Uqoqosho kuchazwa njengommandla ezoqoqosho ukuba lifunda iinkqubo ezithe zenzeka kumphakamo loqoqosho lwesizwe ngokubanzi

Uqoqosho kuchazwa njengommandla ezoqoqosho ukuba lifunda ukusebenza, isakhiwo, indlela yokuziphatha kunye kwezigqibo kuqoqosho ngokubanzi hayi amaqumrhu ngalinye lalo, ziqwempu okanye iimarike, wafunda kwinqanaba micro. Ixilonga imiba kazwelonke, zengingqi nezehlabathi ngokubanzi. Economic and Uqoqosho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili ekufundweni kuqoqosho.

definition

Uqoqosho lwesizwe (i isimaphambili "macro" ngesiGrike lithetha "enkulu") ufunda izikhombisi aggregate ezifana yemVeliso yaseKhaya kungekaTsalwa nto, intswelangqesho, intaneti ixabiso kwaye ubudlelwane phakathi kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo ezoqoqosho. injongo yawo - kukufumana impendulo yombuzo yonke into isebenza njani. Macroeconomists benza kulwakhiwo imifuziselo ezicacisa ulwalamano phakathi kwezalathisi ezifana imveliso, ingeniso yesizwe, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, intswelangqesho, imali, ngesifo sephepha, utyalo-mali, urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nezemali. Ukuba izazinzulu-level micro uphando agents amanyathelo ikakhulu ngamnye kunye neemarike ngamnye, uqoqosho kubonwa inkqubo apho zonke izinto zihlobene kwaye kuchaphazela nempumelelo okanye ukungaphumeleli.

endabeni yokufunda

Lo indawo ebanzi kakhulu. Noko ke, singatsho ukuba Uqoqosho lwesizwe luchazwa kummandla wezoqoqosho ukuba lifunda iinkalo ezimbini eziphambili:

• Oonobangela kunye neziphumo ukuhla bahluphekayo kwixesha elifutshane. Yiloo nto ke umjikelo ishishini.
• Njengeyo- zokukhula koqoqosho lwexesha elide. Loo nto ngokwayo ingeniso yesizwe.

imifuziselo zoqoqosho kwaye kwaphunyezwa ngoncedo ezi iingqikelelo ezisetyenziswa ngurhulumente wesizwe ukulungiselela uphuhliso kunye novavanyo lwe-nkqubo yabo yezimali nkqu nekarhulumente.

nezimaphambili ezingundoqo

Uqoqosho kuchazwa njengommandla ezoqoqosho ukuba lifunda uqoqosho lwesizwe ngokubanzi. Ngoko ke akukho nto ayimangalisi kwinto yokuba ibandakanya iintlobo lwengqiqo variables. Nangona kunjalo, kukho izihloko ezithathu eziphambili zophando soqoqosho. Theory unako enxulumene nemveliso, intswelangqesho, okanye isiwo sexabiso lemali. zibalulekile zonke izinto yezoqoqosho, hayi kuphela abaphandi Ezi zihloko.

production

imali yeSizwe kuba umlinganiselo ngumthamo opheleleyo zonke evelisa urhulumente kangangexesha elithile. Ngenxa Uqoqosho uchazwa njengommandla ezoqoqosho ukuba lifunda uqoqosho yonke yesizwe ngokubanzi, kubalulekile ukuvavanya imveliso hayi kuphela ngokwemigaqo emzimbeni kodwa ngokwexabiso. Issue nengeniso zidla ingqalelo elingana. Zidla zibonakaliswa ngokwemiqathango iyonke imveliso yasekhaya, okanye elinye kwenkqubo izikhombisi akhawunti yesizwe. Abaphandi, abo benza ithemba ixesha elide utshintsho kwimveliso, ukufunda nokukhula koqoqosho. Le yokugqibela iphenjelelwa yimiba ezifana uphuculo kwezobugcisa, ukuqokelela izixhobo kunye nezinye izibonelelo eyinkunzi, ukuphuculwa kwemfundo. imijikelo Business kungabangela ukuhla elifutshane elide imveliso, oko ebizwa ngokuba yi-recession. imigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe kufuneka ezijolise ekuthinteleni labo kunye nokukhawulezisa ukukhula kwezoqoqosho.

kwemisebenzi

Uqoqosho kuchazwa ummandla theory kwezoqoqosho, apho, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, iye ukufunda imixholo ezintathu. Ngqesho - omnye wabo. inqanaba kwayo kulinganiswa ipesenti abantu abangasebenziyo. Le pesenti ayibandakanyi abantu abadla umhlala-phantsi kunye nabafundi. Kukho iindidi eziliqela ngqesho:

