Ulawulo anti-lwentando yesininzi: ingqiqo kunye neentlobo

Yintoni anti-yedemokhrasi umbuso nezopolitiko? Kuphantsi kweziphi izizathu ichaziwe? Yintoni ayenzayo? wenza ukuvela Indlela kolawulo anti-yedemokhrasi? Nalu uluhlu buso imiba eza kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku.

Yintoni ekuthiwa kulawulo ezopolitiko?

Le ndlela amalungiselelo ale nkqubo kobudlelwane, nto leyo ibonisa ukuzalana kuluntu kunye namandla. Okubalulekileyo kule mbono umgangatho inkululeko yezopolitiko kunye ubomi sikarhulumente. Kwiinkalo ezininzi oku kubangelwa phambi amasiko, izithethe, iimpawu zembali zophuhliso zeli lizwe. Konke oku kwakhokelela ekubeni into yonke urhulumente ukuba kukho ulawulo yezopolitiko ekhethekileyo.

Kodwa nangona iimpawu ezinjalo, ufumane kwihi - ezilula ishishini. Ngoko ke, sebenzisa ingqiqo ezimbini generic kwi ezincwadini zesayensi: ulawulo anti-wentando yesininzi lwentando yesininzi. Baya kuqwalaselwa ngokunxuseneyo ukuya ngokuthelekisa uluvo ngokubanzi abantu oko bakuko. Njengoko iimpawu zobugcisa kuyimfuneko ukwazisa umfundi ukuba urhulumente anti-yedemokhrasi yahlulwe ngakumbi ibe ngegqudu yileyo.

ubungqina

Yintoni luphawulwa kolawulo ezopolitiko? Kwezinye iinkalo, uyakwazi ukuthetha ngubani na ngoku namandla? Iimpawu ze kulawulo anti-wentando ilandelayo:

1. Esilawulwa mthetho kunye ikukudandatheka.
2. Ukungabikho ezininzi kwezopolitiko.
3. Akukho ukuphikiswa iqela elilawulayo.

Kwaye likhuthaza ulawulo lwentando antipode yayo:

1. Ngolawulo lomthetho.
2. Kukho ukwahlukana kwamagunya (elawulayo, nemithetho neenkundla).
3. Kukho real, amalungelo declarative ezopolitiko kunye nezentlalo kunye nenkululeko abemi.
4. akhethwa Amagunya karhulumente.
5. Kukho kwakhona ezisebenzayo ekuphuculeni uluntu inkcaso nezigxina ezininzi ngexesha elinye.

singanikeli kwakhona ingqalelo iinkcukacha ezisisiseko. Xa ulawulo , amandla ezopolitiko buzinze ezandleni liqela labantu okanye umntu othile. Kodwa ngaphaya kwinqanaba lezopolitiko kuhlala bakhululeke. Phantsi kolawulo yileyo nangoku ilawulwa ngci ngabasemagunyeni. Oku kukhatshwa inani elikhulu imizimba zokusuphavayiza. Xa kolawulo lwentando kuthathwa ukuba mthombo zabantu ngamandla. Le ntsebenziswano isekelwe phezu kwale mithetho-siseko wenkululeko kunye nokulingana. Ngoko ke yintoni features le kolawulo anti-yedemokhrasi?

authoritarianism

Kulo mzekelo, xa sithetha nge-anti-yedemokhrasi kolawulo lukarhulumente, akuthethi Lobuthixo, neNgonyama, neototalitarizm, ulawulo emkhosini, okanye amandla wena. Authoritarianism rhoqo kunye ngokozwi lakhe. Eliphikisayo engekho ngokwenene kwezopolitiko, kodwa kwezinye iindawo (okusingqongileyo, amayeza kwaye njalo njalo) siyakhuselwa ukuzimela yomntu ngamnye. Ungakhetha iimpawu ezinjalo:

