Ukwenziwa sinkholes. Yintoni na dip karst

iplanethi yethu ifana ibhegi enkulu izipho: kangakanani ngayo okanye dig, ungasoloko ufumana into entsha. Umhlaba njalo anikezele abaphandi izimanga, yaye oku kusenzeka ixesha elide kakhulu. umzekelo ogqibeleleyo - lo mkhuba sinkholes, leyo bagqibileyo rhoqo ehlabathini lonke.

Itshizi kunye emingxunyeni, okanye precariousness yobukho ...

Ubukho omkhulu eyombiwe ngaphantsi eyaziwa ukusuka kudaladala. Kungokwemvelo ukuba kumaxesha amandulo ukuba neyayanyaniswa ngokukodwa amaqhinga amabutho ezimbi, abantu ngazo zonke iindlela ngokuthi kwezo ndawo apho kukho imfundo yabo rhoqo. Imingxunya ezivela sinkholes babegqalwa kwesango ukuya kwelabafileyo.

kudlule amakhulu, abantu ekubambile Sciences ezahlukeneyo. Ngokuthe ngcembe, lo zokuma ndafumanisa imfihlo ezi ezakhiwe zendalo. Ziyinyaniso ukuqanda komhlaba abunjwe kwiindawo apho wayelele ezinzulwini zeengxondorha zomhlaba ezithandwa kakhulu ukuba ukhukuliseko olubangwa ngamanzi. Xa amanzi engena umaleko womhlaba, ngokuthe ngcembe kuyenza lekalika efanayo, ngokwenjenjalo kusekwe kwisisu ngokufihlakeleyo. Ngokufuthi, ezinzulwini zomhlaba uhlobo nokuba iingangamsha amachibi karst, nto leyo kangangeenkulungwane baye bahlala kucacile abantu.

Mhlawumbi uyazi ubuncinane enye yehlabathi mqolomba odumileyo komhlaba kunye stalactite kunye ne stalacmites: engaqhelekanga njengoko kuvakala unakho, kodwa yonke loo ngokuphathelele yokulungelelanisa yakwalubala efanayo. Kwezinye iindawo umaleko emhlabeni eribyeni phantsi emhlabeni kwinani imingxuma ungakhuphisana ngempumelelo nkqu itshizi Swiss. Ekubeni la malungu ukuthatha rhoqo indawo kwawa umaleko womhlaba, ngoko kwasekwa engendalo kunokuba bokuhlala kule ndawo, ebizwa "mphandle karst."

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, abantu, zanyangwa ukuya kwiindawo ezinjalo kunye intlonipho kakhulu, ngokuba bengakholwanga yokuhlala kwabo izithixo nemimoya. Enyanisweni, baqonde ukuba xa ukhangela nezinye iintlobo isiqabu kufika kwangoko engqondweni namathafa iiplanethi ezikude ...

Yintoni karst esuka kwindawo umbono zenzululwazi

Hi ndlela leyi, uyazi apho ibinzana elithi "Karst" bonke na? akasekho kwaye inkcazelo ukusuka kwindawo kumantla eItali, Beauty (Karst). izenzakalo efanayo zendalo wazibona kwiindawo ezininzi eSlovenia kunye Croatia.

Ukusuka apho lwembono, iseti iinkqubo zejoloji ngezimanga zenzululwazi. Nceda uqaphele ukuba kukuvela sinkholes kunokwenzeka kuphela kwindawo apho kulala iintlobo ezahlukeneyo yamatye (apho sele kuxoxwe ngasentla).

Okubalulekileyo! komhlaba Professional rhoqo umi pseudokarst. Eli gama libhekisela nokusekwa imigodi emhlabeni kunye namatye ingxaki ngaphantsi kwalo. Ngokungafaniyo "okwenyaniso" Karst kukuba akhiwa enye, kunokuba zokuchithwa yeenkqubo zendalo. Umzekelo, phantsi le nkcazelo kuwa ngokupheleleyo emiqolombeni ezithe zenzeka emva yokuduka landslides okanye udaka sicatshulwa. Musa ukulibala kwakhona ukubonisa imigodi kuzo ziziphumo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu (imveliso igesi kunye namafutha).

