, kwaye mhlawumbi ngegalelo lakhe kuphela kwinzululwazi, kanye ingcinga kubo kuphela njengendlela soguqulo jikelele yoluntu, isiseko leyo Pansophia nemfundiso - nenjongo isisikhokelo kuphela. Ngobuninzi kweekowuteshini yebhayibhile kwimisebenzi yakhe sisikhumbuzo esisigxina yalo mthombo iphefumlelwe. Yan Komensky incwadi iziprofeto kaDaniyeli neyeSityhilelo kaYohane kwendlela eyintloko ekufumaneni ulwazi olukhulayo nkulungwane sisondele. Ibali lika-Adam amagama ngesandla kwi "Genesis 'yaye ubulumko bukaSolomon ezimile imbono yakhe indoda inkolelo yakhe ukuze, njengoko kubonisiwe kwi Pansophia kuba uThixo" zonke izinto ngomlinganiselo kunye nenombolo kunye nobunzima. " Wathembela Nakuba ezimbaxa kunye neempawu zolwakhiwo yendlu kaSolomon. Ngokuba kuye, umntu uAdam, kumbindi indalo. Uyakwazi yonke indalo, yaye ngaloo ndlela ulawulo, kwaye bakwazi ukulisebenzisa. Ngoko ke, lo inguqu ndoda nje inxalenye inguqu epheleleyo kwihlabathi, neliya kuthi kwakhona wadalwa-ubunyulu bakhe yoqobo kunye umyalelo, yaye oko bekuya kuba umnikelo kukuba umdali wayo.

Indoda ngexesha lakhe

UJan Amos Comenius akazange enze igalelo kwizenzululwazi zendalo kwaye wayengafani ngokupheleleyo nokuphuhliswa kwesayensi okwenzekayo ngelo xesha. Ezinye iimvavanyo zomsebenzi wakhe zenziwe, kodwa zanyanzelise ngokupheleleyo ukuxhomekeka kwakhe kwizikhundla zokuqala kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokufundisa kwakhe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amalungu amaninzi ahloniphekileyo eRoyal Society abonisa ubuhlobo obusondeleyo kunye nengcamango yakhe. Isiqubulo se-Nullius kwintlalo yaseVerba sinendawo ebalulekileyo kwincwadi ethi "Comenius" ethi "I-Philosophy yeNdalo eguqulelwe nguKhanya Lwaphezulu", kwaye kuzo zombini iimeko zinentsingiselo efanayo. Esi sikhumbuzo sokuba izithethe kunye negunya asisekho mbambano wenyaniso. Inikwe uluntu, kwaye ukubonwa yimiba yodwa yolwazi oluchanekileyo. Ingxaki exutyushwa ngokubanzi malunga nobudlelwane phakathi kweComenius kunye neRoyal Society yokuqala ayengasombululwanga, ngokukodwa kuba ingxoxo yolu mbandela ixhomekeke kwizinto ezincinci ezaziqhelana nemisebenzi yakhe kwaye phantse ukungazi kakuhle iincwadi zakhe.

Iingxelo malunga nempembelelo yomguquki waseCzech eLeibniz zinyanyiswa kakhulu. Kwakubonakaliso olunjalo lweenkolelo, iimfundiso kunye neengxaki zexesha apho iingcamango ezifanayo zibonakaliswa ngabanye abahlala kwindawo ebalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yokuqala yaseLeibniz. U-Jan Amos Comenius uye wabamba iingcamango zakhe kwi-theology yabazalwana abangamaBhohem (kunye nokuthambekela kwazo ezinamandla), kunye noobuntu obudumileyo njengoJohn Valentine Andree, uJakob Böhme, uNikolai Kuzansky, uJuan Luis Vives, iBacon, Campanella, uRaimund de Sabunde Yiyiphi eyapapasha e-Amsterdam ngo-1661 phantsi kwegama elithi Oculus fidei) kunye noMersenne, obhaliso lwakhe lubonisa isimo sengqondo esihle ku-Comenius kunye nomsebenzi wakhe.