Angiosperms - phezulu nasekusungulweni yehlabathi plant

izityalo ukufikelela kulo ilizwe, izinto ezo ezenzeka ekuqaleni kwethuba Silurian (malunga 435 yezigidi. kwiminyaka eyadlulayo), kunye inani lotshintsho qualitative yendaleko. Izityalo kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukumelana nemozulu bephile. Inxaxheba ekudalweni nasekusungulweni yethishyu yabo entsha wabonakala (esingaphandle, xylem, phloem, izicwili ngoomatshini) kunye nemibutho (uhlume yegqabi kwaye ingcambu). Ekuhambeni kwexesha, lo Rhyniophyta ibizezamandulo hayi ndakubumba amahlumelo zatshintshwa iintlobo omfisi ukuba basasazeke emhlabeni kwi Devonian (malunga 400 yezigidi. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo). Xa Mesozoic (235-132 mln. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo) kwiplanethi eyayigquba gymnosperms, yaye emva kwabo kukho angiosperms, eyayiqwalaselwe eluchochoyini izihluma zazivelela.

Angiosperms ochumayo i Cenozoic - elithile elizibalula zejoloji, olwaqala malunga 66 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, kwaye asathe gqolo ngoku .. Nangona, nigweba yi liyayishicilela kwi iyaxela engxondorheni, baba emva Mesozoic (malunga 130 yezigidi. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo), kodwa ke iintlobo ezimbalwa kwakudala. Le angiosperms zokuqala - abameli Nymphaeales leqela, ezibandakanya iinyibiba amanzi.

Kungoku nje, eli sebe amaninzi kakhulu. Va ikhweyitha kunye nezibonda kwaba bobabini akukho sebali, apho kukho iimeko ebomini izityalo, kodwa wafumana angiosperms. Ukongeza kuyenzeka geographical iyantlukwano enkulu, angiosperms esibonakala nsimbi iintlobo kunye neendlela zokukhula. duckweed yesikhumbuzo lokuwela phezu echibini, nomthi omkhulu webaobab, ophilileyo ngamakhulu amawaka eminyaka, Cacti inameva neentyatyambo, ezintle, ezibekile noDaisy nesigebenga Rafflesia iintyatyambo imitha ukuba ubukhulu - bonke bengabakho kweli sebe. Lidla iqela elikhulu - angiosperms emanzini awayengabemi amatsha (ikakhulu) kunye ezinetyuwa (ngaphantsi ngokufuthi) amachibi. mibono bengengabo likumgangatho ophantsi, ngokuchaseneyo, sisiphumo nolwamkelo iintlobo eziphila yokusingqongileyo emanzini.

Eyona iphambili angiosperms - ubukho intyatyambo, amalungu okuzala, onoxanduva ukuzala yaye etsala ukuhlakanipha arhente. Ngenxa yoko, igama lesibini isebe - izityalo kweentyatyambo (Magnoliophita).

Veliswa of angiosperms edityaniswe ngqo inkqubo uvuvuzelo, ebandakanya izinambuzane, neentaka, ezanyisayo, umoya namanzi. Kuninzi sezulu umhlaba arhente ezisisiseko ukuhlakanipha izinambuzane. Kwisibanzi yimvula, lo msebenzi wenziwa iintaka kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo. Iintlobo zengca emakriweni, emaqeleni kunye amathafa, iintlango sagebrush, iintlobo imithi eyetundra indlela ephakathi, izityalo Bog ingumoya-sukube. anqabe kakhulu uvuvuzelo Water (esibamba) - oku okufana iintlobo, iintyatyambo ukuba okwentyatyambo ngaphantsi kwamanzi (umz Zostera). Kuloo mimandla zemozulu apho nokwenzeka enye yezi ndlela zilandelayo: self-uvuvuzelo kwenzeka.

Inqanaba elilandelayo yokuzala - ukuchumisa Ukwakheka iziqhamo. angiosperms Otdel izityalo luphawulwa ekuthiwa uhlobo yezichumiso kabini. Pollen ozuza phezu ibala, "ihlumelo", kunye namadoda Ovule ngapha umungu ityhubhu iiseli ngesondo. Enye imbewu yenzala inxaxheba aqhamise iqanda, kunye nezinye oludityaniswe umaleko ezizodwa iiseli - maleko osandul. Ngenxa yoko, kwimeko yokuqala, umbungu, kunye yesibini - ukuya kwinyama yayo eyenzelwe ukugcina amandla.

Kukho iqela zezityalo musa ukuba uvuvuzelo (imbewu akhiwa ngaphandle inxaxheba pollen) ukuze kwakhiwe iziqhamo. Eli qela libandakanya Dandelions, ingubo nenekazi, ezinye iindidi buttercups.

Kukho kwakhona zizityalo ukuba ngokukha luqhutywa advantageously, ngokudlulisela isigaba intyatyambo ukusekwa, zivelise imbewu ekukhuleni imbewu. Oku onamaqhakuva, kumila kunye nezinye nabameli angiosperms.