Ummandla weNgingqi yaseTula: inombolo, ubuninzi

Enye yemimandla endala kakhulu yaseRashiya, kwingingqi yaseTula, inembali yasendulo kunye nenomdla, okwenzeka ngokuyinhloko kubantu. Ummandla weNgingqi yaseTula, ngakwesinye icala, umfanekiso oqhelekileyo welizwe, kwelinye - kukho iinkcukacha ezithile malunga nokufanelekile ukuthetha ngazo.

IJografi yommandla

Ummandla weTula ufumaneka phantse kwinqanaba leYurophu yaseRashiya. Ukusuka kwinkunzi yelizwe, iTula ihlukaniswe malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-150. Ummandla umda kwiMoscow, iLipetsk, iRyazan, i-Orel ne-Kaluga. Ummandla wommandla u-25.6 weekhilomitha ezili-square. Km. Indawo yokuhlala kwindawo esenyakatho-mpuma yeCentral yaseRussia ephakamileyo inquma indawo ehlala kuyo.

Ummandla weTula uhlala kwimimandla ye-steppe kunye nehlathi. Kukho umthombo wamanzi aphelileyo ngendlela yothungelwano lomlambo ophuhliso oluhambelana nee-Oka neDon. Kuye kwadalwa amacandelo amaninzi amanzi okubonelela ngamanzi kwiindawo zokuhlala. Nangona kunjalo, kwixesha elimnyama, ummandla unobunzima obuthathaka bamanzi.

Ummandla waseTula uhlala udlalwa ngamahlathi ayo, namhlanje malunga ne-13% yommandla uhlala kwiindawo eziqingqiweyo. Kukho amaminerali ambalwa malunga neTula. Ezi zininzi zelahle kunye ne-ore deposits, kuquka i-deposit strontium, ukuphuhliswa kweepasititi ezicebileyo ze-peat, ukusuka ngekhulu le-15, i-limestone igxothwe phantsi kweTula.

Inhlabathi enesityalo yommandla sele isetyenziswe ngokutsha kwezolimo. Ubuninzi bommandla weTula unamandla kakhulu ukukhula kwimimandla esemnyama yomhlaba.

Iimeko zemozulu

Ummandla usekuhlaleni lwemozulu lomoya olushushu, obonakaliswe ngubusika obandayo kodwa obunzima kunye nehlobo elifudumeleyo. Iqondo lokushisa eliqhelekileyo lonyaka linomlinganiselo we-5 degrees. Ixesha elinesalathisi esihle kwi-thermometer lifikelela kwiintsuku ezingama-220 ngonyaka.

Kulo mmandla kwandula imvula iya ku-570 mm. Ixesha lasehlotyeni liqala ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi kwaye lide lusekuqaleni kukaSeptemba, ukushisa okuqhelekileyo ngoJulayi, inyanga eshushu kakhulu, yi -19 degrees.

Ubusika buqala ngoNovemba, ekupheleni kwaloo nyanga kuhlanganiswe isembozo sekhephu. Inyanga ebanda kakhulu ngoJanuwari, i-thermometer ngokuqhelekileyo ngeli xesha lihla ukuya kuma-10 degrees.

Izimo zemozulu ezithandekayo eziqhelekileyo kwibhanti eliqhelekileyo laseRashiya zakhokelela ekubeni abantu behlala behlala apha. Ummandla weNgingqi yaseTula ulungelelaniswe nesimo sezulu kwaye ufumene ukhululekile wokuphila. Ayikho iqhwa elivuthayo kunye nokushisa okukhulu, ilanga likhanya rhoqo. Zonke ezi ziphumo ezintle kwisivuno sezolimo. Iimveliso, kunye nama-mushroom kunye namajikijolo, atyebileyo emahlathini asekuhlaleni.

Imbali yokuhlaliswa kommandla

Abantu bokuqala beza kula mazwe iminyaka eyi-12 eyadlulayo. Apha, afunyanwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo iindawo zokupaka abantu basePalaolithic, Mesolithic neNeolithic. Apha abaphambukeli bevela kumlambo woMlambo waseDana bahlala, inzala yeBalts neVaatichi.

Iingcali zenzululwazi zibuza umbuzo, yintoni ummandla weNgingqi yeTula uthathwa njengomthonyama? Imveli yemveli iye yamkelwa kukuba ininzi yabemi bevela kwizizwe zokuqala zesiSlovka, ezinye izizwe zifana nolunye uhlobo lwentlanga.

I-Vyatiki yayinyamezela kwaye yayinabantu abanobuchule, babekho abanezakhono kwi-metallurgy, kwezolimo, ekutheni. Kwakudingeka bahlawule i-Khazars, iinkosana zaseKiev, ukuze zingabikho. Kodwa ngezihlandlo, emva koko, ukuhlaselwa kwenzeke, ukukhusela kwakhiwa yinqaba yedolophu yaseDedoslavl, ngoko ke iBelev eneenqaba ezinkulu ze-oak, ngoko i-Novosil, iTula no-Aleksin bavela. Zonke ezi ziindawo ezinkulu kunye ezinamandla. Zikhankanywe ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngabahlukahlukeneyo bemihla ngemihla.

