John Keynes. "Umbono oqhelekileyo wengqesho, inzala nemali"

Ngowe-1936 Incwadi kaJohn Keynes ethi I-General General Theory of Employment, Inzala kunye neMali yapapashwa. Umbhali usichaze ngendlela yakhe into ephakamileyo ye-thesis malunga nokulawulwa komgaqo-mali wezoqoqosho.

Ummiselo wombuso uyimfuneko

Iingcamango ze-Keynes zibonisa ukuba uqoqosho lweemarike alinalo indlela yokubonelela ngokwemvelo yemisebenzi epheleleyo kunye nokuthintela ukuwa kwemveliso, kodwa urhulumente unyanzelekile ukulawula umsebenzi kunye nesigxina semfuno.

Into ekhethekileyo yale ngcamango yayikuhlalutyo kweengxaki eziqhelekileyo ekusebenziseni bonke ubutyebi-bucala, utyalo-mali, iindleko zelizwe, oko kukuthi, izinto eziqinisekisa ukuphumelela kwemfuno ebanzi.

Phakathi kwekhulu lemashumi mabini, indlela yokuKnnesiya yayisetyenziswa ngamazwe amaninzi eYurophu ukuba afanele ukulinganisa imigaqo-nkqubo yazo yezoqoqosho. Isiphumo sasikukhawuleza ukukhula koqoqosho. Ngeengxaki ze-70-80-ies. Inkcazo yeClénesiya yagxeka, kwaye ukhetho lwalukhe lwafunyanwa kwiingcamango ze-nonoliberal ezizibiza ngokuba ngumgaqo-nkqubo ongenasiphakamiso karhulumente kwizoqoqosho.

Umxholo Wembali

Incwadi ye-Keynes ibonakalise ukuqala kwe "Keynesianism," imfundiso eyabangela uqoqosho lweNtshona kwiinkathazo ezinzima, ichaza izizathu zokunciphisa umveliso kwiminyaka ye-1930 kunye nokuvakalisa iindlela zokukhusela kwixesha elizayo.

UJohn Keynes, uqoqosho ngoqeqesho, wayebe ngumqeshwa weSebe leMveli, iKomishoni yezeMali kunye neMali, kwaye wakhonza kwiSebe lezeMali. Oku kuye kwamnceda ukuba acinge kwakhona ngengcamango ye-neoclassical yezoqoqosho kunye nokudala iziseko zenye entsha.

Inyaniso yokuba uJohn Keynes no- Alfred Marshall , umsunguli we-neoclassical theory, bawela kwiCambridge Royal College bathetha. I-Keynes - njengomfundi, kunye noMarshall - inxaxheba yotitshala oxabisa ubuchule bomfundi wakhe.

Ngomsebenzi wakhe u-Keynes ulungelelanisa umgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho.

Ngaphambi koko, i-theory yezoqoqosho yayisombulule iingxaki zezoqoqosho ngeendlela eziphambili ze-microeconomic. Uhlalutyo lwalulinganiselwe kummandla woshishino, kunye nemisebenzi yalo ukunciphisa iindleko kunye nokwandisa inzuzo. Iingqinisiso ze-Keynes ziqinisekisile ukulawulwa koqoqosho ngokubanzi, oku kuthetha ukuthatha inxaxheba karhulumente kwintlalo kazwelonke.

Indlela entsha yokulwa neengxaki

Ekuqaleni komsebenzi J. Keynes ugxeka izigqibo kunye neengxabano zeengcamango zanamhlanje, ngokusekelwe kumthetho we-Market. Umthetho uqulethe ukuthengiswa ngumvelisi weempahla zakhe ngokuthengwa kwesinye. Umthengisi uphenduka waba ngumthengi, isibonelelo sikhiqiza umfuno, kwaye oku kwenza ukuba kungabikho ngaphezu kweproduction. Mhlawumbi nje ngokukhawuleza kwatyhila ukukhutshwa kwempahla ethile kwezinye izinto kumacandelo ambalwa. J. Keynes ukhankanya ukuba, ngaphezu kwe-exchange exchange, kukho utshintsho lwemali. Ukugcina imali kuzalisekisa umsebenzi wokuqokelela, ukunciphisa imfuno kunye nokukhokelela ekuveleni kwezinto ezininzi.

