Umthetho Anti-bodwa. I-Federal Antimonopoly Service. Le nkqubo Antimonopoly State

Hayi wonke umntu uyazi ukuba apho kukho imfuneko, kusoloko kukho isithembiso. Ukuba ngaba iinkampani ukulungele ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabasebenzisi, ngaphezu kwesinye, libonisa ubukho imarike akukho nto ezifana ukhuphiswano. Ngoncedo yayo ukugcina amaxabiso, umgangatho nobungakanani iimpahla. Ukuba inkampani okanye ngumbutho ofundisa uluntu uhlobo oluthile imveliso okanye inkonzo, kukho mnye kuphela, ngoko kusenokwenzeka ukuvela ekuthiwa-bodwa (ukusuka ngeendlela Greek "umthengisi omnye").

izinto ezintle nezimbi ubukho yenkampani kwimarike rhoqo

Kwelinye icala, ubukho simanga lineziphumo eyingenelo kuphuhliso inzululwazi nobugcisa, ivumela ukuqaliswa iiteknoloji ezintsha, ugalele kuqeqesho lwabasebenzi abafanelekayo, njl Kwelinye icala, lokubanga icandelo ethile umnotho eziliqela izinto ezimbi. Ngenxa yoko, owokuqala nto ibalulekileyo kwezithandani le eziqhuba inkqubela lemakethi - ukhuphiswano.

Izinto yesibini kakuhle lulandelayo kowangaphambili. Ukungabikho khuphiswano ikuvumela ukuba ukucwangcisa amaxabiso ukuba zamkelekile kwindawo yokuqala, kuba kwishishini. Oko kungenzeka ukwandisa ixabiso impahla ngoxa kuncitshiswa output yayo. Iinkampani abadla bodwa bayakwazi artificially isantya uphuhliso zobuchwepheshe obutsha, kwakunye bonakalisa ubutyebi bendalo zingcolise okusingqongileyo.

Naziphi na iinzame amashishini aphakathi okanye encinane efanayo ukuba naziphi ukungena kwimarike iyapheliswa. Njani, ke, ukuba ukujongana bodwa? njani ukuxhasa uphuhliso ukhuphiswano kunye nokuthintela amathuba kukuvela iifem olunye-handedly kukhokelele emarikeni? Ukuthintela zonke iziphumo ezibi enxulumene lokubanga kwezoqoqosho kumazwe amaninzi, kuquka eRashiya, kukho imithetho antitrust. Makhe sihlolisise into yokokuba umda wale mthetho, apho ndavela khona, yintoni lwalo lokukhawulelana nophuhliso.

History of imvelaphi

umthetho Antitrust kuyinto isethi amanyathelo ezahlukeneyo kuthagetha uthintelo kunye nemiqathango elawula nokusekwa kunye nophuhliso bodwa. Zakhiwo ezi kuhlaselwa yavela kwi US. Umthombo zibonakala ekuthiwa-Sherman Act (uMthetho Sherman kaThixo), okanye umthetho "antitrust" ungenile eMelika ngo-1890. Olu xwebhu athi alina kwaye kubonwe naziphi na iinzame ukwenza i bodwa. Ukongeza, lo Mthetho miqobo ukusekwa imibutho (trust), ijolise ekunciphiseni ukhuphiswano. Lo mthetho waye izitena lokuqala isiseko inkqubo isandi ebizwa ngokuba 'ngumthetho Anti-bodwa. "

Uxanduva wokwenza izigqibo malunga ezi okanye ezinye ukunyhashwa isenzo kubalelwa kurhulumente. Eso inkonzo ekhethekileyo, elawula amanqaku ukubulawa yoxwebhu, ukuba wayengekho ngelo xesha. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba njengoko kwakungekho nkqubo, ebonelela nokuthintela zokungathotyelwa kumacandelo yesivumelwano. Ngokuthe ngcembe, uphuhliso lomthetho anti-bodwa luya lusiba nochatha.

izongezelelo ezintsha ukucacise

Zonke iimpazamo ezenzeke kwisenzo Sherman, ziye zalungiswa ngo-1914, xa lo mthetho wathi wasebenza kunye Clayton Act FTC Federation States. Bayakuqonda ngokucace kakhulu, kwaye yimiqathango emiselwe iinkcazelo esisiseko, amanyathelo olawulo kunye uxanduva waphula umthetho ngokwalo. La maxwebhu zenza isiseko nkqubo antitrust le USA.

