Usuku Wesikhumbuzo amaxhoba yendlala; imbali kunye neempawu

Imini Lokukhunjulwa kumaxhoba Holodomor yabhiyozelwa ikakhulu Ukraine mihla, kodwa ilungelo yokuqhuba imisebenzi enjalo kufuneka namanye amazwe. Ngokukodwa, indlala eSoviet Union, wathabatha indawo 1932-1933., Eneneni wayisithelisa ummandla Kazakhstan, eMntla Caucasus, kummandla iVolga, Western eSiberia, Belarus kunye Ukraine. Ubuncinane le ntlekele iye ngayo neArmenia Azerbaijan, iingingqi esempuma USSR ngelo xesha, kwakunye kummandla yommandla eMoscow kunye entla, nangona odlayo, kwaye ukuvelisa iimveliso zezolimo.

Indlala iRussia izihlandlo ezimbalwa kwinkulungwane

In prerevolutionary Russia minyaka ungaxhomekeki babo bonke inqabile. Ngenxa yoko, kukholelwa ukuba ukunqongophala kokutya ingxelo ngo-1880, 1892 (ingakumbi kunyaka ndayame) 1891, 1897-1898., Le meko yaba ngowe-1901, 1905-1908, 1911 no-1913 ngokulandelelanayo. Kodwa memory lwamaxhoba Holodomor ukuba ayeze, kuba, nangona isivuno ezimbi, iingxwelerha inyambalala wayengekho phakathi kwabantu. Kodwa ke ukuncitshiswa olwaneleyo ubomi ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kweziqu, kunokuba imveliso ngokupheleleyo-enobugcisa. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba urhulumente wazama ukuyeka imiphumo isilimo ngokudala kwezixa okuziinkozo intswelo yabo iminyaka abalambileyo. Ingakumbi, le nkqubo ngokukodwa kakuhle isetyenzwe ngowe-1911.

ngumntu wokuqala yindlala phantsi kolawulo lweSoviet

Eziliqela ingxaki eyahlukileyo eyavelayo emva Great Oktobha Socialist Revolution, nolwathi lwalandelwa imfazwe yamakhaya. Ngaphezu koko, ukubhukuqwa ulawulo tsarist ngaphambi leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Ngenxa yobunzima igunya kunye chaos kweli lizwe, indlala yokuqala ngamaxesha yiSoviet wabhalwa 1921-1922, xa kwaqhambuka imbalela enkulu, nto leyo eyomelezile iingxaki ezikhoyo lombutho kunye nomkhosi. ngoko ke iindawo eziphambili babengakwazi iVolga kunye Yuzhnyy phambene. Usuku lwe memory kwamaxhoba Holodomor kule nkalo ayifakwanga, nangona inani lamaxhoba ayiphucukanga e-Russia - 5 million. Le meko yaba nzima kangangokuba urhulumente yamaBolshevik ukuba uncedo lwamazwe Western yaye bababamba nobuncwane ezininzi ibandla phantsi benze isiqabu yendlala.

Ukufa abantu ityala le nkqubo?

Inkumbulo amaxhoba na Holodomor ka-1932-1933 ayeze ingakumbi ngenxa yokuba kwakungekho ezifuneka Kungokwemvelo ukuba meko kweli xesha - iminyaka, njengoko kuchasene 1921 ngo-1946, abazange eludlolo. Ngoko ke, ukufa kwezigidi zabantu ndiziva ndinetyala ulawulo lwamaKomanisi (ngokuhambelana kwinguqulelo ilwamkele). Oku kusekelwe yokuba urhulumente yiSoviet ngo-1927, ekuphuhliseni isicwangciso ukugqibezela collectivization kwezolimo iindlela zonyanzelo, ukususela kwi-95% izityalo umthwalo ozozogidi accounted for malunga nesiqingatha kwinqanaba pre-imfazwe. Isicwangciso yaba yinxalenye uxinzelelo kumafama nempumelelo, leyo, emva kokuba ukuphunyezwa kwayo kukhokelele kwinto yokuba ulutsha esisebenzisekayo wabalekela kwisixeko, yaye malunga 2 million abasebenzi abaninzi abakrelekrele zathunyelwa kwimimandla okwimpuma yeli lizwe (apho yindlala kubonakaliswa kancinane).

