Umfanekiso - ntoni na? Famous imikrolo

Ukulwela ukuba ubuhle, ochazwa art - kuba mhlawumbi yeyona nto iyayahlula ndoda isilwanyana. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, abantu bazama ukwenza into entle, phakathi ngokuzingela basinde deducing iipateni ezindongeni ze emqolombeni yakhe. Kuphuhliso loluntu kunye iphuhlise zobugcisa ukuthabathele iintlobo ezintsha ngakumbi nangakumbi. Enye iindidi zobugcisa ecikizekileyo imikrolo. Yintoni Umfanekiso yaye yintoni zikhona iintlobo yawo - uya kuthi kweli nqaku.

Eyona yenjongosenzi sculpture - umntu, nokuba lithe kwakhona ebonisa izilwanyana, okanye naziphi na ezinye izinto. Kuxhomekeka kwindlela asetyenziswa yintoni eziphathekayo, mazikhethwe neendlela zazo ahambelana zonyango. Oku isithsaba, elibenze, bexhentsa okanye ezikhupha.

Ngaphambi kokuba sixubushe nayiphi na ingcamango, kufuneka ayinike inkcazelo ethile. Yintoni Umfanekiso yaye ziziphi iimpawu zayo? Ubunzima siyifumana yokuba impendulo elula lo mbuzo akulula kangako. Noko ke, simele sizame ukuqonda oko.

Ingcaciso: "Yintoni na sculpture?" Le ezahlukeneyo ongazikhetha

Nayiphi na ingcamango okanye isenzeko aphathwe ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Isizathu soku kukuba wonke umgxeki ujonge kwi ingxaki kwinkalo eyahlukileyo. Ngoko ke, ngamnye intsingiselo yayo "imikrolo". Yintoni imikrolo, inokufumaneka kwizichazi ezahlukeneyo.

Ngokutsho isichazi-magama explanatory akwaEfrayim, ukukrola yi art - ukwenza umthamo (incwadi) imifanekiso usebenzisa udini, ukusika okanye udini.

Xa magama explanatory ka Ushakov, ungafumana le nkcazo ilandelayo: "Umfanekiso yi-art - eyimveliso bulk okanye khaxa imifanekiso - eqingqiweyo, imikrolo, njl".

Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba zonke ziyavumelana ukuba sculpture - uhlobo olulodwa art. Kwaye ukuba kanakana ngokuqinisekileyo akukho mfuneko.

Umfanekiso. Yintoni Umfanekiso?

Igama elithi ngokwayo livela kwigama lesiLatini "Sculptura", nezwi bubonakala "sculpture" okanye "ngentambo." Kwenzeka ukuba, igama elithi "sculpture" isoloko isetyenziswa-ntonye segama elithi "imikrolo".

ichazwe kakuhle kakhulu kuyo, Sergei sana, artist abatsha abanetalente, "yi ariya iimvakalelo ezinxulumene ifomu." Isiseko nayiphi sculpture ukuba zifane imilo, ulwimi wamandulo efikelelekayo noluqondakalayo nakubani na.

History of imikrolo

Iingcambu yale fomu lobugcisa ebuyela kudala, ukuze ixesha Paleolithic, loo nto xa kukho imisebenzi yakhe. Umfanekiso ku kwifomu eqingqiweyo yabafazi kunye nezilwanyana ezahlukileyo ezifumaneka abakwindawo kweendawo paleolithic ezininzi eNtshona Yurophu - yokuqinisekisa ecacileyo. Xa Neolithic iindidi ezikhumbuzo oqingqiweyo wanda ngakumbi.

Kakade ke, lo aphuhlileyo kakhulu olu hlobo yobugcisa ngexesha yamandulo eGrisi. Loo Umfanekiso uye waba ngomnye iintlobo eziphambili yokuthetha-bulumko yamandulo yamaGrike, isiseko apho ubuntu bomntu - kakuhle uqhekeko ngokomoya nangokwenyama. imifanekiso abaninzi oothixo, amaqhawe wasentsomini namajoni babulawa iinkosi of Greece yamandulo, kuba lowo yaba Umfanekiso mayimncede ebomini. Yintoni Umfanekiso ekuqondeni iinkosi zamandulo zamaGrike? Kuba ngaphezu kwabo bonke bungqingqwa kunye plasticity kwiimo organic, ngokusekelwe iinkcukacha yokwakheka ngqo. Phakathi kwezi iinkosi ezinkulu of sculpture yamandulo Greek bungabonakala Phidias, Myron, Lysippus, Praxiteles kunye nezinye.

Umjikelo entsha yophuhliso lifumene Umfanekiso XV-XVI iinkulungwane, ngexesha Renaissance, leyo yayisekelwe kwizithethe zamandulo. Renaissance Umfanekiso liye laba kumbindi eItali, phakathi abakroli elikhulu ixesha - UMichelangelo, Donatello, Verrocchio kunye nezinye kwabayili.

ingqalelo Kuninzi nayo kuhlawulwa sculpture abaci Soviet. Iye yaba sisixhobo esiphumelelayo ezikhuthaza iingcinga socialism Soviet. Eyona iphambili sculpture eSoviet nako kuqwalaselwa monumentality yayo. tshe uyiNgangamsha, ezikhumbuzo omkhulu kunye amawaka amangcwaba iinkokeli zamaKomanisi ibingasishiyelanga ilifa elo Umfanekiso eSoviet.

