Bimetallism - a ... Bimetallism: inkcazelo, iimpawu kunye umdla facts

Bimetallism - umgangatho emali inkqubo ngemali, leyo iquka ukusetyenziswa ngaxeshanye zegolide nezesilivere. Kukho iindidi ezimbini iinkqubo emali. Lokuqala - umgangatho yesinyithi. Oku kuza kwiintlobo ezimbini. It bimetallism kunye monometallism. Okwesibini - umgangatho iphepha-credit. inkqubo yemali Modern usebenza nje imboniselo wokugqibela. Kodwa namhlanje siza kuthetha bimetallism njengoko ngokwembali umgangatho wokuqala emali, iziphene zayo, uphuhliso zembali iimpawu kumazwe awahlukeneyo.

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Yintoni inkqubo malini? Bimetallism, monometallism yaye ekugqibeleni standard iphepha-credit - amanqanaba amathathu imbali zazivelela yayo. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, urhulumente safaka ixabiso iinkozo zabo ngegolide nesiliva. Ngenxa yoko, izinga ngokutshintshiselana iimali zabo kweli xesha sele ezisisigxina. Bimetallism kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa ngaxeshanye zegolide kunye ayenza yesilivere. Xa umgangatho kabini akukho miqobo ekudalweni zemali xa kukho izinto ngenxa yezandla zabo. Imali ejikelezayo xa exhaswa yi amatye anqabileyo. Ingxaki engundoqo ngokusebenzisa le nkqubo kukuba kaRhulumente ngamnye ukufumanisa izinga isalamane igolide nesilivere. Ngoko ke, oko ziyahluka kakhulu ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye.

Ngowe-1865, ukuzama ukwenza inkqubo enye ngamazwe bimetallic yenziwa. Ukulungiselela le njongo, France, Belgium, Italy neSwitzerland sasimanyene kwi-Latin Monetary Union. Wamisela ubo phakathi iintsimbi ezimbini. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo yathatha kwiminyaka nje embalwa, ukuba iye yanxulunyaniswa amaqhinga emali ka-Italy kunye Greece, kwaye imfazwe French-German ka-1870-1871.

Ngowe-1867-th kwinkomfa yezizwe ngezizwe eParis, apho uninzi kwamagunya ivotele umgangatho igolide, ie monometallism. Kungekudala ukuba bajoyine i nkqubo kwaye bonke, kuba xa kusenziwa ukuqonda oko bimetallism yaye ziziphi neengxaki zalo eziphambili. Ifom iyizinzise saba inkqubo kunye lwemali parallel, kodwa akazange ngokubanzi. Njengokuba kude njengoko bimetallism ngokupheleleyo, ngoko kungekudala yena uba lixesha. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba esisigxina izinga lotshintshiselwano esemthethweni ayibonisi imeko emarikeni.

iimpawu

Ngoko ke, ezi zilandelayo iimpawu ezingundoqo standard:

• Imisebenzi imali ukwenza iintsimbi ezimbini. Amaninzi ke igolide nesilivere.
• ukuba zemali ukusuka zombini izinyithi.
• ubo Free phakathi igolide nesilivere.
• iingqekembe Ukujikeleziswa zombini zesinyithi kwenzeka ngaxeshanye kwaye ngaxeshanye.
• Ixabiso lempahla bunikwa ngegolide nangesilivere.

Nika ezi ntlobo bimetallism:

• Full. Igama lakhe yesibini - "inkqubo currency double". bimetallism olupheleleyo lasasazwa ngaphambili. Yaba ifomu yakhe ethile isiseko inkcazelo efanayo kwinkqubo yonke. Zonke ezinye iintlobo ngaphandle enye iimpawu zayo.
• Okhunye.
• Partial. Libizwa ngokuba inkqubo lwemali i "isiqhwala".

Common kuzo zonke iindidi bimetallism yinto yokuba ezikhona nemali eziinkozo yegolide, kunye imali yesilivere.

bimetallism ngokupheleleyo

Ngoko ke bimetallism - inkqubo yemali leyo luphawulwa mpawu zilandelayo:

• Ithenda zomthetho bafana negolide nesilivere imali. Ixabiso yorhwebo umntu esekwe zombini iintsimbi.
• Le ayenza zombini zegolide nesilivere a simahla kwaye iphelele.
• State (ilizwe kweManyano) yasekwa ubo phakathi iintsimbi.

Ngenxa yoko, le bimetallism wayekho eUnited States. Ngowe-1792, kwakukho umlinganiselo fixed zegolide isilivere - 1 ukuya kwi-15 zixatyiswe zaguquka izihlandlo eziliqela phambi kokuba ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, xa umgangatho US latshintshwa. bimetallism Full njengoko okufana eFransi. Ntlandlolo ilizwe yasekwa ukulingana igolide nesilivere - 1 ukuya 15.5. Noko ke, loo nto koko zatshintsha eziliqela, kodwa ayikwazi ukugcina up kunye ukuhla emarikeni. Ngowe-1874, zodumo of iingqekembe zesiliva yamiswa kweli lizwe. inkqubo currency ezimbini uye waphila ngokwayo. Oku kungenxa yokuba omnye lenkosikazi omnye metal lisoloko a ukulingana elimisiweyo. Ukuba ixabiso legolide liphume, abantu ahlawule ngcono zesilivere. Oku kukhokelela ekubeni imarike iqala yokufika yokugqibela, ngokuthi i uphelelo nangakumbi. Ngokufanayo kwenzeka kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso zesilivere. Kuphela kulo mzekelo, imarike kuthatha kwegolide indawo erandi.

