Ukwakha izisombululo: izimo zobugcisa jikelele, ukubunjwa, isicelo, i-GOST

Kuba sphere kweenkonzo isakhiwo ngazo nento eziqhelekileyo ingqiqo ezifana mortars. GOST 28013 (ezivunyiweyo wazibeka mandla le stroykomiteta nguRhulumente №7 USSR ngo-1989;. Ukuba indawo yi-Standard ofanayo, eyavunywa yiKomiti Construction State of Russia №30 1998 waza wangena ukusebenza ukususela ngoJulayi 1999) uguqulela njenge iseti ngokoMthetho "umxube nodaka", "ngodaka owomileyo", "solution" kwaye imisela iimfuno umgangatho yemigaqo eziqhelekileyo malunga nezalathisi belungiselela, ukuthuthwa, nokwamkelwa nomgangatho.

Njengenqaku ecaleni: le migangatho azisebenzi ubushushu nemichiza mortars ukumelana.

Yintoni ludaka?

Ukubunjwa isicombululo kukuba ukuvelisa axutywe kakuhle de egudileyo amacandelo: Umatshini, aggregate ocoliweyo kunye baxube ngokwabo. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, ongeziweyo ezizodwa ingongezwa isicombululo. Ngokuqhelekileyo a Umatshini, enikela nesisombululo luthambe, wenza njengoko isamente, gypsum okanye ikalika. Lokufaka ongowona isanti, a elisetyenziswa - amanzi.

Ayifuni ephilisa; ngokupheleleyo alungele ukusetyenziswa emva odibanisa amacandelo eyimfuneko eyaziwa udaka udaka. Umxube nodaka kusenokuquka izithako owomileyo, ugalelwe kwi-mveliso. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-udaka owomileyo. Wazivalela amanzi ngaphambi kokuba uyisebenzise.

Ubunzima lukhuni efana nelitye ngumntu, apho Umatshini sibophelela ndawonye amasuntswana isanti, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswa ukukhuhlana, ubizwa ngokuba sisombululo.

mortars: Ukucaciswa Jikelele

Mortars zihlelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo.

Kuxhomekeka Umatshini kwi ekwakhiweni ahluka:

1. Icandelo Simple single - isamente, ngekalika okanye gypsum. Njengomgaqo, luchazwa ngegama umlinganiselo we-1: 2, 1: 3, apho i-1 - inxalenye (iqhezu) loMthetho Umatshini, inani lesibini - njani amaqhekeza ezininzi lokufaka idityaniswe inxalenye yokubopha.

2. Complex, exubeneyo, multi-candelo. Oku, umzekelo, isamente, lekalika, lekalika, gypsum, udongwe neendiza, ikalika nothuthu, kunye nabanye. Ngaba kuboniswe amanani amathathu: Umatshini oluphambili, Umatshini wongezelela, a lokufaka.

Ngomhla umlinganiselo Umatshini nesanti luxhomekeke kakhulu. Kukho mortars:

1. Normal. Ebalasele ratio ngokugqwesileyo Umatshini kunye lokufaka.

2. okunamafutha. Luphawulwa agqithisile Umatshini ukunika shrinkage enkulu ngexesha lofakelo, amathanda (ngomaleko nokufumba zamafu). Ikhethwa ebhaptiza intonga ibe isisombululo - umxube namanqatha olufaka ngayo igqunyelelwe ngomaleko omkhulu womhlaba.

3. mafutha. Ephawuleka ngokungabikho, imali encinci Umatshini, phantse akukho shrinkage, kangangoko ukuba ingaphakathi. Ichazwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: yi ebhaptiza intonga ibe umxube isisombululo asixhomekekanga ngqo kulo.

Xa iimpawu mortars yokuhlanganisa zihlukaniswe:

- air - Ukuqinisa yabo kwenzeka ukuba ukuvakalisa iimeko owomileyo (gypsum);

- hydraulic - iinkqubo Ukuqinisa iqala izakuqhubekeka umoya kwindawo ulophu, umz, emanzini (isamente).

Kuxhomekeka phezu kwentlabathi esetyenzisiweyo, nokuba eqhelekileyo zendalo, intaba, umlambo, okanye ayisindi aneentunja (kwandiswa udongwe, elirhabaxa, tuff), kukho enzima (ukususela 1500 kg / m3 ezinoxinano kwi imeko eyomileyo) kunye nokukhanya (ukuya ku 1500 kg / m3) mortars. nefuthe ngqo Quality aggregate kwi ukwanda ngamandla imveliso yokugqibela. Ngoko, xa kuthelekiswa ne-SLAG, ukuxuba le Umatshini nokwakha isanti ngaphandle ubumdaka (iityuwa ezimbiwa, inclusions amatye udongwe) kwandisa ngamandla isicombululo-40%.

