Vinson - Antarctica uluhlu. Inkcazelo, iifoto

Alekwe ice obungunaphakade, yaye Ekuqaleni oku kungenakugqithwa, ilizwekazi wesithandathu umhlaba lwafumaneka the latest. Nangona isibakala sokuba Dzheyms Kuk ngowokuqala ukuwela Antarctic Circle ngoJanuwari 1773, Antarctica okwangoku iphicothwe.

Apha, njengokuba kuyo nayiphi na enye lizwekazi, uye "kohlaza" yayo kunye uhlaza, ocean kwaye nkqu Vinson Massif (ilungelelanise 78,5833 ° ekwizibanzi wasezantsi, 85,4167 ° W nobude).

History of Antarctica

Njengoko i lizwekazi esizimeleyo, yavulwa ngo-1820 ngu Faddeem Bellinsgauzenom, ngaphambi kokuba abanye bamazwe amabini polar - iNathaniel Palmer iinyanga ezili-10, yaye Edward Bransfield iintsuku ezi-3.

Bellingshausen kunye neqabane lakhe Mihailom Lazarevym asifikeleli Antarctica km nje 32. Umntu wokuqala ukubeka unyawo phezu kweli lizwe, utsho Dzhon Deyvis, owafika kwilizwekazi 07.02.1821 ngonyaka. I uhambo Uphando lokuqala yayiququzelelwe United States waseManzini ngo 1839. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo, kwabhengezwa ukuba kuvulelwa entshona Antarctica Balleny Islands, kwaye indawo mhlaba wafumana amalungu ayo, kamva kwathiwa igama imbeko Wilkes Land inkokheli hambo. Lo mhloli polar elandelayo James Clark Ross ngo-1841 Yavulwa siqithi ogama emva kwakhe.

kuthathelwe ingqalelo ngakumbi ukuze Antarctica kunye nesifundo yabe iselithiywe kwinkulungwane yama-20. Oku ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane kunye eloyisile South Pole Roald Amundsen ngo-1911. Ngowe-1912 ukuba ilandelwa ngu Robert Scott, ogama uhambo ilahlekile ngokupheleleyo endleleni emva Big Land.

Ngowe-1928, i-flight Antarctica pilot uHubert Wilkins yokuqala yenziwa, nto leyo ingqalelo kakhulu feat, ucinga kwinqanaba uphuhliso ngenqwelomoya ngelo xesha. irekhodi Alien akazange abaphumze bazame ezininzi, kodwa wakwazi kuphela Richard E. Byrd kunyaka olandelayo, ukuba zidlule South Pole.

Kule minyaka yasemva kwemfazwe uhambo ngokupheleleyo nisekelwe lwasingathwa kwakhona, amaMelika ukususela 1945 ukuya 1957, ngenxa kwalo inkulu isityalo-yokuhlala McMurdo yasekwa. abahloli Soviet polar waseka yokuqala ekwahlala woxolo ngo-1956 ngoncedo amabutho iinqanawa ezimbini - 'ba "yaye" Lena ". Ngokuthe ngcembe, ngenxa oososayensi abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo, abahlala besebenza kwiimeko ezimaxongo permafrost, yaye unako ukulivula iqhaga kwi mephu entsha bay, iziqithi kunye nemisinga amatheku ezibandayo. Umzekelo, iintaba Antarctica ukuya phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-20 kucingelwa kuphela theory. Le ubungqina bobukho zabo ziye zanikezelwa ngowe-1958, xa afumana ebilingwa, esenza ngomoya wakhe kwilizwekazi liphela.

Aba bantu nesibindi benze inkcazo epheleleyo Antarctic, nto leyo yaba yinxalenye iincwadi geography kunye nemisebenzi zenzululwazi bamazwe mihla.

features Antarctica

Le lizwekazi kuthatha indawo ye 13975 thous. Km ^2, zazo ice ezishelifini. Akukho abahlali abasisigxina, hayi nje kuphela ngenxa yemozulu embi ilungele kuphela yoonombombiya, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ukuba kwilizwekazi kuphela asisiso naliphi na ilizwe, kwaye kwiphondo lonke uluntu.

Ngokwesivumelwano, esatyikitywa ngowe-1961, amazwe phambili, yonke indawo emhlabeni ibekwe kumzantsi 60 ° S. w., ukhululekile ukuba nenze naziphi na isixhobo yaye ilungele kuphela ngeenjongo zophando lwezenzululwazi. Nangona Antarctica esisityebi kwizimbiwa, zemigodi yona nayo akuvumelekanga.

Le kwilizwekazi liphezulu emhlabeni, nge-avareji liphuma ku 2040 m ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle, yaye indawo yayo ephezulu - Vinson (uluhlu Ellsworth Mountains) ifikelela mitha 4892.