Emva amanyathelo America ukwandisa ukhuphiswano, wafumana, kunye namanye amazwe. Ngowe-1948, i-UK kwathiwa umthetho phezu bodwa. Emva koko, ngo-1963, i-Antitrust Act satyikitywa eFransi. Emva konyaka - eItali. EMpuma Yurophu ukuba bazibandakanye kumlo wokulwa bodwa kwi-imi- 80 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Phakathi kwamazwe inkxaso inkqubo zokulwa trestovskih imibutho iye yaba naseRashiya.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ilizwe ngalinye eziphambili zayo uphuhliso loqoqosho exhasa lo mthetho: imithetho antitrust we-United States of America kunye Europe, nangona kuphuma uxwebhu olunye, kodwa kananjalo yileyo umdla kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo.

Umfuziselo American ijolise Kulwa ukuvela trust njengoko iyunithi elizimeleyo. ezopolitiko yaseYurophu luphawulwa indlela yokulawula ekuvumela ukuba ulwe ngezenzeko zingafanelekanga bodwa asakhulayo.

umbutho ezingezizo ephezulu kunye iinzame ukujongana nazo

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba bodwa Russian yaqala ukubonakala kunye intsikelelo phezu imiyalelo iqembu elibusayo. Zikarhulumente ukuseka imibutho kunye trust, kodwa kuphela xa kumacandelo ezoqoqosho, uphuhliso oye waba ephambili ukuze baphile lwelizwe liphela. Ezi ziquka oku kulandelayo: ezothutho, ioli kunye noshishino amalahle, yokunyibilikisa isinyithi, njl Ngokuthe ngcembe, Noko ke, xa eyenziweyo trust baqalisa ukuba ucudise nezinye iinkampani kunye norhulumente ukuze zilawule ke ngokwendlela yabo. Kungenxa yoko le nto abasemagunyeni bakarhulumente esigqibeni sokuba liqalise kwezoqoqosho imithetho antitrust. Oku kwenzeka ngo-1908. Isiseko sathathwa sele eyaziwayo Sherman Act. Noko ke, lilinge lokuqala ukwenza umgaqo-anti-bodwa ayiphumelelanga. Oku kube negalelo kakhulu yimibutho zoshishino. Kungekudala amalungu karhulumente esaqala imiba ebaluleke nangakumbi: leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kunye Oktobha Revolution, ziye zabeka emngciphekweni ubukho lonke eli lizwe.

Emva kwexesha elithile, urhulumente waseSoviet wadala esinakho enye yakhe ebizwa ngokuba "kuqoqosho umyalelo '. kwakungekho khuphiswano. Yaye ngubani na omele ukuba akhuphisane Anaki ezifana Gosplan, Gossnab kunye neKomiti State?

"Mkhulu-uyisemkhulu 'lwe-FAS

Ngaphambi nje kokuba Ukuwa kweUSSR, ngowe-1990, kumgangatho karhulumente sekuqinisekisiwe iKomiti State of the Russian Soviet eManyeneyo Socialist Republic on nkqubo antimonopoly kunye nokuxhasa uphuhliso izakhiwo ezintsha kwezoqoqosho. Le Ukwakheka ngukhokho eli candelo, i-Federal Antimonopoly Service (FAS). Eyona nto ifunekayo ukuze ukuvela le komiti imvume yomthetho RSFSR "Ngomhla kwabaphathiswa republic kunye neekomiti karhulumente kweli lizwe." Ukususela kuphuhliso arhente antitrust kweli lizwe baqalisa ukuba kuzuze amandla.