Umlinganiselo ubuninzi yamanzi idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseleleni izisombululo: yokungabikho isisombululo wayo luphawulwa ngqongqo, ezigqithiseleyo - delamination, apho iimpawu amandla ubunjani ziyancipha.

Ukungqinwa ukuba nodaka (GOST 28013-98) zilungiswe ngokufanelekileyo ngokungqinelana nemigangatho yobulunga kunye nomlinganiselo echanekileyo amacandelo Umnqweno womntu workability wayo. Ehambisekayo, ukwakheka zeplastiki uyakwazi ukuzalisa zonke izithuba, kakuhle ubunjwe, zilinganisiwe, akuthethi ivuthu-, hayi ndihlanjwe, ngaba andahexa ecaleni iindonga. Nge a elisetyenziswa kunye nokongeza umxube Umatshini uba ductile ngakumbi, kodwa oku kukhokelela shrinkage phezulu ngexesha Ukuqinisa izixhobo zokwakha kwaye ukuyilwa neentanda.

Gxila, ucamngce kwiimpawu zobugcisa imixube ngodaka nezisombululo, zonke iparameters zilawulwa yi imigangatho yangoku.

iimpawu lomgangatho ngodaka

parameters phawu udaka ezivelileyo ingxinano, ukukwazi ukubamba amanzi, ukuhamba-hamba kunye peelability. Ukusetyenziswa Umatshini ngaphantsi kwi iimfuno ezibekwe phezu umxube, ngcono. Ukuba mxube kuye kwafuneka ixesha ubambe it okanye unfreeze, oko kuyathintelwa ukudibanisa baxube ngokwabo. Ukuze kufikelelwe iipropati ezinqwenelekayo kubalulekile ukulungiselela kakuhle umxube udaka, singanika, alungise izinto kubo. Kufuneka babe ngabenzi kwimijikelo yovandlakanyo (uhlobo eqhubekayo), benokundileka (amandla) amanyathelo. Kule Imposiso kuvumelekile na ukuya kwi-2% xa kuthelekiswa ndibopha, a elisetyenziswa, ongeziweyo ezomileyo, ukuya ku 2.5 - ngokumalunga lokufaka. Kuba iimeko zasebusika, ubushushu isisombululo kufuneka ilingana no okanye inkulu kwe-5 ° C. I elilelona ubushushu amanzi kwamanzi - 80 ° C.

Kuxhomekeka imithetho ukuhamba ichonge brand of ngodaka:

1. PC4 - luphawulwa ukuhamba okuqhelekileyo 1-4 cm lisetyenziswa nendlebe ingqushu ..

2. Pk8 - variations kwiplagi ukushukumiseka isekelwe kwi uluhlu-4 ukuya ku-8 cm engenakusebenza inkunkuma eqhelekileyo (ilitye Wosenza kunye yezitena) wamatye, amhlisa, iindonga ufakelo (elikhulu-block, ezinkulu-panel) ..

3. Pk12 -. Ukuhamba abangaphezu kwama-8 ukuya kwi-12 cm lisetyenziswa kwi iyabala ngezitena eqhelekileyo, njengokusamenta, udonga nesigubungelo, ukugcwalisa imigodi.

Ukukwazi ngodaka esandul 'ukulungele ukugcina amanzi - naye ngenye ibalulekileyo. Score Umgangatho in vitro ikhonza uphawu-90% ebusika, i-95% - ehlotyeni. Kwindawo yemveliso kufuneka ngaphezu 75% of umthamo zime amanzi njengoko kumiselwe data elebhu. Okuya uba mkhulu umsantsa lexinene, kungona ukuxhathisa amanzi. Kuba mveliso ngodaka owomileyo ixutywa isiqulatho sokufuma eyamkelekileyo kwi 0.1% ngo ubunzima.

Ngokuphathelele peelability nokuxinana medium, ngokunxulumene zombini indices ukuze oluchanekileyo ngaphakathi-10%, hayi ngaphezulu. Ukuba umxube nodaka kongezwa ongeziweyo air-entraining, xa kuthelekiswa nokuncipha izinga ingxinano kwi-6% kweprojekthi ekhankanyiweyo.

imigangatho Quality for izisombululo

Ingxinano, ukumelana iqabaka, amandla compressive - izisombululo ezingundoqo imiqondiso esemgangathweni. Ngoko ke, kukho iintlobo ezininzi ukuba ukumisela amandla ucinezelo yezihlunu: M4, M10, M25, M50, M75, M100, M150, M200.