Kweli nqanaba, 99% uthabathe ngumkhenkce, yaye kuphela inxalenye encinane yale ndawo bobabo i "Oasis", ezimila ubulembu, yefeni, ulele nomngundo. Apha baphile yoonombombiya kunye namatywina.

Akukho namnye unako ukumelana lobusika obabubanda kakhulu degrees -89 (kwinxalenye esempuma yezwekazi kwingingqi isikhululo Russian "Vostok"). I-avareji lobushushu kwiinyanga zasebusika, ezinye iindawo efikelela -70 degrees, yaye ehlotyeni - ukususela -30 ukuya -50. Kunxweme, phantse ibe "yinto" njengoko ebusika ubushushu apha isusela ukusuka -8 ukuya degrees -35, lo gama ehlotyeni - 0 ukuya ku-5. Ingcaciso nge-Antarctica kunye imimoya yayo nenkanyamba amandla kunye iqabaka nemisinga indawo iyingozi kakhulu abahambi.

Le ntaba inkulu ehlabathini: Mount Everest and Aconcagua

Intaba iplanethi - ayikho nje ubukhulu bayo ubuhle, kodwa imbali ukuyilwa amazwekazi. Phezu komhlaba, 6 no-7 amazwekazi iincopho mkhulu oyiswa, ngasinye ngexesha layo, daredevils ogama nesibindi ovuselela abantu ukuba baphinde feat zabo.

Ingaba le ntaba iphakamileyo ehlabathini - Mount Everest (Asia), liphuma ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle ukuya 8.848 m ukoyisa kwayo -. It njengovavanyo lwe aptitude ngenxa climbers. Beginners musani aloyisa, apha baze baba climbers ingozi yokufa, ngoko ke intaba ongqwabalala yaye akafikeleleka.

Malunga amaxesha 50 hambo evela kumazwe ahlukeneyo bazama ukunyukela phezulu eyingozi, kodwa ikwazile May 29, 1953 New Zealand Edmund Hillary. Emva koko woyisa Everest kunye namacala aso ezahlukeneyo, abantu nje kuphela, kodwa abafazi, ngolokuqala leyo yaba ebona yaseJapan ngo-1976

Aconcagua - lo mlilo iphezulu extinct ehlabathini indawo eMzantsi Merika. Ukuphakama kwalo "intengiso egqiba" Argentina kweemitha 6962. Mandulo, inzondo ngokunxulumene ingozi yokuba iipleyiti ezimbini ziitectonic plates - i Nazca naseMzantsi Merika. Umntu nje kuphela into ntlekele kunye ezinjalo iinkqubo amakhulu kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Le peak ilungele kwabasaqalayo zoqeqesho, kuba akukho kucingwa nzima ukusuka kwindawo umbono iintaba. Oku woyisa nkqu nabantwana.

Mount McKinley

Seven Iingqungquthela zelizwe - oku iintaba ezona enyangweni kwenye amazwekazi kulo mhlaba. McKinley -. Ingongoma eliphezulu Alaska, eliphakamayo ngaphezu emhlabeni 6194 m Ngelo xesha lithile ephakeme kunazo zonke Russian Empire, leyo kuthiwa gingxi - Big Mountain. Endzhaku ko yingisela intsimi Melika, kuba yeyona inkulu e North America.

Ukususela-1917 ukuya kowama-2015, intaba igama omnye ababengooMongameli be-USA - McKinley, kodwa babuyiselwa igama layo lokuqala Denali, nto leyo yathetha phezulu Enkulu iguqulelwe kwi Athabasca ulwimi (Indian esizweni). kuqala yoyiswa ngo-1906 Frederikom Kukom, ngubani kungekudala otyholwa ukuguqula le kokwenyuka. Kude kube ngoku, imini climbers bathi ukuba kubekho loo ukwenyuka elide-ukuma.

Kilimanjaro

Le ntaba odumileyo Afrika kwakhona zifakwe kudidi lwe "Iingqungquthela Asixhenxe wehlabathi." Elise eTanzania, yena kuzo zonke abahambi eyenza. Bona umnqwazi wayo kwekhephu embindini Amathafa eshushu esetyenziswayo ukuba emangalisayo, kodwa namhlanje izazinzulu ezininzi isandi alam, kuba ngumkhenkce yobudala ubudala Zanyibilika chu ngenxa nokutshintsha kwemozulu.

Mount Kilimanjaro, ubuciko iincopho zazo ngaphambili ngekhephu kwindawo ezingqongileyo, namhlanje uphulukene inshorensi yayo umkhenkce nge-80%. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala kwiimitha 5895 ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle, baye yoyiswa Hans Meyer kude 1889. Kuba saqala, yafakelwa izixhobo ekunyukeni mihla, le phezulu ayikho nzima, nangona kokwenyuka idla ithatha ixesha elide ngenxa yeengxaki zokungaqheli.

