Uncwadi yaMandulo: inkcazelo, iintlobo, imbali

Igama elithi "iincwadi omdala" libhekisela uhlobo ezinawo inkcubeko Russian, yelo xesha ukususela XI ukuya kwinkulungwane XVII. Imisebenzi wadala kule nkulungwane, esibonakala ngokuphuma kunye nentsusa. Umahluko zinxulumene ngokuyintloko yokuba inkcubeko Russia yamandulo akazange efanayo nayiphi na kwithuba ephakathi.

yeempawu ezibonakalayo

Eyona iphambili, esingaba iincwadi yamandulo Russian, kwaye ngexesha elifanayo differentiator zayo eziphambili iimveliso anokufumaneka inkcubeko Western, kukuba Zazenzelwe hayi ukuzonwabisa kunye ukuzifundela. Le njongo, nto leyo yabuza ababhali ngaloo minyaka, waba umyalelo ngokomoya. imisebenzi yabo bathuthuzelwa, wegqitha amava kwizizukulwana, wayinyusa komoya wobuzwe. Ngenxa yoko, iimpawu kule ncwadi - ezifundisayo, idotyhumentari, journalistic.

Enye yezinto eziphambili imifanekiso yobugcisa ngemisebenzi ngelo xesha sisiganeko yokwenene yembali. lwendaba etsomo ngazo. Ababhali ngokuqhelekileyo kuchazwa iziganeko sebeke bayibona ngokwabo. Babengenako niqingqe njongo uphezulu.

Imisebenzi ebandakanya uncwadi yamandulo, yongezwe komoya wobuzwe engaqhelekanga. Bayibonisa historicism, kodwa kwangaxeshanye, kufuneka enokuthethwa inomnye umsebenzi uphawu - lithiwe pahaha. Bambalwa ababhali baye bashiya amagama abo kumaphepha ezi indalo, nangona babhala kubo, Kakade, ngesandla. ubhalo ngesandla nazo ingabalelwa iimpawu ezikhethekileyo, eye iincwadi yamandulo. Incwadi yokuqala eshicilelweyo wabonakala kamva eRashiya ngaphezu eNtshona Yurophu. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba ezikhumbuzo yenkcubeko of Russia yaMandulo - oko kudla ngesandla.

Impembelelo nezinye iintshukumo zoncwadi

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, ababhali imisebenzi bamandulo abazange bazigqale kuyimfuneko ukonwabisa abafundi babo amabali adventure, kulula ukuqonda. Nangenxa kwiincwadi kwelo xesha kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni fiction. Inomsebenzi ebalulekileyo imisebenzi yobugcisa yaba kuphuhliso lokuqonda ngokomoya.

Yamandulo Russian ncwadi kakhulu eyahlukileyo. Xa imisebenzi kwezinye izizwe akunakwenzeka ukufumana into efanayo. Noko ke, oko ndandisenawo nempembelelo iincwadi hagiographic. UbuKristu sele yenziwe eRashiya. Kwaye kulo intshukumo ephakathi zoncwadi, nesuka yesazi nezenkolo yaseByzantium, ababhali eyamkelwa efundisayo kunye ngokomoya. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye kumaphepha imisebenzi yabo ingafumaneka izithunzi umbala yesizwe. Xa imisebenzi ababhali bamandulo, Kakade ke, ibonisa impembelelo lwemveli. Oku kubonakala kakhulu xa imifanekiso abalinganiswa abaphambili.

neempawu ezintle

Isibaluli apho ukuthobela yahlukile iingongoma yamandulo ncwadi ubuhle engqondweni nangokomoya engumzekelo umlinganiswa ophambili. Akaba nako ukufihlakala uphawu ezimbi. Beautiful ingaba umntu olungileyo kuphela. Indlela enkulu ukuba umntu kuphela nangomphefumlo unguwo. Loo isityalo lisukela emva Russian lobuciko.

Ngomhla Ababhali Rus yaMandulo watyholwa imbopheleleko enkulu. Yomxhaso wacaca yoluntu, begubha kwilizwe labo kwaye ukhathazeka nokomelezwa yayo. Ngokutsho abahlalutyi mihla, umsebenzi iincwadi yamandulo negalelo ekomelezeni umanyano zabantu. Ubungqina ngayo lo mbono ke "Lay."

Alexander Musin-Pushkin

Le ndoda yaziwa ngexesha umzobo yoluntu, umqokeleli ngocoselelo ze lwemveli. Lakhe abanomdla ngokungaqhelekanga kwimbali iincwadi yamandulo Russian. Yaye "Lay" ifundwa okokuqala kukuba umntu.