Ngokuchasene nezoqoqosho zithatha ingqalelo ukuba umbandela weemfuno ungabalulekanga kwaye unyanzelekile, i-Keynes yenze isiseko esicwangcisiweyo sokuhlalutya kwe-macroeconomic. Ingcamango ye-Keynes ithi: imfuno ixhomekeke ngqo kwingqesho.

Ngqesho

Iingcamango ze-Doque zibheke ukungaqeshwa kwiintlobo ezimbini: ukutshatyalaliswa - isiphumo sabasebenzi abangafundanga malunga nokuba khona kwemisebenzi, ukungabikho komnqweno wokufuduka, kunye nokuzithandela-ngenxa yokungabi nokuzimisela ukusebenzela umsebenzi ohambelanayo wokuhlawula umsebenzi apho "intlungu" yomsebenzi idlula umvuzo. I-Keynes ibonisa igama elithi "ukunganyanzelekanga kwemisebenzi".

Ngokweengcamango ze-neoclassical, ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kuxhomekeke kwimveliso engaphantsi kwemisebenzi, kunye nomthwalo wayo "umthwalo" osemgangathweni, ohambelana nomvuzo ochaza umsebenzi. Ukuba abafaki zicelo bavumelana nomvuzo ophantsi, ke umsebenzi uya kunyuka. Isiphumo salokhu kukuxhomekeka komsebenzi kwabasebenzi.

Ziziphi iingcinga kule ngxelo kuJohn Maynard Keynes? Imfundiso yakhe iyayiphika le nto. Ingqesho evela kumqeshwa ayixhomekeki, inqunywa ngenguqu kwiimfuno ezifanelekileyo, ezilinganayo nokusetyenziswa kwexesha elizayo kunye notyalo-mali. Imfuno ichaphazelekayo ngenzuzo ekulindelekileyo. Ngamanye amazwi, ingxaki yokungasebenzi ihlobene nokushishino kunye neenjongo zayo.

Ukungasebenzi kunye neemfuno

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lokugqibela, ukungabikho kwemisebenzi e-United States kwafikelela kuma-25%. Oku kuchaza ukuba kutheni i-theory yezoqoqosho kaJohn Keynes ibeka kwindawo. I-Keynes ibonisa ukufana phakathi komsebenzi kunye neengxaki zexabiso elibanzi.

Inqanaba lemali engenayo linquma ukusebenzisa. Ukusetyenziswa okwaneleyo kubangela ukuhla kwezemisebenzi. UJohn Keynes uchaza oku ngokuthi "umthetho wengqondo": ukukhula kwengeniso kukhokelela ekunyuseni kokusetyenziswa kwenzalo yokukhula kwayo. Elinye inxalenye iqokelela. Ukwandisa ingeniso kunciphisa umonakalo wokutya, kunye nokuqokelela - ukwanda.

Umlinganiselo wokukhula kokusetyenziswa kwamanzi dC kunye ne-dS ukugcina ukwandisa kwimali engenayo. I-Keynes ibiza umnqweno omncinane wokutya kunye nokuqokelela:

• MPC = dC / dY;
• MPS = dS / dY.

Ukunciphisa ukufunwa kwabathengi kuyacinywa ngokunyuka kwindleko yotyalo-mali. Ngaphandle koko, ingqesho kunye nezinga lokukhula kwenzuzo yelizwe.

Utyalo mali

Ukukhula kweengxowa-mali eziyinkunzi yisona sizathu esibalulekileyo sokufuna imfuno, ukunciphisa ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kunye nokunyuswa kwemali yoluntu. Ngoko ke, inani elikhulayo lokulondoloza kufuneka lihlawulwe ngenxa yokunyuka kwemfuno yokutyalomali-mali.

Ukuqinisekisa utyalo-mali, kufuneka uguqulele kuzo imali. Ngako oko i-formula yeCennesia: utyalo-mali lwangaphakathi lulingana nokuqokelela (I = S). Kodwa ngokwenene oku akubonwanga. J. Keynes uthi ukulondoloza akuvumelekanga ukuhambelana notyalo-mali, kuba kuxhomekeka kwimali engenayo, utsalo-mali - kwinqanaba lomdla, inzuzo, irhafu, ingozi, ukudibanisa.