Kwezi ziganeko ngoku xelela. Lowo idumileyo i "Latin American" sinkhole. Guatemala - isixeko apho wabonakala.

latin America

Kwintendelezo lusuku lokugqibela Meyi 2010. Central America on "umphunga ngokupheleleyo ngaphambi" itshayelwe Storm "Agatha", ngaxeshanye yonke into endleleni yayo. Kusasa yonke belizolile, yaye ikomkhulu eziluncedo Guatemala sele beqalisile ukuzibandakanya kumsebenzi wokulungisa. Ngequbuliso ndixakekile kuhlangana baseka ifanele enkulu, netoti apho wayelingana eemitha-18, kwaye ubunzulu bafikelela leemitha 60. I omkhulu karst nciphisa nangoko bawa bali-amathathu ezindlini zabo-enomgangatho omnye isakhiwo.

Okuphoxayo kukuba, kodwa ngenxa Guatemala esi siganeko asinto ukusuka kudidi Amazing: kwiminyaka nje emithathu ngaphambili, nje kwiikhilomitha ezimbalwa ukusuka esixekweni, ebumba ukungaphumeleli, ubunzulu apho yaba likhulu leemitha. Ngelishwa, kuzo zombini iimeko kwakungekho iingxwelerha.

Yintoni

Ngoko nangoko emva kokuba isehlo lonke babecinga ukuba kwenzeka ngenxa ukuyilwa sinkholes. Kodwa komhlaba ngokukhawuleza wakwenza kwacaca ukuba sixeko simi phezu elirhabaxa ashinyeneyo mlilo ukuba ngokomzimba ayikwazi umehluko. Njani kwenzeka ukuba kukho umaleko ukubunjwa ashinyeneyo zejoloji baseka umngxuma omkhulu?

Emangalisayo, kodwa konke oko ityala ... iinkonzo ngokungakhathali zoluntu. Ngenxa yokusilela rhoqo kunye nemibhobho ngokutyhoboza sewer ezazenziwe ukuya kumaxesha amandulo, phantsi sixeko baseka womnatha yokwenene komhlaba imilambo kwelindle uyanuka. "Amanzi" zabo layitshabalalisa kwaye yachithwa elirhabaxa, leyo kungekudala waqalisa inokuphuma ngesantya esimangalisayo. Ngenxa yoko, ububanzi umhlaba ngokuthe ngcembe bakha umngxuma omkhulu.

Imvula alusoloko luncedo ...

NgoMeyi 2010 imeko ekhoyo iye mbi ngenxa isixa omkhulu emvula eziziswe "Agatha". Emva koko, abaphandi bafumanise ukuba kwezinye iindawo kwakheka amachibi "karstic", ezo nangoku igcwaliswe ngomxube emvula amdaka. Hayi ke, kubi kanjani na i "lwandle" kuchaphazela imeko epidemiological esixekweni.

Ngenxa yoko, siye wachaza ityala - akukho sinkholes. Guatemala ngokubhekisela kwabo iindawo ezimbalwa ehlabathini, apho imfundo yabo ngaphandle. Ngokubanzi, ukusilela komhlaba zidla kwaphawulwa ehlabathini lonke. Amaxesha amaninzi, imilinganiso zabo mihle ngokwenene: a ubukhulu ifanele unako ukufikelela amashumi eziliqela kweemitha, singasathethi ubunzulu isibini okwisithuba seemitha ezimakhulu.

Ngenxa njalo okwandisa nokudaleka

Nangona imfundo iindawo ezininzi kwezi zemvelo, kwaye namhla kuqhubeka bakholwe into kwemvelo. Yaye abantu baqonde: kubonakala Kuyamangalisa ukuba eqinileyo noluzinzileyo eziluqilima phantsi kweenyawo zenu, kube isibini lemizuzwana ezingenza abe ukusilela enkulu, leyo shwaka nokuba ekhaya imigangatho ezimbalwa. Le meko mandundu yonke nyaka udlulayo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba nexhala ukhula.