F10, F15, F25, F35, F50, F75, F100 - uphawu eziphawula isisombululo Isalathisi qabaka leyo ufakwa khosi amazinyo - defrosting. Isalathisi uFrost yeyona kubaluleke gqitha ukuba ikhonkrithi, wokwakha, ukutyabeka, kwimeko udaka engaphandle. Zonke izisombululo brand kuyagadwa.

mortars Density (GOST 28013) yahlulwe ezinxaxhileyo enzima nokukhanya ekudibaneni yokusebenza akanakuba ngaphezulu kwe-10% kweprojekthi ekhankanyiweyo. Eyona nto inzima ithathwa ukuxubana eziphathekayo. Oku kusetyenziswa xa elele iziseko, ulwakhiwo kumgangatho ophantsi. Ukuba uphakamile lo lexinene, kokukhona, isisombululo kumcacele.

izinto Standards Quality ifakiwe izisombululo

Njengoko izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukulungiselela izisombululo, isicelo isamente, ikalika, gypsum intlabathi ekrwada, kuquka amandla thermal avela slags, Ngokufutha eziko zeBlack. Zonke ezi amacandelo, ngokunjalo amanzi mortars, kufuneka ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile ezifana data GOST 28013 kunye nemigangatho yobulunga esebenzayo kwicandelo ngalinye.

lokufaka

Kuba ngodaka nganye kuxhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni ekujongwe kufuna lokufaka ukufuma ethile efunekayo. Ngoko ke, ifanele kokugqiba njengentlabathi nodaka kunye ubungakanani ukuya ku 1.25 mm, lo Soil - 2.5 mm, balutyabeka njengentlabathi besukelana 1-2 mm, agqibileyo enatyabeka umaleko - hayi ngaphezulu kwe 1,25 mm (kuyenzeka ecaleni kwi-0.5% ngo ubunzima, kodwa isisombululo akufunekanga ibe ngaphezulu kwe 2.5 mm njengentlabathi). Ukuba esantini lisetyenziswa uthuthu, ubunzima kufuneka ngumkhenkce, amaqhuma zibambene. Xa imeko hot ubushushu isanti kwisakhiwo akufunekanga ngaphezu kwe-60 ° C. ngodaka ezincinane zibandakanya ukuxuba i Umatshini kunye isanti aneentunja (shungite, vermiculite, udongwe eyandisiweyo, perlite, zeBlack elirhabaxa, aglonirit, nothuthu kunye nabanye). izisombululo zokuhombisa mytyh eyenziwe ngesanti zwi, iinkozo kwiimvuthuluka iliwa ubukhulu ukuya ku 2.5 mm (lenyengane, nezemarmore, yodongwe, carbon, iplastiki). Umbala balutyabeka olungaphambili kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa 2-5 mm lenyengane, iglasi, yodongwe, amalahle, shale, mixture zeplastiki. Coloured isamente-udaka enatyabeka ikhutshwa phandle nongeza isisombululo nesamente ukubunjwa elimfusa, zombala zendalo okanye zokwenziwa imigangatho efanelekileyo.

machiza

Ukulungiswa ibumba kudla kubandakanya nongeze ukwakhiwa yabo ezahlukeneyo nokuphucula umgangatho imveliso machiza ezithintela delamination, igalelo ukuhamba enkulu, amandla, ukuphucula uxhathiso iqabaka mxube. Oku njalo kuxokwa-Superplasticizing, plasticizers, ekwenzeni, amanzi-kugcinwe, umoya-entraining, nokukhawulezisa yokuqaqadeka, imenza, zinendlela, gasket, gidrofobiliziruyuschie, bactericidal, bevuthela iinkqubo. Le yokugqibela zine ukusetyenziswa kwiimeko ezizodwa.

Imali efunekayo machiza ugqitywa iibhetshi elebhu. Iveliswe ngokuhambelana nemigangatho, bona ndingamkhubekisi ukutshatyalaliswa izinto, iziphumo bako kwi izakhiwo ezisetyenziswa kunye nezakhiwo. Zihlelwa uhlobo, yenza, bonke babe ilivo, kwakunye namagama standard kunye neenkcukacha. Ngenxa yoko, le yokuba ukuqaqadeka ukhawulezisa ongeziweyo ziquka sodium sulfate (CH GOST 6318, TU 38-10742) ukuba isinqandi - urea (carbamide) (M GOST 2081) The ukugcinwa kwamanzi - neselulosi carboxymethyl (CMC TU 6-05-386) . Uluhlu olupheleleyo kwezithako echazwe kwisihlomelo ku 28013. Standard basemgongxweni Cement eveliswa kongezwe engumgquba (mikropenoobrazovateli) kunye nezingaphiliyo (clays, ikalika, isamente eontini uthuli, nothuthu, njl) plasticizers.

ulawulo quality Technical

Enterprise ukuba silwenza udaka, ulawulo mandatory zobugcisa lwenziwa yi lokusasaza izixhobo ezifunekayo kunye nokulungiselela efanelekileyo ibumba. Control wenziwa kanye shift nganye. umxube nodaka efanayo ubume wavelisa shift nganye, uya kuba amaqela. Xa ulawulo iisampuli wathumela ukuba elebhu (bakhethwa ngendlela GOST 5802) ukujonga zonke iimpawu zobugcisa.