Le Umfanekiso wangoku wendawo yangasemva hayi umfanekiso (injongo), kwaye ukhetho imibala, indlela yokwenza kunye nezinto. Loo umbala uba phantse main instrument zokuvakalisa ezobugcisa xa sculpture lwanamhlanje.

Eyona eziphambili ze eqingqiweyo

Iindidi eziphambili imikrolo zezi:

• Umfanekiso ngeenxa (okunene, imifanekiso kunye kwengeniso);
• isiqabu Umfanekiso (BAS and isiqabu phezulu);
• Umfanekiso esendlwini;
• Umfanekiso omkhulu.

Kwakhona wabalaselisa ezinye iintlobo ezithile art: yesikhumbuzo imikrolo, agciniweyo, umkhenkce, iipaki kunye nabanye. Ngu Umfanekiso Uhlobo umfanekiso, ikhaya, yimbali, yokomfuziselo.

Inkqubo yokuvelisa eqingqiweyo

Ukwenza imifanekiso - nzima umsebenzi, efuna izakhono ezithile kunye nokusebenza nzima. Wakuba sinengcamango yemisebenzi nomkroli, yena iqala nokwenziwa ngobuwena yayo kuncitshiswa-ubungakanani sebhodi. Kuphela xa layout ilungele ngokupheleleyo, uyakwazi ukuqhubeka ukuya imikrolo kakhulu.

Kuba befaka statues kufuneka iziseko kunye iintsimbi kulo. Emva koko, igcisa uqalisa yokugubungela kwisakhelo ngodongwe de de ufumana sculpture ukuba sisondele layout yayo imbonakalo. Kulo mzekelo, isebenzisa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo for modeling - watshisa izitha, kwakunye ngezandla zabo. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa izinto ukuxovwa rhoqo ngexesha ukulolonga kangangokuba waqalisa ukuzivula.

Xa igqityiwe ambumbe, nomkroli wenza umbono oluchanileyo ukudaleka material nzima ngaphezu ngodongwe. Emva koko, ngokusekelwe kubonakale, lo ukukrola singade siqabele nayiphi na enye into - rock, intsimbi okanye ubhedu. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba akukho namnye umsebenzi omkhulu oqingqiweyo ayikho ngaphandle pre-umqolo kunye nokuveliswa maka. Nakuba kwimbali eqingqiweyo bebeziingcibi owayesebenza ngqo kunye nezinto umthombo. Enye yezi yaba uMdali kunye uMichelangelo omkhulu.

Umfanekiso njengento parks njengezivatho

Olunye uhlobo sculpture kukho ipaki imikrolo, ogama izithethe zinembali ende. Kunzima ukucinga ipaki elihle okanye umyezo ngaphandle umhombiso oqingqiweyo. Eli siko iigadi kunye eqingqiweyo yasekwa amaGrike amandulo. Kunzima ukucinga gadi eRoma yamandulo ngaphandle eqingqiweyo ngumthi ochweliweyo woothixo, okanye amajoni akhaliphileyo.

Kwinkulungwane XVII iziko ukuba imveliso eqingqiweyo ze iipaka kunye neegadi baba Venice. batch yonke wathenga ukubaza vaaki izidwangube zakhe yangasese Austria, Poland naseRashiya. Park Umfanekiso ngelo xesha kwakukho into ebalulekileyo umhombiso St. Petersburg, ngubani ngenkuthalo yakhiwa. Le iinkosi ezigqamileyo yelo ingabizwa Pietro Baratta, ogama indalo lisekho kubonwa kwi-Garden Summer eSt Petersburg okanye Reserve Tsarskoye Selo.

Athandwa kwiipaki mihla athole-kuthiwa topiary sculpture - kukudala ezi yobuciko eziphilayo izityalo - imithi okanye amatyholo.

Ihlabathi kakhulu ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezingenamandla ze imikrolo

imifanekiso Famous zehlabathi yaphinda yathandwa ngenxa iimpawu zayo. Nathi sinishumayeza imifanekiso edume i ezintlanu kwihlabathi phezulu likaThixo.

1. Eyona idumileyo eqingqiweyo yamandulo - oqingqiweyo tempile wothixokazi Aphrodite, okwabizwa ngokuba Venera Milosskaya. Ihlelo oqingqiweyo ka emarmore wenziwe BC ngenkulungwane yesibini yaye wasinda kule mini. Namhlanje, lo ukukrola imitha-babini inokubonwa igalari akhethekileyo Louvre.

2. Umfanekiso iphezulu - oqingqiweyo Buddha Vairocana e China (kwiPhondo Henan). Ubude lilonke lesikhumbuzo - leemitha 158, umsebenzi wayo wokwakha sagqitywa ngowe-2002. Le Umfanekiso yenziwe elingqukuva ngobhedu, kwaye zizonke iindleko zeprojekthi yaba malunga $ 55 ezigidi.

3. Umfanekiso kunazo zonke - a eqingqiweyo Moai on Easter Island. Izazinzulu lubonisa ukuba mfanekiso - umsebenzi iinkosi of Polynesia yamandulo kunye ukufiphala yomhla nabo BC nenkulungwane yokuqala.

4. Umfanekiso kakhulu izwe - ihlabathi-edumileyo oqingqiweyo Liberty - uhlobo lwe uphawu yabantu America. Oku nowesibini liphezulu ehlabathini.

5. Eyona kakhulu sculpture zegolide - oqingqiweyo Buddha, ibekwe Thailand, Wat TRIME. Imitha ezintathu-Umfanekiso yahluke kuba yiyo yonke into eyenziwe ngegolide eqinileyo.