Iingcali zithi ityala phantse yonke intsilelo yesibini karstic elala nenye indoda. Into yokuba abantu ngumse- phezu komhlaba kunye nezakhiwo ngxilimbela, kwakunye nefuthe elibi kakhulu kwi eseleyo komhlaba. Ngenxa yomsebenzi yabantu inqanaba labo rhoqo ukuhla, yaye ngaloo ndlela ingozi yokuba ukunyuka ukusilela kakhulu.

umsebenzi Human

Umzekelo phambili yokuba nkqu ukudakumba enkulu karst unokubangwa ngabantu yi West Florida, USA. Wena ke nangoku uza ukuhleka, kodwa efanayo-2010 kwakukho kukusilela ubungakanani umxhelo kwindawo yokulahla lendawo. komhlaba Local ziphambuke ndiyingwevu, ukususela ngokutsho uluvo ingcali (yomhla we-1980), indawo luzinzile ngokupheleleyo (yaye kutheni oko bakhetha ukuba isiwe).

Cacisa ilula: ngezantsi nje isihlalo esisemgceni umkhondo emlanjeni phantsi komhlaba. Ukususela ngaloo nyaka bomile, amanzi Impontshelwa kulo ngokukhawuleza kwilizwe ngokubanzi. Isiphumo - ukusilela.

Kuphela omnye Melika, umonakalo yonyaka ezibangela leempumelelo, kuqikelelwa kwi (!) Dollars 10-15 billion.

Isimanga, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha mphandle karst linokwenza umntu inkonzo ebalaseleyo. Into yokuba indawo enjalo, njengesiqhelo, kakhulu intle. umzekelo ogqibeleleyo unako ukukhonza sinkholes ninzi emahlathini Indonesia, kwakunye amangalisayo Great iBlue Hole, nto leyo ekude kufuphi nonxweme Belize.

ukusetyenziswa ezingenangqondo kwamanzi omhlaba

Ngeendlela ezininzi, yingcambu yazo zonke iintlobo zobubi kuxhomekeke kwinto yokuba uluntu ezingenangqondo usebenzisa resource kakhulu ezixabisekileyo zomhlaba ngaphantsi komhlaba. Kakade ke, kunzima ukufumana kude: ukufuma - sisibonelelo esinexabiso, kunye nophuhliso kwezolimo yehlabathi, kusetyenziswa nangokomthamo ngonaphakade ezinkulu. Kuyo omhlaba ngomtshini ukunkcenkceshela lomhlaba wezolimo, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, kwaye kule mini kusetyenziswa indlela kwintlekele yokutsala na imigxobhozo, ekhokelela nemiphumela emibi. Ngoko ke, amazwe amaninzi sele kwabonakala ukunqongophala kwamanzi okusela.

Kude kube kamva nje, kuphela yakusasa ebhaliweyo malunga imfazwe ezayo kuba, ke ngoku into enye bathi sele kakhulu "ezingenamsebenzi" iingcali kokwenzekayo.

kwezigigaba German

Sigxininisa kwakhona ukuba angabi nemingxuma karst - zicwadi kwizimanga zendalo. Kulo efanayo ngo-2010 (yayilixesha lixakekileyo) cwaka kwidolophu German of Schmalkalden e eThuringia kabini yaxoxa isiganeko engakholelekiyo. A ntsasa cwaka ngoNovemba (wokuqala kuNovemba) tye phakathi kwisitrato esikhulu kwi wentaba enkulu 40 ububanzi neemitha, ofikelela ubunzulu oziimitha nje 20. Kuphela ixesha ukuzola ezinkanukweni njengoko ngoNovemba 11 efanayo into yenzeka endaweni enye.

Ekunene phezu komda kunye mngxuma endala entsha idale, ziyasilawula eziliqela iigaraji balapha. Ekubeni umhlaba yanikezela ebusuku, wakwazi ukuphepha iingxwelerha.

"ISango lesihogo"

Kakhulu kutshanje oko kwazeka ukuba nasezimfanteni yenduli, nto leyo ifumaneka kwi-Turkmen Karakum entlango, iqulathe isixa esikhulu yerhasi yendalo. Okunye ngqo, ukuze azi ukuba kwenzeka kuphela ngo-1971. Ngelo xesha, kufuphi kwidolophu encinane Darwaz drillers wenza esinye umngxuma. Ngethuba lale nkqubo umdla, baba elimdaka ngqo ukuya kwisisu karst komhlaba. Kwaba igesi. kakhulu.