1. Power ubuntu engenasiphelo kwaye kungalawuleki abemi ezivakaliswe ngohlobo nguzwilakhe, ukumkani, lo uhulumeni emkhosini, njalo-njalo.
2. Ngokusekelwe amandla. Kodwa hayi into yokuba ulawulo isenokucinga zocindezelo abaninzi. Kunokuba nokuba ikuthande phakathi kwabantu ngokubanzi. Ke ukuba ukuswela kuba, nayiphi na intshukumo ukuze anyanzelise ingahoywa abemi anikezele.
3. Lodwa kwisigaba kwezopolitiko kunye namandla.
4. Wemvula le kwamajoni ezikhokelela wenziwe nangentsebenziswano-optation, ningabi ngabayenza indlela kukhuphiswano. Kwakhona, ngenxa yoko, kukho ingxaki phambili kunye nokudluliselwa namandla.
5. Akukho ukulawula inani phezu yoluntu. Oku kukhatshwa iqondo elithile non-uphazamiseko kwisigaba kwezopolitiko.

Yintoni authoritarianism

Yahlulelwe kwii ariya ezahlukileyo iqela lonke kunye neempawu zalo. Ingaba emibonweni ngegqudu, alungise, silinene, populist neenkqubo wesizwe-izwe. Ngamnye kubo uneempawu zawo.

I zokuqala ezintathu edulusele ngaphandle ngenxa angafaniyo ukuqina yokusetyenziswa kwamandla. authoritarianism Populist isekelwe ubunzima. National-yobuzwe imo isebenzisa lumanyanisa zonke (okanye ezininzi) ingcamango wokwakha yileyo okanye oluxhamla intlalo yedemokhrasi. Okt authoritarianism zisendaweni isikhundla eliphakathi.

totalitarianism

Olona phawu yale imo - ukufumaneka ukulawula yonke imiba yoluntu ngabasemagunyeni. Ngaphezu koko, yayiphethwe (yinkokheli okanye iqela). Kwakhona Uphawu ke kukho ideology enye, leyo inyanzelekile kubo bonke abemi. Lisebenzisa esweni enamandla noomatshini zokwalusa ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho okukhulayo. Luphawu kusetyenziswa ingcinezelo amapolisa kunye nokoyikiswa. Injongo yale kolawulo loozwilakhe ngokunxulumene kubemi kukuba ukwakha ubuntu nje, nto leyo ithe gqolo kokungeniswa. Phantsi ummiselo yolawulo kunye nokunyanzeliswa engena yonke imisebenzi abemi. Ziziphi iinkalo Lo lawulo zikarhulumente anti-wentando?

zimpawu totalitarianism

Zingakotshwa ngamafuphi amanqaku amane:

1. Kukho ubunzima iqela kuphela. Njengomgaqo, ikhokelwe yinkokeli akuyo. Kwakhona kukho naziphi, ukudityaniswa izakhiwo zikarhulumente kunye iqela, ukugqithisela kule inkalo kubalulekile ke owokugqibela.
2. Lonke kunye lokubanga kwamandla kufuna ukuba eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba ukunyaniseka iqela sikarhulumente. Material, nezenkolo, ubuhle kunye nezinye izinto aphakamileyo. Nangenxa yoko shwaka imida phakathi iinkalo zobomi, lonke ilizwe ithathwa njenge kwinkampu enye.
3. Ukuba elinye kwiimbono esemthethweni. Kuqaliswa ezingqondweni wabulela elikhulukazi kwaye ekujoliswe abeke le kuphela kwendlela eqinisekileyo yokucinga. A phawu yale ideology kukuba kugxininiswa amaxabiso ekwabelwana (uhlanga, isizwe, karhulumente, iklasi okanye clan). Kukho nobandlululo nawuphi na ukuphikisana.
4. Ukuba inkqubo ngokunxunguphala engqondweni nasemzimbeni. Wakha umbuso yamapolisa, esebenzisa lo mgaqo "kuphela oko akuvumelekanga, yintoni waxelelwa kwabasemagunyeni."

Ezi iimpawu iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kolawulo anti-lwentando yesininzi. Kodwa ngoku ukufumana into ngokugqibeleleyo, qinisekisa kukho izinto ezinye izakhiwo ezopolitiko. Ngoko ke, ukuze uqonde umahluko phakathi kulawulo lwentando yesininzi yaye lwentando yesininzi, cinga iimpawu kuqala. Kakade ke, oku kwenziwa isibonelo esiphelele karhulumente.