Sele elilandelayo, ngowe-1991, urhulumente wadlula umthetho ukhuphiswano imigaqo nokuthintela imisebenzi trust kunye neemanyano ezahlukeneyo kwiimarike impahla. Isisombululo izilungiso kwaye kwagqitywa kwiminyaka emine kamva. Le Isiphetho kukuba umthetho wawukwalela naziphi na izenzo zombutho, leyo usesikhundleni ilungelo kwindawo zorhwebo, ukuba ngalo:

1. lwentengiso lokuhlukumeza okanye kwamalungelo ezinye abarhwebi.
2. Umda ukhuphiswano okanye kukusenza oluchaziweyo.

Ukongeza, esi senzo okunqanda izivumelwano ezinxulumene -nkqubo amaxabiso, phantsi kwimarike niche, okanye ekuthatheni kwempahla, ebandakanya intsilelo zabo.
Kwiminyaka emibini emva koko, ngo-1997, iKomiti State of the Russian Soviet eManyeneyo Socialist Republic on nkqubo antimonopoly kunye nokuxhasa uphuhliso izakhiwo ezintsha kwezoqoqosho uqambe iKomiti Antimonopoly State. Kwiminyaka nje embalwa, le candelo lenze iinguqulelo ezininzi. Ngo-2004 kuye phantsi namhlanje, i-Federal Antimonopoly Service iye yamiselwa ngenxa yayo.

Imisebenzi kunye nemisebenzi zombutho

Eli Sebe ingxelo ngqo uSihlalo kaRhulumente. Xa kuqwalaselwa kunye, i-Federal Antimonopoly Service ibandakanyeka zokusonjululwa imiba ngendlela enye okanye omnye ezinxulumene ukuvela kunye nophuhliso bodwa. Ingakumbi, le yunithi:

1. isombulula imiba enxulumene abakhuphisana.
2. ingcinezelo ozibandakanye, kwakunye isithintelo kunye nesenzo isilumkiso esizakukhokelela ukwenzeka bodwa.
3. Monitors ukuthotyelwa zonke iimfuno ezikhoyo kunye nemigaqo enxulumene nomthetho anti-bodwa.

Yonke imibutho ezisebenza kwimarike Russian, neentengiso abangaphezu kwe-35% yetotali kweli lizwe, wangena irejista karhulumente okhethekileyo. Olu luhlu ivumela FAS ukuba basebenzise ulawulo olululo izinto ezenziwa iimonopoli kunye awenze alandise kuba kukwaphula umthetho antimonopoly.

Inkonzo ithathwa iphuhlise iziphakamiso ezintsha ukuphucula uphuhliso loqoqosho ukhuphiswano. Kwakhona yenza umahluko ukusetyenziswa kwale miqathango, ngokuxhomekeke kwicandelo emarikeni.

ukutolika omonakalo

Okwangoku eRashiya zenziwa amanyathelo ukuseka ekhuphisanayo yinxalenye loqoqosho lwesizwe. Balungiselela ukuhamba kwempahla emakethe zomhlaba, ukunciphisa ingozi trust okanye imibutho kwi zinendawo ethile kwimarike. Kweli nqanaba lophuhliso komthetho anti-bodwa Russian kude ungafezekanga. imigibe ezininzi imithetho ekhoyo kunye ukutolika ezahlukeneyo amanqaku zabo kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi, uxanduva edulusele kunye norhulumente kunye noosomashishini. Nkqu ukuhlukunyezwa kakhulu ezingephi imithetho antitrust kunokukhokelela umonakalo omkhulu.

imithetho Federal ukuba kufuneka wazi: inxalenye yokuqala

Uqaphele into forearmed. Kungenxa yoko le nto imibutho ezinkulu kufuneka bazazi imigaqo nemithetho, equka imithetho yase antitrust.

Kukho iinkalo ezimbini eziziintloko kuxhomekeke ukulawulwa kwimisebenzi yemibutho. Isebe lokuqala libhekisa antitrust, izibonelelo ezo sibhekiswe lisalawula kwinkampani kunye zamntu namaxabiso ayo. Le icala lilawulwa le migaqo ilandelayo:

1. Federal uMthetho "On ukhuphiswano kunye isithintelo yomsebenzi monopolistic kwiimarike emveliso". Esi senzo weza ukusebenza ngomhla wesibini-amabini ngoMatshi 1991. Nguye lo uxwebhu oluphambili, apho kolawulo monopolists.