Isixhobo phantse nangoko yawohloka kwi lweHo- kwakhiwa, netoti oziimitha ezili-20 kunye nobunzulu - yonke 60 eemitha. Bachaphazelekayo, ngethamsanqa, ukuba akunjalo, kodwa emhlabeni kwaqalisa ukuphuma igesi. Ekubeni yakheke ubungozi kubomi babantu kunye nezilwanyana, kwagqitywa ukucwangcisa umlilo. Iingcali zacebisa ukuba kungekudala koovimba igesi uya kuzitshisa ngaphandle. Awu, ukuba qhumisela sele iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amane.

Ekubeni igama elithi "Darwaz" ngentetho lasekuhlaleni lithetha "esangweni", abantu balapha kulindeleke christened mhlaba surreal "amasango esihogo."

Ayiyiyo yonke intsilelo - Karst

Akumangalisi ke, kukho uphando olunzulu kwicandelo ubhaqo othintelo lwe kumaqula eziyingozi komhlaba kwiminyaka yakutshanje. I ezaziwayo-kakuhle Lev Israeli Eppelbaum komhlaba ukusuka University of ukufunda lokungaphumeleli Tel Aviv kaThixo exakekile ehlabathini kuLwandle oluFileyo, sibambe ngoncedo oogxa babo evela eFransi eYordan. Ndimele ndithi ukuba ulwandle le into ekhethekileyo ngokwenene zendalo. Kwaye akukho nje etyuwa iphawulekayo amanzi alo, kodwa into yokuba lo mzimba lamanzi libekwe ku-415 yeemitha ngaphantsi komphakamo wolwandle.

Ophelelwe iphezulu yayo kakhulu ngesizathu esilula ukuba phezu kwamanzi olwandle umphunga ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, nto leyo isixa esaneleyo eYordan emlanjeni nje Andinaxesha ukuba ayizise. Ukongeza, i yokugqibela isiteshi nzulu kunye kunyaka ngamnye ngakumbi nangakumbi, njengoko iimfuno lezoLimo kaSirayeli kweYordan ikhula. Ngako oko, ukunciphisa izinga kuLwandle oluFileyo (malunga imitha enye ngonyaka ngamnye). Ekubeni konke oku enxulumene amanqaku umxholo?

idiphu ityuwa

Yinto elula: zonke ecaleni konxweme kuLwandle oluFileyo, kubunzulu yeemitha-25 ukuya ku-50 ukufihla iidipozithi enkulu ityuwa. Ngaphambili, le ndawo babephantsi umaleko amanzi amtyuba, kodwa uqhela. Ngenxa yoko, izigaqa ityuwa aqale qhagamshelana amanzi komhlaba acocekileyo. Ngenxa yoko - uhlobo kweendawo "karst", uphosa uqweqwe kunye ndoyisiwe. Njengoko unokuthelekelela, le yokugqibela ukususela ukhukuliseko amanzi amtyuba kuvuka.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, inani nemingxuma, netoti leyo iyahluka ukusuka kwimitha ukuya kwiimitha ezili-30, oko amawaka eziliqela. Ukususela emoyeni, lo mmandla uya uvuma ukuba zifane kumphezulu inyanga. Yaye le meko iya isiba mbi abo engamashumi asibhozo, ngexesha apho abantu bemlalele kuLwandle oluFileyo, oko lancipha 20 eemitha.

Ndiya ukulungisa le meko njani

Le meko ukusindiswa kuphela ngokomeleza ukuhamba kwamanzi avela kuMlambo iYordan. Ngelishwa, kuba oku liphupha kuphela nophuhliso ngokunzima ezolimo kufuneka zonke zalo ezinkulu. Iingcali zithi ithuba kusembiwa umsele evela eLwandle oluBomvu. Malunga eli thuba ukuthetha ixesha elide, ngoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba angabuye aphile. Okwangoku, i zokuma waqhuba uvavanyo iindlela ezintsha kunye neemvavanyo, nto leyo evumela pre-ukulumkisa uluntu lonxweme malunga ngeengozi ukunqamka ngequbuliso.

Ngoko ke, imvelaphi i karst ayikho yonke nkxu emhlabeni. Noko ke, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi yabo, nganye kwezi mingxuma na ithuba yingozi of neziqu zabo koko elibukhali.