Ukuba abathengi banikwa ngaphandle kwezo zikhankanywe IEC 28013 ukusebenza, umgangatho iimveliso kuxhomekeke ulawulo ngokwesivumelwano phakathi umenzi nomthengi.

mortars uvavanyo olwenziwa yi ngumvelisi, apho umboleki angacela iisampulu ulawulo ngodaka nodaka kwiimeko elebhu. Umxube daka ekhutshwa volume, ngodaka owomileyo - ubunzima.

Ngokuphathelele iimpawu ubuchule nodaka ngayo delamination neencindi nokugcina, kunye nesisombululo - ngenxa yeqabaka, ikhangelwe kwi ukhetho okanye ukutshintsha ubume okanye iimpawu macandelo isisombululo le. iimveliso Ezinye zixhomekeke kwakhona rhoqo emva kweenyanga ezintandathu. Ukuba kwimeko apho zokungathotyelwa iitshekhi ziya kubonisa ukuya ngomgangatho lwangoku, yonke iqashiso yaliwe.

Yintoni ekufanele ukuba iqulathwe kumaxwebhu ukuze iimpahla?

La maxwebhu benzela ubungqina umgangatho weemveliso ummeli ogunyazisiweyo umenzi onoxanduva lokulawula zobugcisa, ezi nkcukacha zilandelayo kufuneka gca:

- igama nedilesi yomvelisi, umhla ngqo kunye nexesha kulungiselelwa mxube;

- uhlobo le isisombululo;

- uhlobo Umatshini;

- isixa ukuhamba kwempahla;

- igama kunye nemali kwezithako kwemichiza;

- kubhekiswa umgamgatho, oko kukuthi isiqinisekiso sothotyelo imveliso data ukulungele-to-kudla technical.

Ukuba lokubolekwa misindo ezisetyenziswayo, ngakumbi elibekwa ingxinano sikarhulumente owomileyo. Ukuba umxube owomileyo a elisetyenziswa emiselweyo imali, ukuze lo mxube iye fumene ukuhamba oyifunayo. Kwakhona amaxwebhu kufuneka ukuqinisekisa lokugcinwa umxube ngokwaseburhulumenteni ezomileyo, ibalwa ukususela kumhla yokulungiselela phambi kokuphela kweenyanga ezintandathu.

Zokuthutha imixube ngodaka

Xa ezithutha ibumba kubalulekile ukuba siphephe ukulahleka yobisi lwesamente le. impahla yokwakha yezothutho ezindleleni, kwakunye emele (hoppers) oomatshini kunye kumaqonga kaloliwe. Kulo mzekelo lobushushu kufuneka ijongwe nodaka ihanjiswa, nto leyo imisiwe ebhaptiza ubushushu zobugcisa ukuya kubunzulu-5 cm.

Le imixube ngodaka eyomileyo bathuthwayo kule lori nesamente, isikhongozeli okanye efakwa kwi-40 kg (iphepha lokusongela) kwaye ukuya ku-8 kg (iplastiki nokupaka). Xa iphepha ezithutha iingxowa baqhubeka pallets ngomthi, xa polyethylene - ngokuthi ingqokelela iingxowa kunye nomxube kwizikhongozeli ezifanelekileyo. Gcina umxube ngeengxowa akuvumelekanga kwiqondo lobushushu-5 ° C kwigumbi avaliweyo eyomileyo. Emva ngokuthutha umxube nodaka akhutshelwa lokuxhuba okanye esinye isitya.

Ukusetyenziswa mortars

Scope mortars zahlukene. concretes Ukwakhiwa mortars ukuba Umatshini isamente njenge material noshowo zithandwa ngokubanzi abucala ngokunjalo kwishishini lokwakha ekwakheni iziseko eziqinileyo carrier, tyaba, nkqo, izakhiwo bathanda, izakhiwo, esilala, xa zokulungiswa, ukulungiswa, nokwakhiwa kunye nokubuyiselwa .

Kukholelwa ukuba xa ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zamatye flow mortars ufikelela ikota ngumthamo opheleleyo eso sakhiwo. Abaninzi kuthi wakha wathenga ikalika, gypsum, mortars ezixubeneyo ngenxa balutyabeka iindonga barentayo okanye imizi zabucala (njalo kuxokwa-ezaqanjwa kokugqiba). Kwakhona, umntu ukuba athenge izisombululo wamatye kumsebenzi ibandla, khazi, wokwakha ilitye, eliyinjubaqa. Ngoku ungafumana kwimarike ukwakhiwa nodaka (GOST 28013), ilifa Iipropati awongamileyo thermal yokugquma, ukufakwa isandi, ubushushu kunye ukumelana nomlilo.