Ngowe-1380 kwintsimi yommandla kukho inqaba eyaziwayo yaseKukokovo, emva koko ukuhlanganiswa kwamazwe aseRashiya eMoscow kuqala. Ummandla weTula uba ngummandla obalulekileyo wokukhusela kwimida esemzantsi yoMbuso waseMoscow.

Ngenkulungwane ye-17 ukuphuhliswa kwamashishini kumazwe aseTula kuqala, ii-workshops ezinamandla zakhiwe apha, apho izixhobo eziphakamileyo zenziwa kwi-Russian army. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 lePhondo laseTula ladalwa, iqala ukuqhuma kwemboni, eyadla ngokuphazamiseka amancinci de kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.

Kwixesha lamaSoviet, ummandla weTula wawuyindawo eqhelekileyo kodwa ebalulekileyo. Amashishini, ezolimo zikhulayo ngoku, i-deposit deposits iphuhliswa. Kwixesha le-post-Soviet, ummandla uqala ukuphuhlisa icandelo lezokhenketho, kwaye nakhona kukho amashishini amaninzi anika ukuzinza koqoqosho oluhambelana nommandla.

Ukuxhamla kwabantu

Ukususela ngo-1897, ukubeka esweni rhoqo inani labahlali kuloo mmandla. Kwaye kwahlala abantu abayizigidi eziyi-1.4. Ngaphambi kwe-perestroika ekhulwini lama-20, ummandla wawukhula ngokukhawuleza, nangona kungenanqanaba elingabalulekanga. Kwaye ukususela ekupheleni kweminyaka eyi-80 ukuhla kweqile kuqala. Ngoko, ngowe-1978 kuloo mmandla kukho abantu abayi-1.906 yezigidi, kwaye ngo-2000 - sele i-1.743 yezigidi. Kwaye ukunyuka kwemali kuyaqhubeka nanamhla.

Namhlanje, abemi beNgingqi yeTula ngabantu abayi-1,506 yezigidi. Inkqubo "yenkunzi yamanina", ebonisa ukuphumelela okukhulu, ayizange incede ukuba iphume kwintsimi ekuthiwa yiyo ndawo. Kodwa ezinye iimeko ezininzi zikhokelela ekubeni ummandla uphuma. Imeko yentlekele iya kugcinwa ngukufika kwabafundi abahamba ngonyaka, ikakhulukazi abahlali bamazwe aseCIS. Unyaka ngamnye phantse abantu abayi-3 000 beza kummandla. Bangaphi abantu abasemaphandleni aseTula baya kuba kwixesha elizayo, namhlanje iingcali azilungele ukuphendula, kodwa ulawulo luba neengxaki ezifuneka ziqwalaselwe ukuze ingapheli ngokupheleleyo.

Ulwahlulo lolawulo nokusabalaliswa kwabantu

Namhlanje, ubuninzi bomlinganiselo wabantu beNgingqi yeTula ngabantu abangama-58.6 kumitha nganye. Km. Nangona kunjalo, kukho inzuzo ecacileyo kwintlupheko phakathi kweedolophu nakwiindawo ezisemaphandleni. Kule minyaka engama-50 edlulileyo, inani labahlali basezidolophini lenyuke ngo-20%. Namhlanje, abantu abayizigidi ezi-1.2 bahlala kwizixeko, oko kukuthi, malunga nama-80% kubo bonke abahlali basemadolophini. Iidoloji zichitha kwaye zifa. Namhlanje isibalo sabemi besixeko saseTula sisasazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: indawo ephakamileyo yoluntu yiTula (abantu abangama-485 amawaka), ezinye iidolophu zincinci kwinani. I-Novomoskovsk - abantu abayizigidi ezili-126, i-Donskoy - abantu abangamawaka angama-64, uAleksin - abantu abangamawaka ama-58, iShekchekino - abantu abangamawaka ama-57, i-Ulovaya - 52,000 abantu. Zonke ezinye izixeko zincinci. Isixeko esincinane kunazo zonke sisiKekkalin (abantu abangu-965).

Iimpawu zobuntu

Ubemi beNgingqi yeTula bubonisa ukutyekela okucacileyo ukuguga. Ukukhula kunye nokufa kuhla, abantu baqala ukuhlala ixesha elincinane, ngokuphakathi ukuya kuma-69 iminyaka. Esi sibonakaliso esiphantsi kakhulu seRashiya, esibonisa imeko engalunganga kummandla.

Kulo mmandla, izinga lokuzibulala liphezulu, izinga lokufa kwiintsilelo zentlalo luphawulekayo. Isimo semvelo, esikuloo ndawo namhlanje asilungileyo, sichaphazela kakubi ixesha lokuphila. Umthwalo wabantu ngabantu abangama-773 abangenako ukusebenzela bonke abasebenzi basezinkulungwane (kwimimandla engqamene naloo manani ngabantu abangama-711).

Iimpawu zoluntu

Abemi abahlala kwingingqi yaseTula, ininzi yaseRashiya, malunga nama-95%. 1% yi-Ukrainians, amanye amaqela amele amelwa ngamaqela angaphantsi kwe-1%. Ulwimi oluphambili loqhagamshelwano lukwaseRashiya. Unqulo oluphambili lu-Orthodoxy.