Inzala yomdla

Umbhali ubhala malunga nengeniso ebonakalayo evela kutyalo-mali obuninzi, ukusebenza kakuhle kwayo (dP / dI, apho iP ingeniso, ndinotyalo-mali) kunye nenzala. Abatyalomali batyala imali, ngelixa ulungelelaniso oluphantsi kwexabiso lokutyalomali lidlula inzala. Ukulingana kwenzuzo kunye nomyinge wenzalo kuya kubalahla abatyalo-mali bemali engenayo kunye nokunciphisa imfuno yotyalo-mali.

Umyinge wenzala uhambelana nomda we-profitability of investment capital. I-low down the norm, enkulu utyalo-mali.

Ngokutsho kwe-Keynes, ukugcinwa kwenziwa emva kokwaneliseka kweemfuno, ngoko ukwanda kwenzalo akukho ekunyuseni. Inzala yintengo yokungabikho kwamanzi. Kule ngqiqo, uJohn Keynes uvela kwisiseko somthetho wakhe wesibini: ukulungelelanisa ukuthengiswa kwempahla kufakwe ngumnqweno wokuba nekhono lokuguqula imali ibe ngutyalo-mali.

Ukutshatyalaliswa kwemarike yemali kwandisa ukwenzela ukuthengiswa kwempahla, okunokubanjelwa ipesenti enkulu. Ukuzinza kwemarike yemali, ngokuchaseneyo, kunciphisa lo mnqweno kunye nomyinge wenzala.

Isantya somdla sibonwa yi-Keynes njengomlamli wefuthe lemali kwingeniso kawonkewonke.

Ukwanda kwenani lemali kuphakamisa ukunikezelwa kwamanzi, amandla abo okuthenga ayancipha , ukuqokelela kungabonakali. Isantya somdla siyahla, kwaye utyalo-mali lukhula.

UJohn Keynes ukhuthaza ukuhla kwe-interest injecting savings into the needs of production and increasing the supply of money in circulation. Ngenxa yoko ingcamango yokunqongophala kwezimali, oku kuthetha ukusetyenziswa kwexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso njengendlela yokugcina umsebenzi wezoshishino.

Ukunciphisa izinga lomdla

Umbhali uphakamisa ukwandisa utyalo-mali ngokusebenzisa umgaqo-mali-mali kunye nomgaqo-mali.

Umgaqo-mali wemali kukunciphisa izinga lomyinge. Oku kuya kunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kotyalo-mali, okwenza kube lula ngakumbi. Urhulumente kufuneka akhululwe imali eninzi njengoko kufuneka ukunciphisa inzala.

Emva koko uYohn Keynes uya kufikelela kwisigqibo malunga nokungaphumeleli kwalo mgaqo kwiinkathazo zemveliso - utyalo-mali aluphenduli ukuwa kwinqanaba lomdla.

Ukuhlaziywa kobuchule obuncitshisiweyo kwingxowa-mali kulo mjikelezo kwenza ukuba kulungelelaniswe nokuvavanya iingeniso ezizayo kwi-capital and trust among entrepreneurs. Ukubuyiselwa kwezithemba ngokunciphisa umlinganiselo wenzalo akunakwenzeka. Ngokutsho kukaJohn Keynes, uqoqosho luya kufumana "umgibe omanzi", xa ukukhula kwemali kungabinciphisi umlinganiselo wenzala.

Umgaqo-mali

Enye indlela yokwandisa utyalo- mali ngumgaqo-bhajethi, oquka ukwandisa inkxaso-mali yabanini-mali ngokuxhomekeka kwemali-mali, kuba utyalo-mali lwabiwo-mali ngexesha loxinzelelo luyancitshiswa kakhulu ngenxa yokungathembeki kwabathengi.

Impumelelo yomgaqo-nkqubo wezohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kukukhula kweemfuno eziyimfuneko, nangona kungenasiphelo kunye nenkunkuma yemali. Inkcitho yelizwe, engabangela ukwanda kwonikezelo lweempahla, kwintlupheko yokuchithwa kwempahla engundoqo.