• Classical. Ivela xa esekwe kwimarike yemisebenzi, umvuzo ziphezulu kakhulu, ngoko iinkampani abavumi ukuqesha abasebenzi abongezelelweyo.
• Kunobunye. Olu hlobo ngqesho kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba efuna indawo entsha yengqesho - nokuba kukho izithuba ezifanelekileyo - kuthatha ixesha.
• Isakhiwo. Iquka yonke eninzi zenyathi, abaqhagamshelwe kunye nolwakhiwo ngokutsha loqoqosho. Kule meko kukho ukubhidana phakathi izakhono ekhoyo kunye nezakhono zabantu eziyimfuneko ukuze engqesho. Le ngxaki kungenzeka ukuba kwenzeke ngokunxulumene weerobhoti kunye computerization koqoqosho.
• Zijika. umthetho Okun ithi ngolwalamano ngamava phakathi ukukhula kwezoqoqosho kunye nokungasebenzi. Three angu kwimveliso kukhokelela ekwandeni ukuqeshwa-1%. Noko ke, simele siqonde ukuba ngqesho alinakuze ngexesha ukuwa.

emali

Uqoqosho lifezekiswa hayi kuphela imveliso kunye nenani labasebenzi abaqeshwe. Okubalulekileyo, le ukuziphatha amaxabiso empahleni ibhaskiti nkonzo. Ezi nguqu zilinganiselwa kusetyenziswa ekwandiseni ezithile. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kwenzeka xa uqoqosho lwesizwe "nobushushu", ukukhula uqala ukuba zenzeke ngokukhawuleza. Kulo mzekelo, i macroeconomy luchazwa indawo ezoqoqosho ukuba ufunda indlela apho uyakwazi ukulawula unikezelo imali kunye nokuthintela ngokuxhoma amaxabiso. Ngokusekelwe kwizigqibo yayo emali kunye norhulumente ezisekelwe -nkqubo karhulumente. Umzekelo, ukunciphisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kungandisa umyinge wenzala okanye ukunciphisa unikezelo imali. Ukunqongophala naluphi na uhlobo kwaba izenzo lwesiphumo yibhanki eyongameleyo kunokukhokelela ukungaqiniseki kuluntu kunye neminye imiphumo emibi. Noko ke, kufuneka kuqondwe ukuba deflation lungakhokelela ekuncitshisweni kwimveliso. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuba kuzinziswe amaxabiso, angavumeli ukuba ukutshintshatshintsha phezu nayiphi na amaqela.

uhle zoqoqosho

Ukuze achaze ngokucacileyo indlela uqoqosho lwehlabathi lwesizwe, wasebenzisa imizobo. Uqoqosho kuchazwa njengommandla ezoqoqosho ukuba lifunda iindidi ezintathu ezingundoqo imifanekiso:

1. AD-AS. Imodeli yobonelelo aggregate kunye nokulungelelana imfuno ucinga kokubini elifutshane kunye ixesha elide.
2. NGABA-LM. Ucwangciso-okonga imali - indibanisela yemali eseleyo kwi-mali kunye yorhwebo iimarike.
3. model ukukhula. Umzekelo, ithiyori Roberta Solou.

Monetary-nkqubo karhulumente

Uqoqosho isoloko uchazwa njengommandla e-worldwork theory, izigqibo kunye noqikelelo ezinokuthi lula ukubeka abalufumeneyo. Kwaye oku kuyinyaniso. Ukuba kuzinziswe uqoqosho isoloko isetyenziswa imigaqo-nkqubo yezimali nkqu nekarhulumente. Eyona njongo ephambili yale ezi ndlela - ukuze kuzuzwe ukukhula GDP ngeendleko zengqesho yexesha elizeleyo.

Umgaqo wolawulo-mali lwenziwa yi-iiBhanki ezingoovimba kwaye ezinxulumene nokulawula ubonelelo ngemali ngokusebenzisa iindlela eziliqela. Umzekelo, urhulumente unokukhupha imali yokuthenga iibhondi okanye ezinye izinto. Oku kuya kunciphisa kwenzala. Umgaqo wolawulo-mali ayikwazi ukusebenza ngenxa emgibeni amatyala. Ukuba ukuhla nokunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye namazinga enzala kufutshane zero, amanyathelo zemveli ayisebenzi. Kulo mzekelo, oko kunokunceda, ezifana Ukudambisa oluninzi.

zombuso kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa ingeniso kawonke neenkcitho kuba negalelo kwezoqoqosho. Masithi, kuqoqosho lwesizwe kukho ukusetyenziswa amandla ayonelanga. Le urhulumente ukwandisa iindleko zawo ngokudibanisa umthelela, yaye sigcine ukukhula imveliso kweempahla kunye neenkonzo.

Imbali thiyori yophuhliso

Uqoqosho lwesizwe luchazwa kwishishini kuvele ingxoxo kwezorhwebo. Ubungakanani theory semali athandwa kakhulu ngaphambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Enye iinguqulelo yayo yaba Irving Fisher. It baqulunqe equation eyaziwa: M (imali bid) * V (izinga lokuhamba) = P (inqanaba ixabiso) * Q (output). Ludwig von phumo, ummeli yesikolo Austria, ngo-1912 wapapasha iphepha apho izihloko zoqoqosho zagutyungelwa okokuqala. Kuye kwasekwa ingcamango emva Great Depression. Xa uhlobo mihla Uqoqosho yaqala kokupapashwa Dzhona Meynarda Keynes 'Jikelele Theory of Employment, Inzala Imali. " kwicandelo uphando Further nje ngabameli yonke inxaxheba kuzo zonke iindlela, ingakumbi monetarists kunye neo-yamandulo.