Uncwadi lweRashiya lwekhulu le-14 le-15

Ngethuba e-Itali, inkcubeko kunye neencwadi ze-High Renaissance zanda, kwaye ngasenyakatho ye-Yurophu, eJamani naseHolland, ukuhlaziywa kweMantla yaseMntla kwaza kwafikelela kwinqanaba layo, eRashiya inqanaba lokuphuhliswa kobugcisa neencwadi laliphantsi kakhulu.

Ngekhulu le- 14-15, iinqununu zaseRussia zaqala ukuzulaza ukubola kwegosa elide kunye nelibuhlungu leTatar-Mongol ukusuka kumahlombe abo. Akumangalisi ukuba iincwadi zale xesha zihluke kakhulu kwiimbali zeNkcazo zeMnyama.

Izincwadi zokuqala zesiRashiya

Uncwadi lwexesha eliphakathi lolawulo lweRashiya luquka ikakhulu imbali, inxalenye ebalulekileyo engabonakaliyo, kunye neengxelo zezobugcisa. Uncwadi lwama- Oral of Russia lwamaxesha aphakathi lwaluquka i-epics kunye neengoma. Iincwadi ezili-14 ukuya kwele-15, ngokulandelanayo, ziqukethe ubuciko bomlomo, imbali kunye nendlela yokuphila. Kwisiqingatha sesibini sekhulu le-15 kwakukho umdla kumasiko angaphandle kunye nobuchule behlabathi.

Ubuchule bokwenza umlomo (okanye i-folklore) bugcisa bobuhlanga obuthile, bugqithiselwa emlonyeni ukuya emlonyeni. I-Folklore ihambisa izithethe kunye nombono wehlabathi wabantu, ukudala imifanekiso neentetho ezikhethekileyo. Phakathi kweentlobo ezisemgangathweni zobugcisa boluntu baseRussia, impembelelo ekhethekileyo ekuphuculweni kweencwadi kwanikezelwa ngama-epics, iindaba zeengoma kunye neengoma zembali.

Iintlobo zezobugcisa zomntu womlomo

Ngokungafani neencwadi ezibhaliweyo, ezazingabonakaliyo kwaye ziphantse zikhutshwe ngokupheleleyo, iincwadi zomlomo zange-14-15 kweenkulungwane kwiRashiya zazaliswe ngeendidi kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Kule mihla kufike imisebenzi eyenziwa ngeengoma zemihla ngemihla, iingqungquthela zeengqungquthela, iindaba ezifihlakeleyo, kwaye kunjalo, izazi eziyaziwayo, amazwi, amahlaya kunye nama-lullabies.

I-Bylins yintlobo yokuqala yobugcisa bomlomo waseRashiya, ingqungquthela yeqhawe leqhawe, apho iimpumelelo zembali kunye nabantu babonakaliswa. Ama-Bylins ahlala exhaswa kunye neengcamango zeengqungquthela kunye ne-hyperbolize amandla amaqhawe.

Iingoma zefeythi ziindaba zamabali okanye ama-epics, ziphinde zilandiswe ngolwimi olucacileyo kwaye zijoliswe kwisenzo esinye okanye ngokuzaliswa ngabantu abanobuxoki kunye nomlingo.

Iingoma zomlando - uhlobo lwezobugcisa bomntu owenziwa ngomlomo, oluye lwalunjengeli-14 leminyaka kwaye lubonisa ukuhlaziya. Iziganeko ezibalulekileyo zembali kunye nobuntu obudibana nabo ziyahlabelelwa.

Uncwadi olubhaliweyo

Uncwadi lweenkulungwane ezili-14 ukuya kwele-15 lunefomu ekhethekileyo-yonke imisebenzi, kuquka iincwadi ezininzi, zakopishwa ngamonki ngesandla. Kwakukho iincwadi ezimbalwa, yaye azizange zisasazwe ngaphandle kwecawa.