Ukonakala "kulaks" kukhokelele ekwehleni kwi qualification yezabasebenzi

Usuku lwe memory yamaxhoba Holodomor, ngelishwa, siya ibhiyozelwe ngokunxulumene iimpazamo elide-emi yenkokheli yiSoviet, ngenxa yokuba lo mgaqo-nkqubo kuye kwakhokelela yokunqongophala ebalulekileyo idrafti amandla kunye ukwehla enkulu kwi qualification selhoztruzhennikov oko kwimimandla nathembisayo lizwe yi lonyaka 1931 lokutyala. Ukunqongophala kwezakhono zolimo umgangatho phakathi eziseleyo amafama endle-umlimi kuthethe ukuba amasimi azizange iphathwa kakuhle (nokuhlakula wathumela i-Red Army), kwaye iye yalahleka enye sesihlanu yesityalo iyonke.

Ukulahleka kwisiqingatha yesityalo, namaxhoba kwezigidi ezibini ku Kazakhstan

Holodomor Day Memorial e Ukraine ayikwazanga akuyi kuqiniseka ukuba, ngo-1932, ukuze, ngexesha kwiriphabliki yiSoviet, limile ngasekhohlo 40 ekhulwini lokuvuna ingqolowa. Ngelo xesha phantse inani elifanayo (36%) ebhalwe imithombo hleborobnyh elisezantsi kunye Upper iVolga. Ngoko ke, Ukraine ke inkathazo xesha uye "ogulayo naye" - Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan. Le peculiarity le Ukraine kukuba indlala kuloo minyaka ifihle phantse lonke nommandla wayo, ngoko abathile mbali babekholelwa impazamo ukuba ebeyalelwe ngokukodwa nxamnye kohlanga uhlanga Ukrainian. Ku Kazakhstan, apho ukubhiyozela le mini lwenkumbulo kwamaxhoba Holodomor kwixesha elinye ukunqongophala kokutya kwafa abantu malunga 2 million, kunye phantse isiqingatha sabantu bomthonyama ngoko zashiya indawo yabo yokuhlala bafudukela kwezinye iingingqi.

Ukurhoxiswa iimveliso zezolimo kwakuhambisana zocindezelo

Xa Ukraine sibhiyozele memory amaxhoba Holodomor? Umhla kwalo mcimbi yasekwa Ukrainian nguMongameli Z Kuchma kwaye iwela kuMgqibelo yokugqibela kaNovemba (1998). Ukususela 2000 kule mini, kungekuphela nje imbeko kwisikhumbuzo amaxhoba iindlala, kodwa inkumbulo wamaxhoba zocindezelo, nto leyo ke 30 kwinkulungwane yama-20 kwakukho lukhulu kulo lonke USSR. Ngokukodwa, ngo-1932-1933, ngexesha lendlala, oko owamkelwa uMthetho "On iindlebe ezintlanu" xa bafune ezama ukufumana kwi wasendle eziqwini ezimbalwa okuziinkozo bakwazi iselithe (ngaphezu kwamawaka amabini zizigwebo kunyanzeliswa) okanye asigwebe (malunga wagwetywa 52 000 zabantu). Kwaye konke okwenzeka imvelaphi etsalwe omkhulu iimveliso zolimo iindlela ezininzi nabuntu. Abantu abagxothiweyo, wabethwa, wadubula, emkhenkceni, wangcwatywa emihadini ebhantini, batyakatywa, kunyanzeleke ukuba usele amanzi ugalelwe separafini, naphezulu amakhaya abo kunye nabanye. Ngoko malunga 593 iitoni yengqolowa amaphepha.

