ITurkmenistan: umgangatho wokuphila. ETurkmenistan ngamehlo angaphandle

I-Turkmenistan yilizwe elise-90 leminyaka ye-20 leminyaka, emva kokuwa kweManyano, yahamba ngendlela enzima. Okokuqala kwakukho intshabalalo, emva kwexesha lokubunjwa ngokuthe gqolo. I-Turkmenistan, eyona mivuzo yokuphila yayisifune into engcono, yaqala ukuhlakulela ngokuzithemba. Abantu badlala indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo. Enye yeeriphablikhi zokuqala yamkela iSibhengezo soBukhosi. Ngo-1995, eli lizwe lalingathathi hlangothi.

Inkqubo enzima yokwenza

Iminyaka elishumi yokuqala yokuhlala ngokuzimeleyo kweTurkmenistan idlulele kwiinkqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokutshatyalaliswa kwendlela yokuphila ekhoyo kweli xesha.

Zonke ezi zinto zimbi zihambelana nokungabikho kophuhliso loqoqosho oluhambisane nokunyanzeliswa kwamashishini amashishini, izixhobo zokukhusela kunye nezixhobo zamandla. Ubomi eTurkmenistan ngeli xesha kwakunzima ukunikezelwa kwamandla kunye nepropati, ihamba kunye neziganeko ezigazini kunye neentlanzi.

Izinto ezibangela ukuphuhlisa uqoqosho

I-Turkmenistan, inqanaba layo lokuphila liye landa kakhulu ngenxa yokunyamezela nokukhuthaza kwabantu, iye yakwazi ukuyeka iinkqubo ezibhubisayo kwizoqoqosho.

ITurkmenistan yindawo enesipiliyoni. Iimpawu zayo eziphambili yimozulu eshushu kwaye ifudumala, idizithi yegesi kunye neoli. Eli lizwe libonakaliswe luhlobo oluvaliweyo lwezoqoqosho, lubonakaliswe ukuba utyalo-mali lwangaphandle luyakhangwa kuphela kwiifomiti ezinzima. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iTurkmenistan iyindawo evuliwe, ayikwazi ukufikelela elwandle, kwaye ijikelezwe ngamazwe apho imeko yezopolitiko yenza ukuba kunzima ukwandisa iipayipi zegesi. Kwaye, ke, abantu abanetalente, eMpuma, abanomdla kwimigangatho yezopolitiko, kodwa bayayiqonda into enayo.

Ezi zinto zanikezela ekubuyiseni kwezoqoqosho zelizwe, oku:

• Icandelo lezolimo zanamhlanje lingenisa ngonyaka malunga nezigidi ezimbini zeengqolowa kunye nomlinganiselo ofanayo wekotoni;
• Ukulinganisa imboni yokucwangcisa kunye nezityalo ezintsha zokucoca ukotini oluhlaza okanye i-beet beet;
• Kwimashishini ekukhanyayo kwakukho iifriji ezintsha zeedinim kunye neepotton;
• Ukusuka kwioli yeTurkmen kwiindawo zokucoca iioli zanamhla, ii-oyile kunye ne-octane ephezulu iveliswa;
• Ngenxa yokunikezelwa kwegesi yendalo kunye neoli ngokwemveliso yokukhupha, isidingo seTurkmenistan sezinto eziphathekayo zamandla zihlanganiswe ngokupheleleyo.

ETurkmenistan ngamehlo angaphandle

Indoda esele ihambe ixesha elithile kweli lizwe, ixabela phantse yonke into eTurkmenistan. Ngoko, ngejubane elikhulu, indawo, izakhiwo kunye neziseko zelizwe ngokubanzi kunye nezixeko zawo ziguqulwa. Isantya sefantrakthi sokwakha izakhiwo ezitsha eziphakamileyo, izibhedlele zokubhukuda, izibhedlele, izithuthi, iihholo zekonsathi, iinkundla zentenethi, amaziko oshishino, amahotele, amanqanaba emidlalo, kunye neenqwelomoya ezintle zeAargabat zeemabula kunye neglasi.

Uqoqosho lweTurkmenistan

I-Turkmenistan yanamhlanje, iimeko zokuphila ziphuculwe kakhulu, zibonakaliswa ukuzola kwezopolitiko nokuzinza. Intengo ephakamileyo yophuhliso loqoqosho igalelo ekudalweni kwemozulu yotyalo-mali. Ngenxa yoko, utyalo-mali ekuphuhliseni iTurkmenistan ngeenkampani zokwakha zehlabathi.