Elbrus

Le ntaba waqhelana kwabo akunanto yakwenza iintaba. Yeyona ephakeme kunazo eYurophu. Le ukwakweli umda phakathi Kabardino-Balkaria kunye Karachay-Cherkessia. Le nkqubo entabeni kwi Main abaseAfrika Ridge. Kuba ngqa ukuphakama kwayo ka-5642 m waphumelela kwiphulo yenzululwazi Russian ngo-1829. Yayithetha yemvelo, nzulu, yingcaphephe ngezityalo nengcaphephe, umhloli kunye artist, ngubani nje wenza ukwenyuka, kodwa eboniswe waza wafunda isakhiwo utyani kunye neentaba.

Namhlanje kukho amaqonga ezopolitiko aphuhliswe kakuhle izibonelelo babakhenkethi kunye kwiinkampu esisiseko adaptation, nentaba ngokwayo yindawo lokuphambukela kuphela climbers kodwa climbers engahlawulwayo abaye oyisa nkqu enekona enye.

Ngaphandle nabanqobi uyenyuka msinyane Elbrus itsala abaqubhi, apho iindlela ezahlukeneyo ubunzima kunye nokhuphiswano slalom zabanjwa zicwangciswe apha ngonyaka. A iziseko kakuhle ibeka isiseko abakhenkethi evulekileyo apha kwinqanaba elifanayo kunye iiholide ski yaseYurophu.

New Jaya

Kwakhona Australia enoluhlu entabeni, apho indawo liphakamileyo kwincopho New Jaya (4884 m). Mount Jaya eyaziwa ngokuba lelona liphezulu wesiqithi ibekwe. Abanye abaphengululi bathi ngongoma inkulu ka Oceania lunobude ka-5030 m.

Kuba entabeni ihlabathi evulekileyo umDatshi Jan Carstens ngo 1623. Le umphandi wayegculelwa luluntu lwezenzululwazi ngokuba bathi babone glacier kwi ekweleenjiko kwi-ikhweyitha. Kamva intaba wanikwa igama layo, olwaqhubeka kwaze 1965.

Nangona kwenzeka elide kangaka eyadlulayo, ixesha kuqala woyisa climbers Austrian ngo-1962. Wabuyisela ngegama layo original kuguqulelo ukusuka kulwimi Indonesian iyalila Pobeda Peak.

Vinson Massif

Mountains of Antarctica - okuqhubekayo cover lomkhenkce. Mhlawumbi yiloo nto ke ibe elide kangako ukufumanisa, kodwa kwakubekwe kuphela kubalwa ukuba kweli lizwekazi. Loo qhwa xihinga inkulu eqhineni kubo.

Indawo sawona yi Vinson - ubude uluhlu yi-21 km 13 km ububanzi. Kufuna inkalipho yokwenene nenichubeke ukoyisa le phezulu nzima. Esi silinganiso yokuqala yenziwa Antarctica Hot ngokungachanekanga (5140 m). Yenza ixabiso ethembekileyo Kwafunyanwa kuphela ngo-1980, xa ku Vinson (uluhlu) wenyukela climbers Soviet nefakiweyo iflegi khona. Isiphumo zemilinganiselo yayiziimitha 4892.

kwazo Ububi

Xa sijonga le uluhlu Vinson kwimaphu, ungabona ukuba i-South Pole kokuba ezahlulwe sisithuba km 1200 kuphela. Abo baye baba phezu kwayo, bathi ukuba inika imboniselo umxhelo ngobuhle ngumkhenkce, iimpawu ezikhanyisayo ilanga eliqaqambileyo.

Oku kuphela glacier sikhulu ehlabathini; kodwa ke kunzima ukoyisa entabeni. Vinson Massif iinyanga ezintandathu sokuvalwa ebusuku polar, ngoko ngokufanelekileyo ukoyisa kwexesha "zasehlotyeni" ukususela kuNovemba ukuya kuJanuwari, xa ubushushu degrees 30 ngezantsi zero. Summer isibhakabhaka phezu phezulu esingenamafu ngokupheleleyo kwaye ilanga likhanya imini nobusuku.

Nangona Ukufudumala kancinane zezulu, ukwenyuka kudla kuphazanyiswa yimimoya enamandla zanyibilika ice ukusuka ilanga lishushu.

Antarctica namhlanje

Namhlanje kukho 37 kwizitishi Antarctic sobunzululwazi kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Izazinzulu ukufunda iimeko umkhenkce, utshintsho kumafa yayo iikhemikhali kunye nezinga ngokunyityilikiswa. Izazi kunye Izazi bafunda iintlobo angakwazi ukuphila kwiimeko ezimaxongo permafrost.

Ukongeza matutu lwezenzululwazi, ukuhamba-arhente ukuba aququzelele ukhenketho daredevils kakhulu lisanyuka kwi Vinson. Le uluhlu sele indlela ezithandwa kakhulu kwaye ludumile climbers.