2. Federal uMthetho "Xa Ukukhuselwa Ukhuphiswano yemarike zezimali." Kuye kwamkelwa wesithathu-amabini e-Juni 1999.

imithetho Federal ukuba kufuneka wazi: inxalenye yesibini

Kweliya isebe, ochaphazela umthetho antimonopoly eRashiya, kukulawula iinkqubo zokusebenza of bodwa zendalo. Le yokugqibela ziquka kaloliwe kunye namanzi, izindlu kunye neminye imibutho qhinga. Ukusebenza kolu hlobo izinto ezisekelwe zomculo:

1. Federal uMthetho "On bodwa zendalo". Kuye kwavunyelwana phakathi ku-Julayi 1995 i-State Duma. Kwathi ukusebenza kancinane emva koko - Agasti 17. Emva koko ngokuphindaphindiweyo phantsi ukulungiswa kunye nezongezelelo.

2. Kwamkelwe April 28, 1997 ummiselo nguMongameli Russian Federation "Ngenxa yotshintsho lwezindlu kunye neenkonzo zoluntu."

3. Twentieth Disemba 1997 umthetho yasayinwa uRhulumente Russian Federation "kucwangciso lwe de-lokubanga kunye nophuhliso ukhuphiswano emarikeni yezindlu kunye neenkonzo zoluntu ngenxa 1998-1999."

4. Imithetho Federal antitrust kwakhona kulawulwa Ndiwise sikaMongameli "Ngomhla kuphuhliso ukhuphiswano kubonelelo lweenkonzo yokulondolozwa nokulungiswa le mali yezindlu karhulumente kunye kamasipala", oqale ukusebenza ekupheleni kukaMatshi 1996.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba zombini imiyalelo yokuqala yesibini ngokuthe ngqo kwaye kwinqanaba lengingqi. umthetho antimonopoly Russian endle akukho ezahlukene kumalungiselelo jikelele usebenza kulo lonke elo lizwe. Ukwamkelwa kwemimiselo ezongezelelweyo kwinqanaba lengingqi ibonisa kuphela Umnqweno imizimba elawulayo ukunika imimiselo federal semthethweni kwezinye iindawo ezikhethiweyo zikarhulumente.

Simele sinikele ingqalelo ngokukhethekileyo into yokuba umthetho antitrust lineqela iintsilelo ezithintela inkululeko kwezigqibo ezilungileyo ezikhoyo zoshishino ezahlukeneyo. Kwaye, okubaluleke Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, loo has ekhethekileyo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye inkqubo yezomthetho Russian na isakhiwo abstract kakhulu. Le yokugqibela, nayo, iquka uthotho izinto ezithile.

Inkcazelo isenzo ephambili

Engamashumi-wesibini nguRhulumente RSFSR ngoMatshi 1995 yamkela umthetho "Xa ukhuphiswano kunye isithintelo yomsebenzi monopolistic kwiimarike emveliso". Kuba iminyaka embalwa, le isenzo eso yongezwe yaye yahlaziywa. Kumanqaku elizayo waza waqalisa uxwebhu sichaza umgaqo esisiseko indlela ebizwa ngokuba "Antitrust".

Ekuqaleni, isigqibo yayiquka macandelo asixhenxe. Ngokuthe ngcembe abanye babo baye indawo yimithetho ezahlukeneyo, ngoxa abanye nje akasekho esebenzayo. Noko ke, le uxwebhu oluphambili kule ukuyilwa nkqubo anti-bodwa Russian.
A ibikukujonga nje ngokufutshane oko icandelo ngalinye senzo:

1. Inxalenye yokuqala yomthetho eyaziwa ngokuba "neziBonelelo ngokuBanzi". Le ibandakanya amanqaku amane ndibalisa / on:
a) Ukuze wabasukela lo mmiselo, yaye indlela efana antitrust, kunye nesakhiwo sawo;
b) umda lwesicelo umthetho;
c) Abasemagunyeni ukhuphiswano kwamanqanaba yase kanye engingqi;
g) nezimaphambili ezingundoqo abafunyanwa kokubhaliweyo xwebhu.