Ukwandisa umthamo wemithombo yolondolozo lwabiwo-mali, umbutho wokuthengwa kweempahla zentengiso kufuneka uluntu, nangona ngokubanzi i-Keynes ayifuni ukunyusa utyalo-mali lwarhulumente, kodwa ekutyala imali kurhulumente kwi-capex yangoku.

Kwakhona, into ebalulekileyo ekuzinziseni inkathazo yokunyusa ngokweqile ukunyuka kokusetyenziswa ngabasebenzi baseburhulumenteni, umsebenzi womphakathi, ukusasazwa kwemali kumaqela anokusetyenziswa kakhulu: abasebenzi basebenzi, abahlwempuzekileyo, ngokutsho komthetho "wengqondo" wokunyuka kokusetyenziswa kunye nomvuzo ophantsi.

Impembelelo yokuphindaphinda

KwiSahluko 10, imfundiso ye-Canna yokwandisa ikhula njengoko isetyenziselwa ukuxhamla.

Ingeniso yesizwe ngokuthe ngqo kuxhomekeke kutyalo-mali, kwaye kwimiqulu ephakamileyo kakhulu kunelo, okubangelwa yimpembelelo yokuphindaphinda. Utyalo-mali ekwandiseni imveliso yoshishino elinye linomphumo ofanayo kumashishini athile, njengokuba ilitye lenza ujikelezo lwamanzi. Ukutshala imali kwezoqoqosho kukhulisa imali kunye nokunciphisa ukungasebenzi.

Urhulumente kwiinkathazo kufuneka uhlawule ukwakhiwa kwamamamitha kunye nokwakhiwa kwendlela, okuya kuqinisekisa ukuphuhliswa kwemimandla ephathelele kwimveliso kunye nokwandisa ukufunwa kwabathengi kunye nemfuneko yokutyalomali. Ingqesho kunye ne ngeniso iya kwanda.

Ekubeni imvuzo iqokelelwa ngokukhawuleza, ngoko u-animation yayo inomda. Ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kukunciphisa utyalo-mali-isizathu esona sizathu sopopasho. Ngenxa yoko, umphindiseli ulingana ngokuthe ngqo kummandla ophantsi wokugcina i-MPS:

• M = 1 / MPS.

Utshintsho kwi-DY yengeniso ukusuka kwenyusa utyalo-mali lugqithile ngaphezu kwezikhathi:

• DY = M dI;
• M = dY / dI.

Ukwanda kwentlalo yengeniso kuxhomekeke kumthamo wokukhula kokutya - ukuxhamla komda wokutya.

Ukuphunyezwa

Le ncwadi yathonya ngokuqinisekileyo ukwakheka kwendlela yokulawula uqoqosho ukukhusela ingxaki.

Kwaye kwacaca ukuba imarike ayikwazi ukubonelela ngqesho, kwaye ukukhula koqoqosho kubonakala ngenxa yokuthatha inxaxheba kwimeko kuyo.

Inyiyo kaJohn Keynes inamalungiselelo alandelayo:

• Indlela yezoqoqosho;
• Ukulungiswa kwempembelelo yesimo sokungabikho kwemisebenzi kunye nengeniso;
• Uhlalutyo lwefuthe lemigaqo-mali yezemali kunye nemali ekunyuseni utyalo-mali;
• Ukwandisa ukukhula kwemali.

Iingcamango ze-Keynes zaqalwa kuqala nguMongameli Roosevelt ngo-1933-1941. Inkqubo yenkontileka yomgaqo-nkqubo iye yahambisa isahlulo sesithathu sebhajethi yelizwe ukususela kuma-1970.

Amazwe amaninzi ehlabathi asebenzisa izixhobo zemali kunye nezemali ukulawula umfuno ukwenzela ukunciphisa ukutshintsha kwezinto ezikhoyo kwezoqoqosho. I-Keynesianism iye yasasazeka kwiinkonzo zempilo, imfundo, kunye nezobukhosi.

Ngokwegunya lolawulo lolawulo, amazwe aseNtshona aqinisa intsebenziswano yamagosa adibeneyo kunye namabhunga olawulo, achazwe ngokwanda kwenani labasebenzi baseburhulumenteni kunye namaziko karhulumente.