Enye ilahleko kwenkqubo enjalo linxulunyaniswa kwesiphumo uMthetho Gresham kaThixo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, unyango uba imali nepolnovesnyh ngakumbi. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba ngelo xesha iingxaki zemali urhulumente ulula kukunciphisa isixa amatye anqabileyo iingqekembe, lo gama kugcinwe ixabiso zabo zangaphambili eliyimali. Imiphumo zobuqhetseba loo nokunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nokwanda kwireyithi imali.

bimetallism ukufana

Le yinkqubo apho:

• KweeNkozo zombini zesinyithi simahla yaye akukho mda.
• Urhulumente akambeki izinga zegolide ngokunxulumene zesilivere.
• Imali zombini insimbi kukhona ejikeleza.

inkqubo currency ayefana ngaphantsi eqhelekileyo ngaphezu bimetallism epheleleyo. Ivela kumazwe amaninzi yasentshona Yurophu kwi 15-17 kwiinkulungwane th. Kamva, yonke loo nto iye wala Hannover. Apha, ubukho de 1857.

inkqubo currency ukufana ishenxisa ezithile ze bimetallism ngohlobo ngokupheleleyo. Ukungabikho zixatyiswe nzima phakathi igolide nesilivere iingqekembe ikuvumela zombini ajikeleze ngokukhululekileyo kwaye wabelane ngesantya emarikeni. Nangona kunjalo, lo engxakini enkulu lo mgangatho yimfuneko ukulungisa onke amaxabiso omabini zesinyithi. Ngamanye amaxesha urhulumente ikhetha umda wokusetyenziswa zegolide nezesilivere. Umzekelo, eyokuqala wasetyenziswa kweentengiselwano ngamazwe, kwaye eyesibini - inxaxheba kurhwebo lwasemakhaya.

System "unyonga" lwemali

Lo mgangatho wemali luphawulwa ezi mpawu zilandelayo:

• umthetho karhulumente imisela umlinganiselo phakathi iintsimbi ezimbini.
• Zemali zegolide nezesilivere zombini ebalaseleyo.
• Nangona kunjalo ayenza free sisebenza kuphela elinye zesinyithi.

Kule migaqo, umgangatho yakhiwe, olu manyano engundoqo Latin phakathi eFransi, Belgium, Italy, eSwitzerland kunye Greece. Kodwa ke, ukuba ingxaki lwemali-franc ezintlanu yesilivere. Ngokuthe ngcembe, ihlabathi liphela weza monometallism. Namhlanje, Noko ke, igolide akukho elide ekwenzeni imisebenzi emali. inkqubo yemali Modern na iphepha-credit.

Uhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho

Ngo-1990, esi sifundo sale nkqubo wayesebenza ezaziwayo-kakuhle yezoqoqosho Milton Friedman. Wagqiba kwelokuba bimetallism - ngunobangela hexa inani US ngo 1873. Ngokutsho Friedman, le nkqubo izise umonakalo ixesha elide kwi-US kuqoqosho. Wayekholelwa ukuba bimetallism - kuba yimpazamo enkulu ezakhokelela iziphumo ezibi kakhulu US.

e Argentina

Ngo-1881 i kubuyiselo lwemali yaqala kweli lizwe. Ukususela ngoJulayi 1883rd wangena force standard bimetallic. Isibheno wabonakala igolide nesilivere iipeso. imali iphepha lifike kubo. KweeNkozo e Argentina ababandakanyekayo kwiibhanki ezintlanu. Lo mgangatho bukhona kweli lizwe kwiinyanga 17 kuphela. NgoDisemba 1884 iibhanki baqalisa ukuba angavumi ukuba babelane yamaphepha igolide ngeqondo ezinzileyo.

e France

Ngowe-1803 ligqithise umthetho kweli lizwe, njengoko apho franc zibe nokutshintshanisa for 5 grams zesilivere. Ngokwahlukeneyo bakhwela kwaye izinga ngegolide. A ngekhilogram olu yeendleko 3100 franc.

Kwi-UK,

Bimetallism kabanzi kusetyenziswa ephakathi eNgilani. Nangona kunjalo, le ayenza yesilivere sele ivalwe ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-18, xa umgangatho yegolide yaziswa kweli lizwe. Noko ke, kangangeminyaka emininzi, abaxhasi bimetallism ubabalweyo Ekubuyeni kwakhe, ingakumbi ngamaxesha obunzima.

EUnited States of America

UMgaqo-siseko US uwumisele igolide nesilivere uthando esemthethweni rate zokudada. Noko ke, ngo-1792 i-uNobhala kaNondyebo Alexander Hamilton ecetywayo ukulungisa umlinganiselo isilivere negolide 15 ukuya 1. Utshintsho ahambelanayo zenziwa kwi-mthetho. Ngowe-1834, umkhandi wesilivere ezimbalwa ixabiso, kwaye intlawulo-16 ukuya 1. Emva kokuba ulwamkelo uMthetho zazinegama ngo-1873 US phantse bayeka ukusebenzisa lo mgangatho, kodwa ngokusesikweni uyekwa kwinkulungwane yama-20. Ngokutsho ngezoqoqosho odumileyo Milton Friedman, bimetallism wenza umonakalo omkhulu eUnited States.