Ngowe-1792 wasebenza yokugcina uMsindisi isigodlo Yaroslavl, bafumana ikopi ye-ngqangi yamandulo. Ngelishwa, ngexesha lemfazwe ka 1812, olu xwebhu batshiswa. Musin-Pushkin ethutha kokukhangela kumathala Moscow, apho wafela emlilweni kaHomer. Ngenxa yoko, igama lokuqala okanye ikopi alishiyi gxa. Noko ke, kukho ubungqina "Amagama" ngobunyani. Abaphandi ukufunda into leyo imbali uncwadi yamandulo, wafumanisa lesikhumbuzo inkulu inkcubeko Russian "Transdoniad" ngamanye amazwi isicatshulwa-ngqangi.

ngesakhiwo

"Wabekeleni" na, njengabanye indalo Old Russian, umlinganiswa zembali. Xa intliziyo ibali iziganeko ezinxulumene iphulo nxamnye Polovtsy Novgorod-Seversky Prince Igorya Svyatoslavovicha. Eli phulo kwenzeka ngo-1185. Amanyathelo aphambili yesiqwenga eso, njengoko imisebenzi nezinye iincwadi yamandulo ingxaki, uvuthondaba, ukukhuthazana. Le umzobo uphawu ukuba bakhokele wamajoni - yomnye iintlobo eziphambili kwexesha inkcubeko.

isakhiwo Subject "Words"

Ngesakhiwo obekwe, Isimanga, hayi ekuqaleni komsebenzi, kwaye phambili umganyana. Loo nesakhiwo wachaza into yokuba umbhali wakhetha ukugxila ubulungu ihlawulwe kakhulu. Kuyo, ebona ebezibekiwe umsebenzi wakhe ukuba baziqhelanise umfundi kunye isimbo sakhe bokuhlala ayiphele ndawo. I cebo - ngesigqibo Igor hike.

Development of sebali - ukuba iziganeko ezifana komnyama kwelanga, kunye ukulwa lokuqala. Xa luvuthondaba oku ekubulaleni amajoni Russian kunye kuthinjwe Igor. Decoupling ibali okusindileyo ekuthinjweni, kwakunye ugcobe kubahlali belizwe Russian.

Kulo bali kukho zininzi iqhele copyright nemizobo zobugcisa. Zonke ezi zinto bakhonza ukubethelela uluvo lo msebenzi, nto leyo ukumanya bonke abantu IsiRashiya ukuya kulwa notshaba lwangaphandle.

Uhlobo "Lay" lichazwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Le ngoma, umbongo, kwaye ibali zobuqhawe. Kungenzeka, lo msebenzi kunganxulunyaniswa enye iintshukumo ezinkulu art - ilizwi. kunye nezinye iintlobo uncwadi yamandulo kufuneka ingqalelo. Abanye baye ngumlinganiswa olwahluke, ngoxa abanye athathwe kwezinye iindawo.

impilo

iintlobo ezahlukeneyo imveliso loo kuquka iincwadi yamandulo. Ubomi - enye ebikhona uhlobo. Lingcwaba lomfo uncwadi ecaweni. Isifundo yomfanekiso imisebenzi ezinjalo ubomi nezenzo yabangcwele.

Ubomi - luhlobo ngobomi imifanekiso omnye okanye elinye ubuntu edume lowo canonised. Imveliso kule uhlobo kudla lijongene iziganeko yelo xesha ukususela ekuqalisweni umlinganiswa ophambili ekukhanyeni, yaye ekufeni kwakhe. Ukubunjwa ine zokwakha thunzi. A Umzekelo iphawulekayo - "The Life of Sergiya Radonezhskogo".

Kufuneka ke ukuba akukho namnye okumgangatho imisebenzi ngababhali bamandulo kuba zililize ekungekho nzuzo ngaphandle. Imisebenzi gqibezela ukukhula abanye, baye ngokuthe ngcembe ebhaliweyo amabali amatsha imimangaliso ezinxulumene izenzo yabangcwele. ubhalo abanjalo novel kunye emkhosini, izifundo edibene namanye.

nezinye Iintlobo

Zemihla ingxelo eneenkcukacha iziganeko ezibalulekileyo zembali. Kakade ke, lo msebenzi osemqoka ephambili ngemisebenzi olu hlobo kwaba journalistic. Kwezi ndlela zobugcisa hayi zingasetyenziswa. Igama ngokwayo kungenxa yokuba iingxelo zenziwa qho ngonyaka, yaye ngamnye kubo iqala ngala mazwi: "Xa ehlotyeni ...".

Ababhali bafuna ukuyila nokungqinisisa imodeli yokuziphatha wonke umntu yamandulo. Ukulungiselela le njongo ke wakha efundisayo imisebenzi yokuqala ezivame zibandakanyiwe yemihla. Imithetho leyo aya ucacise malunga nganye - ukusuka isikhulu ukuya commoner. Olu uhlobo iincwadi endulo komthetho.

ibali Military ezotywe ukulwa amajoni Russian nxamnye utshaba amazwe. imisebenzi enjalo kuba yinxalenye yale ngxelo. Kodwa ke indalo ngokupheleleyo eyahlukileyo.

Mininzi imisebenzi ezixabisekileyo imibulelo yamandulo IsiRashiya ukuya obungamaxwebhu indalo yayo kwaye imithombo ebalulekileyo yembali kunye nelifa inkcubeko yesizwe.