Uqoqosho lweTurkmenistan luphuhliswa ngempumelelo ngenxa yokutyalomali-mali obalulekileyo lwabatyalomali basemzini kwiimveliso zamandla kunye nezemigodi.

Ngethuba elincinane, eli lizwe liye lavela kwisiseko sobonelelo kwilizwe elikhulayo ngokukhawuleza. Uqoqosho lwangoku lweTurkmenistan luqinisekisa ubungqina balo. Lo mmandla ulangazela ngokuzola kwawo ezitratweni kunye nezinguqu zangaphandle ezixhamlekileyo.

Namhlanje, iTurkmenistan (umgangatho wokuphila kwabantu) uqala phakathi kwamazwe ase-Asia ephakathi kunye neCIS. Abemi banethuba lokusebenzisa mahhala izibonelelo zendalo: ityuwa, igesi, amanzi kunye nokukhanya. Kwinqanaba elaneleyo, ukuhanjiswa komoya phakathi kwemizi yaseTurkmenistan kuphuhlisiwe.

Iziphumo eziphambili zezoqoqosho

I-International Monetary Fund ngo-2015 iqikelela ukuhla kwe-GDP ukukhula ku-9% (olu lwazi lufumaneka kwiwebhusayithi esemthethweni ye-IMF).

Njengoko kuboniswe kule nkcazo yokushicilela, ngo-2014 iTurkmenistan ibhalwe ngokukhula kwe-GDP ye-10.3%. Ngelo xesha, uqoqosho lombuso lwaluhlala luzinzileyo kwiintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo kwiimarike zengingqi. Ubomi obunjalo eTurkmenistan bwenzeka ngenxa yokuthunyelwa ngokuthe ngqo kwemithombo ye-hydrocarbon kunye notyalo-mali lwabantu.

Ukuncipha okulindelekileyo kwi-GDP kulo nyaka ngokubhekiselele kwi-IMF kuya kwenzeka ngenxa yokuncipha kwinqanaba lemali evela ekuthekelweni kwegesi yendalo, kunye nokunciphisa utyalo-mali olusondeleyo kwi-GDP.

Nangona ukuhla kwehla kwexabiso likazwelonke, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okulindelekileyo ekupheleni konyaka kuya kuba malunga no-6.5% (isalathisi esiphezulu seTurkmenistan i-7.5%). Imeko enjalo iya kuba yinto enokwenzeka ngenxa yokuwa kweendleko zokutya kwihlabathi kunye nokwazisa kwidola.

Ubomi kwiTurkmenistan kwezinye iiSizwe

Ubalo lwa-2003 lubonise ukuba iTurkmens yakha i-85% kuphela yabemi belizwe, i-15% eseleyo ngabameli bezinye iintlanga.

Makhe sicinge ngobomi baseRussia eTurkmenistan. Ngoko ke, yonke loo nyaka ka-2003, isivumelwano sisayinwe phakathi kweMoscow kunye no-Ashgabat, ngoko iGazprom yaqala ukuthenga igesi yendalo evela eTurkmenneftegaz ngaphambi kowe-2028. Nangona kunjalo, unyaka omnye kuTurkmenistan ubalulekile ekupheleni kweSivumelwano sika-1993, phantsi kwaloo mqathango owanikiweyo owenziwe unilaterally ithuba lokuba ngabemi bobabini. Nangona kunjalo, u-ambassy waseRashiya usakhupha iipasipoti zaseRussia kwaye kamva ngo-2003, echaza oku ngokungabikho kokuvunyeliswa kwalo mgaqo wepalamente yaseRashiya.

Ngo-2013, imeko yanda ngakumbi, kuba phantsi kweengxelo zokuguqula iipasipoti ezindala zamagunya amatsha eTurkmen, "ziphindwe kabini" zacelwa ukuba zishiye abanye abemi, ngaphandle kweTurkmen. Le ngxaki ayilungiselelwanga nanamhla.

Umgangatho wokuhlala eTurkmenistan namhlanje

Umgangatho wobomi banamhlanje kwimeko echaphazelekayo uye wanda kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kwaye oku kuqinisekiswa ngokuhlalutya kwesi sixeko kumzekelo we-capital-Ashgabat. Ngaloo ndlela, impendulo kumbuzo othi "Ngaba kulula ukuhlala eTurkmenistan?" Ngaba ukwanda kwenani leemoto zangaphandle kwiindlela, kunye neefowuni ezibiza ngeendleko ezivela kubahlali.