Ukongezelela kwinkimbinkimbi yokukopisha imisebenzi, uncwadi lwama-14-15 enkulungwane eRussia aluzange lufumane ingcamango ye-copyright-nawuphi na umonki obhala kwakhona umsebenzi angongeza okanye asuse inxalenye ayicinga ukuba iyimfuneko ngeli xesha. Ngaloo ndlela, akukho msebenzi omnye obhaliweyo ngaphambi kwekhulu le-16 leminyaka, okuya kufanayo kwiikopi ezimbini.

Abaninzi beelwimi kunye nabagxeki bombhalo bacinga ukuba ezinye iimbali ziyimveliso yokudala. Isiseko salolu luhlu nolwimi olungabonakaliyo kumsebenzi ofanayo. Oku akusebenzi nje kuphela kwii-annals, kodwa nakwii-biographies zabangcwele.

Uhlobo oluqhubekayo kunye nokuqina komoya

Uncwadi lweRashiya lwama-14th-15 leminyaka, kwaye kwada kwaze kwafika ngekhulu le-17 neye-18, lukhulile kakhulu. Izithethe kunye neendibano zifunwa ukubhala kwimisebenzi ethile. Ngako oko, iimpawu zendalo kunye neentlobo zemisebenzi azange zitshintshe ngokuphawulekayo, kodwa ngokukhawuleza, ngokungathi zivela kumnye. Yile ndlela iincwadi ezinomileyo kunye neengqongqo zecawa zenziwa zivakalelwa kwaye ziphantse kubantu.

Iimpembelelo ezinobungozi zejoka laseTatar-Mongol ukuya kwindawo ephantsi yomphefumlo zatshitshisa zombini umlimi olula okanye umenzi wezobugcisa, kunye ne-scholar, umonki ozinikeleyo. Ngenkqangaza enye, intlungu ngokubanzi kunye nokungahloneli ngonaphakade, uncwadi olutsha lwesiRashiya lwama-14 nele-15 leminyaka lwazalwa, ludibanisa ngokwalo indlela eyomileyo yokuchaza imbali, ulwimi olutyebileyo lobomi, kwakunye nemifanekiso kunye nobuzwe bokuvelisa ngomlomo.

Ilifa leeNcwadi zokuQala

NjengamaKristu, ukubhalwa kunye noncwadi kuza kubalawuli baseRussia abavela ngaphandle, mhlawumbi ngoko ke, iincwadi zokuqala kunye nokuphila zifana neByzantium kwaye zihluke ngokugqithisileyo kumsebenzi wolwazi ngomlomo. Nangona ulwimi lwemiqulu lomeleleyo kwaye luyinkimbinkimbi, iingoma zendoda, iindlovu kunye neellinas, naphezu kweelwimi zabo, zizele imifanekiso ecacileyo kwaye zikhunjulwa kalula.

Uninzi lwabafundi kunye nabagxekayo, ngakumbi i-Slavophiles kunye nabalandeli beengcamango zabo, bakholelwa ukuba iincwadi zaseRashiya zenkcubeko entsha, kuquka nexesha layo legolide, azibopheli ngokungafaniyo nomoya waseRashiya ngokungqinelana nokungaqhelekanga, kunye nokucebisa izinto ezintle. Uncwadi lwa mandulo. Yintoni ebudeni benkulungwane ye-11 yayingenangqondo, njengamazulu nomhlaba, yaqala ukudibanisa ngekhulu le-14 nele-15.

Iincwadi zokuqala ziyimvelaphi yalo moya waseRashiya. Iingcamango zesizwe, ubuzwe kunye nokuziphatha kwangaphambili, konke oku kwahlula iincwadi zesiRashiya namhlanje, kwavela kwiminyaka eminyaka yokuqala yokuphila kwayo. Iincwadi zangekhulu le-14 ukuya kwe-15 zatshintshela indlela yeengongoma ezimangalisayo zikaPushkin, iingongoma ezimangalisayo zikaGogol kunye neengqungquthela zikaLermontov, ezathi zenza igalelo lexesha elizayo lezithethe zaseRashiya.