ukwahluka Huge kuvavanyo sabafileyo

Memory kwamaxhoba Holodomor kuzo zonke iingingqi kumazwe amaninzi, ozukileyo namhlanje njengoko zazinjalo izihlobo ezinye labaphilayo. Kwaye kwenzeka ntoni ngoko ke kufanele kukhunjulwe, kuba iziganeko kwaloo minyaka baba ngaphezu ezibuhlungu. E Ukraine, ngo-1933 izinga lokusweleka kwezinye iingingqi bafikelela ekhulwini ezilikhulu, i swa imini phambi-25 amawaka, yaye inani lilonke lwamaxhoba waye - Ngokutsho koqikelelo ezahlukeneyo - ukususela kubantu abazizigidi 4.6 (labaphandi French) ukuya (iinkcukacha yezigidi ezilishumi US Congress kungenzeka kulo lonke i-USSR). Amanani ngqo nekungenakwenzeka ukuba kanye eyaziwa ngokuba manani Soviet bayeka ukubamba ixhoba ku-Epreli 1933, xa inani kubantu abazizigidi 2.42 kuphela Ukraine. Ukongeza, kuqikelelwa ukuba iminyaka yendlala akazange azalwe nesigidi esinye iintsana Ukrainian.

abantu Modern kufuneka yamkele imemori amaxhoba Holodomor. Iifoto ezo minyaka ezoyikekayo badla asibonise enzela ezivela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo elalisakuba yiSoviet Union kunye iintsalela amaxhoba awo. Iyonke e Ukraine wabhaliswa ngokusemthethweni (kwakhona, ukuya ku-Apreli 1933) malunga 2500 iziqephu mu (ukubulala ukutyiwa kamva) kwaye besitya izidumbu kwabafileyo. Ezi ndibano kufuneka abasayi kuphindwa kwakhona, linyamezeleni ngoko ngaphezulu usebenzo ngokoqobo amakhulu ezigidi zabantu ehlabathini jikelele, bafe ukungondleki.

Holodomor Day Memorial kwixesha langoku sele inxenye isihloko kwiingcamango iintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, Ukrainian uMongameli UViktor Yushchenko wakhupha umthetho indlala Ukraine (ngelo xesha) kuthathwa ukuba kohlanga, kunye noluntu ukwalela yayo bezonxibelelwano bukhatshwa sisohlwayo ngumthetho njengesenzo mthethweni ejoliswe Ukuhlaziswa uhlanga Ukrainian, ukuba ihlekisa ukukhunjulwa izigidi zabantu. I-Ofisi yoMphathiswa leMicimbi yangaPhandle of the Russian Federation ikholelwa ukuba ukuqondwa yendlala kohlanga yenye-kabini, ekubeni bachaphazelekayo kuphela Ukraine, kodwa ezinye izizwe ezininzi.

Ukraine nje imbeko kwisikhumbuzo amaxhoba Holodomor. 2014 kwakungekho ngaphandle koku - kwizixeko ezininzi sele kudlule imisebenzi ezahlukeneyo kunye nokubekwa iintyatyambo ukuya lesikhumbuzo kumaxhoba yale ntlekele.

Iinguqulelo ezongezelelweyo oonobangela izinga lokusweleka eliphezulu ngo-1932-1933.

izifundo sesikweni xesha linzima kwimbali eSoviet bhalisa kakhulu ngokwenene ukwazi - phakathi kwabantu abafileyo inani elithile kwabo andilahlekwanga ukuba urhulumente skeletal yindlala, kodwa kunoko, idumbile kakhulu. Lo ngumsebenzi yindlala ngowe-1933, nto leyo lungenzeki nokuba ngowe-1921 okanye ngo-1946, kule minyaka ezinqinileyo, okanye nkqu Leningrad ongqingiweyo. Amatyala kokudumba zenzeka ngisho kwiintsapho kunye nobonelelo efihliweyo ukutya oko ifanele ukuba ukuthetha ngayo ukunxibelelana ityhefu ukutya ekhoyo njengento ukhetho - imvelaphi ezinzwaneni. Ngokukodwa, ngaloo minyaka, eselizweni eMpuma Yurophu oko kwabhalwa ngokusemthethweni isifo ezifana zezonka "irusi", awalibethayo phambi isiqingatha yesityalo kwezinye iindawo, kuquka Ukraine. Ngoko mhlawumbi abanye abantu abazange kufa yindlala, kwaye kunxilwe olwabangelwa mgangathweni yokuvuna, ukuba imke yobukhulu yonke ntlekele. Memory kwamaxhoba Holodomor e Ukraine kunye nezinye nakwiiriphabliki eyayisakuba yiSoviet kufuneka ngokufanelekileyo ukubona indlela ukuba iziganeko ezinjalo soze yenzeke kwakhona.