2. Icandelo lesibini eziziiprayimari ibalulekileyo kwimibutho. Lichaza uhlobo, kwakunye nokubonelela imiqondiso kangangoko phambi emakethe ehamba imisebenzi monopolistic yenkampani. Amanqaku 5-9 elawula ukusebenza iinkampani yomxhaso kwindawo evelele kwindawo ethile kuqoqosho.

3. kuqulethe inqaku elinye icandelo wesithathu iintetho umthetho malunga iingqiqo ezifana abakhuphisana kunye nomthetho antitrust njengendlela ukulusiphula iingcambu.

4. Le inxalenye yesine yomthetho iqulathe amacandelo amathandathu. Ngamnye kubo yena iimpendulo zale mibuzo ilandelayo:

a) Ziziphi imisebenzi kunye nemisebenzi umzimba antimonopoly;
b) ezibandakanya amandla akhe;
c) zeziphi na igunya elifanelekileyo ukufumana ulwazi iindidi ezahlukeneyo;
g) ukuba kuyimfuneko ukunika imizekelo data kunathi;
e) ezibandakanya uxanduva igunya antimonopoly malunga nomba nokugcinwa nemfihlo yokwenza;
e) Luluphi uncedo arhente kuphuhliso yoshishino kunye nokhuphiswano.

5. Eli candelo sesihlanu utyhila ukuba umfundi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zolawulo karhulumente phezu kumashishini-monopolists. Iqulethe izabelo ezine.

6. Emva koko, uxanduva iphula imithetho antitrust. Yakhiwa iinxalenye ezintandathu, eli candelo libonelela ingqiqo epheleleyo kunye ngokubanzi / on:

a) uphumezo esisiNyanzelo imimiselo nemiyalelo ekhutshwe umzimba antimonopoly;
b) iintlobo zobutyala ngokwaphula umthetho antimonopoly;
c) izinyanzelo ze amashishini zorhwebo kunye non-ngeniso xa kuthe non-amanqaku yi isenzo;
g) uxanduva kukwaphula umthetho kunye neenkokeli namanye amaqela;
d) kwakhona ilahleko;
e) luxanduva lwebhunga federal antimonopoly lwabantu kwimeko waphula imiqathango yalo mthetho.

7. Eli candelo lokugqibela thaca inkqubo ukwenziwa, ukubulawa okanye isibheno imiyalelo eziye zakhutshwa ngugunyaziwe antimonopoly.

Injalo isakhiwo umthetho olawula imisebenzi iinkampani lubalaseleyo. Ngokuthe ngcembe, abaninzi ngezihloko xwebhu baba izenzo ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo.

Iindlela ekuhloleni ukunyhashwa mthetho antimonopoly

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba uninzi umthetho othintela ayikho isenzo ngokwalo ngolo hlobo, kwaye isiphumo ukuba kunokwenzeka emva kokuba. Le nto ibandakanya iingxaki ezinkulu kuphela kumaqumrhu ishishini, kodwa ke abanye abantu kunye nemibutho.

kuvela ubunzima ephambili ekumiseleni kuluhlu yezenzo enokukhokelela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo neziphumo ezibi, echaphazela imithetho antitrust kunye nokulawula iinkqubo zoshishino. Ukuba uyaqonda ukuba iingongoma ezithile iza kukhokelela nokwaphulwa isenzo somthetho, oko ngokukhuselekileyo isicwangciso uphuhliso yombutho kunye nokuvavanya imingcipheko kwezoqoqosho. Kwelinye icala, kungenzeka ukuba ukusebenza eqhelekileyo le nkqubo nje.

Njengomthetho jikelele, ukuze sendlela ukufumana phandle i nefuthe elibi yezenzo ezithile wathabatha Umbutho, kuyimfuneko ukuba aqhube uphononongo ngokucokisekileyo kwezoqoqosho. Indlela uniform uvavanyo apho. Amatyala iphula imithetho antitrust zitshekishwa ngokususela kumanani ummiselo-220, nto leyo kuthiwa: ". Le nkqubo zokuhlalutya imo ukhuphiswano kwimarike yorhwebo i" Esi sigqibo samkelwa Aprili 28, 2010 i-Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Russian Federation yi ngokomyalelo.