Veliswa - yintoni na le nto? Zeziphi iindlela kunye zokuzala?

Enye yeenkqubo kakhulu entsonkothileyo, twi nezinomtsalane ngokwendalo - na uphinda-phindo. Kubaluleke kakhulu, kwaye ngenxa yokuba ixhasa ubomi ngokupheleleyo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Ukuze uqale uhlaziye iinkcukacha ngakumbi ukuba yintoni na. Veliswa - kukuba nako zonke izidalwa eziphilayo kuzala eziphilayo ezinjalo ngokwabo. Ngaphandle eli khono, akukho uhlobo ummeli abahlala ababa bemiyo phezu komhlaba.

Indlela yokuza-

Ngoku cinga zonke iintlobo yokuzala, bangabantu ababini kuphela. Baya kwahluka kakhulu enye kwenye, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha izinto ezincinane kakhulu singabalulekanga, uyakwazi ukubona kwihi.

ukuzala maqanda

Veliswa eziphilayo ezifana lenyama, nomngundo, iintsholongwane, coelenterates ulele, iziponji, iitunicates, bryozoans kunye kwezityalo ezinemigca kuthiwa maqanda.

Ifom elula yokuzala ekunokuthiwa neentsholongwane. Kule nkqubo, kudlala indima ebalulekileyo nucleic, kwakunye ekukwazini iimolekyuli lokuzimela buya. Enye isekelwe iibhondi hydrogen ethe phakathi nucleotides.

Kukho nezinye iindlela asetyenziselwa ukujikwa maqanda izinto eziphilayo - kwezityalo kunye ibihlungu Ukwakheka ngenxa.

Okokuqala, cinga kwezityalo. Loo reproduction - ke uphuhliso ephilayo entsha lwendawana, nto leyo siyahlukana kunina. A indlela efanayo kukunyuka kwenani labemi kwiseli kunye multicellular, kodwa kuziveza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

Xa division andise kwezityalo lomzimba wabo uqala izilwanyana multicellular zibe alinganayo, ngoko kuyo kukho esiphilayo. Ngokufanayo, abantu inkxaso flatworms nemerteans, iziponji, hydras, kunye nezinye izidalwa ezininzi. Kodwa kukho into enje njengezilwanyana polyembryony. Ngethuba lale nkqubo, umbungu ngexesha elithile ukuba yahlulwe ukuba kamva yaba umzimba eyahlukileyo. Ikhondo yokuzala awayezibona armadillos. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ande kuphela ngokwesini.

ukuzala kwezityalo of kwiseli na iintlobo ezininzi - thomo, icandelo kunye nokwahlula ezininzi.

division Multiple kuthiwa schizogony, kulo mzekelo, undoqo yahlulwe uze kumsindo kukho icytoplasm ngaphandle.

Le nkqubo division elula ngokucandeka mitotic stroke apho warping lwenzeka kukho icytoplasm ngakumbi.

Ngoku siza lolu maqanda. Loo reproduction - ke ukuvela iiseli ezikhethekileyo okanye imbewu equlethe core. Zinelungelo ulusu eshinyeneyo elide ngokwaneleyo aphile kwi ezinzima kweemeko. Kananjalo nempembelelo enkulu ngokusonjululwa lwabo elizayo. Olu hlobo yokuzala uphawu ubulembu, nomngundo, ulele, iintsholongwane kunye kumila. Kukho amathuba ukuyilwa zoospores leeseli ulwelwe eluhlaza ezithile.

ukuzala sporulation yezilwanyana zingafumaneka kwi-Plasmodium seengcongconi kunye Sporozoa.

eziphilayo abaninzi zizidibanise ukuzala maqanda ngokwesini.

syngenesis

ukuzala - yinkqubo entsonkothileyo kakhulu, kwaye ngenxa kwemali ngokupheleleyo kufuna abantu ababini, zombini inkunzi nemazi. Ekuhambeni kwe data yakhe mfuza bananisa ngokusebenzisa gametes (oku intsholongwane iiseli). Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba gametogenesis.

Kule imeko, kukho iindidi ezininzi: olunye-ezineseli izinto nokudibana kunye intsholongwane iiseli ezifana sperm namaqanda. Kule nkqubo, kukho elilodwa, umzimba entsha avele kuwo. Xa lufikelela ukuvuthwa, iqala ukudlala kwi gametes zabo.

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ukuzala, ebandakanya iindidi leseli, kwaye amalungu okuzala.

Forms neendidi lweenkomo

Kufuneka ucinge ngokweenkcukacha inkqubo nganye bangegqithi, ekubeni bonke babe iziseko ezahlukeneyo zidlule.

Malunga gametogenesis okhankanywe ngaphambili, ngoko ke akuyi kuphinda.

Isogamy and anisogamy

Kule ntlobo zimbini ze iiseli ngokuthatha inxaxheba ezimbini, kodwa ke isogamy libhekisela iseli enye ngesakhiwo, kodwa wehla evela kubazali ezahlukeneyo. Anisogamy yakhela phezu iiseli ezahlukeneyo intsholongwane - kunye macrogametes microgamete, leyo ziyahluka ubukhulu.

Qanda sperm

Ngoko wabiza amadoda kunye neeseli lwegciwane ababhinqileyo. Bona eqalisiweyo zangasese abantu abachaphazelekayo.

Iqanda iqulathe zofuzo Halide kwaye akakwazi ukwabelana eyakho.

amadlozi ziiseli ezincinane kancinci ababhinqileyo. Baye isakhiwo emangalisayo, ebonelela ngazo ngentshukumo esebenzayo. Ubukho enqanda athile axoplasm unika cleavage kodonga iqanda umthondo kunye kwezichumiso ngakumbi. gamete nganye iqulathe yinxalenye ulwazi yemfuza abazali udlule kwinzala elizayo.

parthenogenesis ozikhethelayo

ukuzala ezinjalo - ayikho yinkqubo zesini ekuso. Mhlawumbi Makuqatshelwe utshintsho ukuzala eqhelekileyo kunye Nedlac. Imazi sibangelwa amaqanda aqhamileyo, yaye eyindoda - ukusuka unfertilized. Ngenxa yoko kukho abemi ukwanda bee.

Kukwakho nezinye iintlobo ngeentlobo parthenogenesis, ezizezi rhoqo kunye nokungazinzi koqoqosho. Kwimeko yokuqala, inzala iphuhlisa amaqanda, anikho phantsi isichumiso. Oku kwenzeka kubantu abanjalo, abazali abo amaqabane yokuvelisa abakwazi ukuhlangabezana.

Kwimeko parthenogenesis elibujikele kudlala iimeko ebalulekileyo yokusingqongileyo indima. Phantsi impembelelo yayo kukho alternation le yokuzalela eqhelekileyo kunye parthenogenesis.

Lonke ulwazi olunikiweyo yinxalenye encinane kuphela ye inkcazo yenkqubo kakhulu emangalisayo yaye kungakholeleki emhlabeni - ukuzala. Ngenxa kuye, kukho ngoku zonke izinto eziphilayo nezityalo. Ukuba kuphela okomzuzwana ukuba bacinge ngendlela yonke le nkqubo ngobunono, ngobulumko yaye uhlaziywe amalungiselelo, sinako ukuqonda amandla yonke indalo. Kwinqanaba molecule zofuzo kukho izinto Akumangalisi ukuba umntu eziqhelekileyo kunzima ukuyiqonda.