Kubantu abaqhelekileyo, ezo ngxabano zingabonakala zingenangqondo. Nangona kunjalo, i-economists ithi inokuthi ukuphucula inhlalakahle yabemi nayiphi na imeko inokuthi yenzeke kuphela ngokukhula kwe-GDP, ukwanda kwenani lentlawulo. Kule meko, umntu oqhelekileyo kuphela ugxininise kwixabiso lemikhiqizo esesitheleni. Ngokusekelwe kwezi zixhobo, sinokuthi umgangatho osemgangathweni wokuphila kwabantu baseTurkmenistan uye waphakama.

Eziphambili ekuphuhlisweni

Ukuqhubela phambili ukuphucula umgangatho wokuhlala eTurkmenistan, kufuneka kubekho iziqinisekiso ezizinzileyo zentlalo kubemi, okuyisiseko sokuphuhliswa kwemisebenzi yezoqoqosho, kunye neendlela zobunini. Ukuguqulwa kwenkqubo yebhanki, yemali kunye nemali kaRhulumente kufuneka iqhubeke, iimeko ezifanelekileyo kakhulu zokukhuselwa kunye nenkxaso yoluntu yabantu zidalwa.

Inkulungwane yokuqala yokuqala yekhulu lama-XXI ukuqinisekisa ukuba uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho nentlalo yelizwe luyimfuneko ngenxa yokuphucula umthetho, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwezindlela ezintsha ngokutsha kumgaqo wezomthetho kwezobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho. Ngoko ke, imisebenzi yemithetho kufuneka iqhutywe kule mimandla elandelayo.

Ukuphuculwa kwesakhelo solawulo

Olu lukhokelo lokuqala olufanele luqinise kwaye luphuhlise uqoqosho lwentengiso. Esinye sezikhokelo eziphambili zokugqitywa kwebhloko loqoqosho kwakukuphuhliswa komthetho omtsha, owamisela isiseko somthetho sokuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi yorhwebo. Le meko kuyimfuneko yenkqubo elandelayo yomthetho yeenkqubo zokudala nokusebenza kwamashishini. Indawo ebalulekileyo phakathi kwabo ibanjwe ngamashishini.

Umthetho werhafu, iimali kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali

Esi sihlandlo sesibini sokuphucula isakhelo solawulo. Isakhelo somthetho sanamhlanje siyahlukahluka kunye nesiseko esithile, kunye nokulawula ubudlelwane kwinkqubo yezemali yelizwe lonke. Ingqwalasela yale nkqubo ifanele ibe kukuphucula ukusetyenziswa kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali njengombutho we-macroeconomic wokulawula lonke uqoqosho lwelizwe.

Impumelelo yomgaqo-nkqubo wezohlahlo lwabiwo-mali ixhomekeke ngqo kwinkqubo yerhafu karhulumente. Umgaqo oyintloko womsebenzi wezomthetho ulungelelaniso lwentlawulo yolawulo lwentlawulo kunye nolwasemthethweni oluseTurkmenistan okwangoku. Ubomi bezesayensi kule nto lunokuphucula ngokubanzi imeko yomthetho. Ngaloo ndlela, ngokusekelwe kwisifundo ngokuchanekileyo kwerhafu eyahlukeneyo kunye nemirhumo, kwakunye neendlela kunye neefom ukuqinisekisa ukuhlawula kwabo kwisabelomali, inkqubo ehlangeneyo yokwakheka, ukuqokelela kunye nokuvunyelwa kwazo zonke iintlawulo eziphosakeleyo kufuneka zenziwe kwaye zenziwe ngokomthetho.

Umgaqo wocandelo loqoqosho ngamnye

Esi sikhokelo sibaluleke kakhulu sesithathu kwaye kufuneka sikhuthaze umgaqo-mthetho wemisebenzi eyenziwa kwamashishini athile abamba enye yezona ndawo eziphambili kulo lonke uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho lweTurkmenistan.

Ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwentlalo kunye noqoqosho kunye nokulungiswa, uphuhliso olunzulu luya kufumaneka kumacandelo oqoqosho njengentsebenziswano yezolimo, i-fuel kunye namandla kunye nokwakhiwa. Akunakwenzeka kulo mzekelo ukulibala ngoshishino lwezombatho, ushishino lokwakha, uthutho kunye noqhagamshelwano.

Ukuqulunqwa kwezinto eziphathiswayo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iTurkmenistan yakwazi ukunqoba ubunzima obuvela emva kokuwa kweManyano, kwaye kungekhona nje ukulwa neengxaki, kodwa nokuthatha indlela yokuphuhliswa koqoqosho.