Idemokhrasi nemiqondiso yayo

Ukususela kwikota lesiGrike elithetha "lwentando yesininzi". Abahlali ithi kunye neenkqubo ezinjalo zigqalwa mthombo uphambili tye.

Wentando ezi mpawu zilandelayo:

1. Ukukhethwa. Abemi akhethwe kwabasemagunyeni uluntu ngokulinganayo.
2. Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya. Kukho namasebe asemthethweni, yolawulo kunye nezigwebo leyo bazimele.
3. amalungu omphakathi. Abantu nomthelela abasemagunyeni, enkosi kuthungelwano elikhulu kwimibutho yebhola yoluntu.
4. Equality. Bonke babe namalungelo ezopolitiko ngokulinganayo.
5. Nezigxina ezininzi ngexesha elinye. izimvo kunye iingcamango zabanye abantu ayahlonitshwa. Zipapashwa kumaphepha-ndaba akukho ukuhluza iindaba kunye kukho elubala ngokupheleleyo.
6. Yabanye. Ubudlelwane zenzelwe ukuba bafumane isisombululo eyinzuzo elinganayo. Iingxabano beqongqothiwe zomthetho.

Xa abantu bethetha kolawulo zopolitiko: ngokwentando yesininzi kwaye anti-yedemokhrasi - kusenokubakho iingxaki kunye nokuqonda ulwazi efunyenweyo ngenxa yokuba iinkolo ezithile kunye nesimo sengqondo. Kulungile kuyanceda ukumelana kokuhlala ixesha elide kummandla kwilizwe elithile.

Ulawulo anti-wentando yesininzi: ukungafani kunye neempawu

Sele ekhankanywe ukuba kolawulo zahlukile ngokwendalo. Malunga kolawulo kwezopolitiko anti-ngokwentando yesininzi wathetha ngemihla yamandulo: ngoko ezithandwayo baba despotism nguzwilakhe. Kwimeko yokuqala oko kuthetha amandla engenasizathu kwaye mda, olusekelwe phezu nalwazelelelo. Unya isekelwe kwi-yindoda ibe nye, xa umbane wagabadela yaye kusetyenziswa iindlela ekhohlaleleyo ukuphunyezwa kwayo. A phawu olulodwa olu hlobo ukubana ngurhulumente osemthethweni ngokusebenzisa yazibandakanya d'AFP esebenzisa ugonyamelo.

Kwakhona njengenxalenye yofezekiso esebenzayo abanomdla kolawulo zomkhosi. Bona isekelwe kwinto yokuba abasemagunyeni iintloko Rule yale imikhosi exhobileyo (njengenye indlela - iinkonzo zokhuseleko). Ubeka kuyo enkosi kombuso, xa izenzo zibhekiswa ngokuchasene norhulumente abahlali esemthethweni.

kolawulo Antidemocratic ithi le hlobo baba zithandwa kakhulu kwinkulungwane yokugqibela (kodwa ngokunjalo ntweni, Asia, eAfrika, Latin noMzantsi America). Emva kokuba noku kunyanisa wadala branched yomkhosi kunye namapolisa isixhobo, eyayibandakanya umkhosi, iinkonzo zokhuseleko kunye nenani kwezinye iiarhente ukulawula abantu, imibutho yoluntu , njalo-njalo. Kodwa kuphela ingqiqo jikelele yolawulo yale hlobo anti-lwentando yesininzi. Ukuze ube nolwazi ngcono, kufuneka ngokwahlukileyo sihlole kwimeko nganye.

isiphelo

Apha kwakhona kufuneka baqonde ukuba yintoni neenkqubo zedemokhrasi anti-wentando yesininzi, kwakunye iimpawu yokugqibela. Awu, nanku, zazimele nje incam ulwazi isesisiqalo. Ukuze siyiqonde kakuhle ingqikelelo kulawulo anti-wentando yesininzi kunye nemiba zawo ezihamba kunye bokuqonda ukuba ufuna ukufunda isixa esikhulu ethile, ziwuphose ligxile uncwadi.