Umbuzo yokwakheka: yintoni izimbiwa bengafani ematyeni

Amaninzi ezincwadini ethandwayo zenzululwazi kukho ibinzana elithi "izimbiwa" yaye "iliwa". Abantu abangenazo zemfundo ezizodwa, musa ukwabelana la magama, ebona la mazwi phantse ntonye. Oku kuvele engalunganga. Makhe sibone ukuba yintoni izimbiwa zahlukile ezingxondorheni.

minerals

Ukuze ukucacisa umahluko phakathi izimbiwa eliweni, ukuma yendalo, cinga zonke iinkcukacha. Ngokutsho neemfuno umbutho mineralogical International ukuba izimbiwa ziquka eziqinileyo eqalisiweyo izibilini umhlaba okanye iindawo zalo ukuba umchiza ubume enye nesakhiwo crystalline.

Kodwa asingabo bonke izimbiwa ezifana ukuhlangabezana nkcazelo. Umzekelo, apho zikhona izinto kokuba imichiza nokwakheka efanayo kodwa ezizo crystal emkhusaneni, ekuthiwa-izimbiwa amorphous (yihakinto). Atom izakhiwo zikufutshane kakhulu omnye komnye yaye musa zenze inkqubo odolwe. Ngaloo umanyano phakathi atom ibingenamongo ngokwaneleyo. Isakhiwo onokufaniswa ngeglasi.

ngezigaba minerals

Izazinzulu zibalelwa 2500 izimbiwa, nto leyo kufuneka iintlobo zabo. Ngokutsho imichiza eyinxalenye, izimbiwa bohlulwa babe ngamaqela ezininzi:

• izinto Native - kweziyobisi akhazimlayo emkhusaneni esakhiwa kuphela imichiza element enye. Umzekelo, isalfure, igolide, platinum. Interesting nto: diamond kunye grafayithi - neetyuwa eziqulathe carbon kuphela, kodwa ukuba isakhiwo crystal eyahlukileyo. Kulo mzekelo, i nedayimani - umgangatho amandla kunye grafayithi, phezu koko, ezithambileyo kakhulu. Eli qela kuquka malunga 90 izimbiwa.
• Sulfides - minerals ogama ziikristale iqanjwa sulphur kunye zesinyithi okanye nonmetals. Umzekelo, galena, sphalerite. Interesting nyaniso: I pyrite bezimbiwa unalo igama yesibini "igolide yesidenge." Oku kungenxa yokuba kuthiwa pyrite ngombala kunye ebuntsimbi kukhanye ngathi metal elinqabileyo. Eli qela libandakanya izimbiwa malunga 200.
• Sulfates - iityuwa zendalo kwe-sulphuric acid. Umzekelo, barite, jarosite, gypsum, anhydrite. Interesting nto: barite - izimbiwa kuphela ukuba yokungenelela le X-reyi. Ngoko ke, izikrini kwigumbi X-ray kuquka izimbiwa kunye iindonga zizele barite ngodaka. Iqela kuquka malunga 260 izimbiwa.
• Halides - izimbiwa akhiwa indibanisela izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo imichiza kunye halogens. Umzekelo, fluorite, sylvite, halite. Interesting nto: uMlawuli waseRoma uNero ubuthathaka ngenxa fluorite, ukuthenga iimveliso ezenziwe kwalo imali eninzi. Eli qela libandakanya izimbiwa malunga ne-100.
• Phosphate - ityuwa endalo phosphoric acid. Umzekelo, vivianite, neengubo ezimfusa, apatite. Interesting nto: aluhlaza - itshe ozithandayo kakhulu namaPersi. Indleko kwezinye izinto kumaxesha 3-4 ngaphezu ixabiso yegolide. Xa iqela malunga 350 kwezimbiwa.
• Carbonates - zendalo ityiwa asidi. Umzekelo, calcite, dolomite, Magnesite. Interesting Inyaniso: kwiiAlps entabeni chain iquka uluhlu, ngokuba IDolomites, ngenxa iliwa iquka dolomite. Iintaba phantsi kwelanga babuyele pink.
• Oxides - izimbiwa, lisekwa iikhompawundi lwesinyithi kunye oxides. Hi xikombiso, Alexander, lenyengane, lube yihakinto. Interesting nyaniso: Ametrine yenye zazenziwe ehlabathini. osemqoka yalo ukuba inani lo ilitye elinqabileyo iyodwa, umzekelo nganye entsha eyahlukileyo kowangaphambili. Eli qela liye izimbiwa malunga 200.
• Silicates - iqela elikhulu yezimbiwa eziquka lesilicon, aluminiyam. Umzekelo, netopazi, plagioclase, yeNyoka. An into umdla kukuba ngaphambi kokuba kusungulwe phambi kwipleyiti yeglasi kufakwa iifestile kaMika.

Ngoku, ukuze ubone umahluko ngobuntshatsheli zamatye kunye neeminerali, sichaza ingqiqo yokuqala ebizwa.

rocks

izimbiwa kuqweqwe lomhlaba akafunyanwa iimeko ekwanti. Njengoko umthetho, phantsi kwempembelelo yeemeko zangaphandle, bona ziyadibana zenze rocks. Ngenxa yoko, izimbiwa ezahlukileyo iliwa ukuba i ibhloko zokwakha ezifunekayo. Kodwa asingabo bonke izimbiwa inxaxheba ekubunjweni zeengxondorha. Ngoko ke, oosonzululwazi uzahlule iliwa-yakheka (ikakhulu silicates) kwandiswe.

Ukwahlukanisa zeengxondorha

Sokuqondwa ngokucacileyo ngakumbi oko izimbiwa ezahlukileyo ezingxondorheni, sichaza lokusekwa yokugqibela. Izazi bahlule amaqela amathathu zeengxondorha kwi indlela imvelaphi yabo;

• Daka akhiwa effusion daka emhlabeni okanye yatyeba phezu komhlaba (mlilo). Bona iintlobo zaseprayimari, apho nesiphumo iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo ezahlukeneyo kwasekwa amaqela uhlobo ezimbini ezishiyekileyo. Umzekelo, lenyengane, abangelwe, gabbro.
• Metamorphic akhiwa ziitectonic plates iintshukumo ze kolu qweqwe lomhlaba. Oku kuthetha ukuba neetyuwa kunye namatye ukubona kwakhona kwi koMhlaba ziyatyeba yaye phantsi kwempembelelo lobushushu eliphezulu kunye noxinzelelo similise iintlobo ezintsha. Umzekelo, gneiss, schist, naziiperile.
• Isabelo zeengxondorha lentlenga akhawunti ye% 10 kuphela. Bona kwakheka ngenxa yesenzo umoya phezu magmatites kwamanzi elahliweyo kumphezulu womhlaba. Umzekelo, eluvium, talus, alluvium.

Ukwenziwa zeengxondorha kunye neeminerali - ngokusondeleyo zihlobene. Siza kuqinisekisa ukuba izimbiwa ezahlukileyo iliwa, kwaye sinako ngokuzithemba sithi aba amacandelo kuqweqwe lomhlaba zihlobene.