Alkaloid - is ... Ukuhlelwa sezakhi, uphawu

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, abantu baye basebenzisa izithako eengcambu ukuthomalalisa iintlungu ukuba bahlukane lwezifo kunye nezifo. Nangona kunjalo, le sifundo icandelo composition, ukwabiwa kwabo izakhi nesiphumo loo kunokwenzeka kuphela kunye nophuhliso ebanzi ezibanzi of chemistry njenge inzululwazi, oko kukuthi, ukususela ngenkulungwane XVII.

Kwaba ngoko enzulwini izinto zezityalo, yaye namhlanje, kwaye ezinye izilwanyana, wafumanisa iikhompawundi organic initrogen aqulethe, leyo ukunika isiphumo ngomgama nezinyangayo. Ukususela ngo-1819, igama eliqhelekileyo eli qela yezinto - sezakhi. Kucetyiswa V.Meysnerom, wemithi kunye nogqirha.

Yintoni i alkaloid?

wavuma Okwangoku ukuba alkaloid - yikhompawundi elibujikele equlathe besenza ikhonkco okanye kwicala chain enye okanye eziliqela initrogen nakuhlobo lwemichiza iimpawu ekuphuhlisweni le alkalis amandla, ezifana ammonia. Ngaphambili okhankanywe definition ezi izinto njenge yezabelo isiseko nenayitrojini pyridine. Nakuba kunjalo, kukho iqela iikhompawundi eli qela kamva uyaziwa, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba isityhilo eso asiyonyaniso ngokupheleleyo, yaye ayiquki yonke ezahlukeneyo sezakhi.

Kuba okokuqala le nto sifunyenwe kwaye uphando zizazinzulu Dersonom ngo-1803. Loo icaffeine oluvela umlaliso. Kamva, ngaphandle kwelinye, izazinzulu ezininzi ziye zafumana inani leqela iikhompawundi heterocyclic ukusuka nezityalo. Ngoko ke ndaba ingcamango yokuba le nto alkaloid- becala imvelaphi yendalo. It iveliswa kuphela izityalo.

Khemikhali Ukubunjwa molekyuli

Ngokwemvelo yemizimba yethu, ezi izinto - nitrogen-equlathe oganikhi khompawundi eziqulathe initrogen kwi heterocycles ezintsonkothileyo, amaqhina oqhagamshelwano ziintlobo ezahlukeneyo bonds kunye nonxibelelwano.

Ngezityalo, bona beme ngaphandle kuhlanganiselo neetyuwa ze asidi ezithile:

• malic;
• iwayini;
• oxalic;
• acetic kunye nabanye.

Ukuba into ehlambulukileyo wahluliwe ityuwa, kungenzeka ukufumana i-alkaloid njengoko ngumgubo crystalline, kwaye ukuba kwakhiwe isakhiwo engamanzi (nicotine). Kule ke kwelinye icala - ukuba nezixandileyo obrak bembonisa iipropati ezifanelekileyo chemical.

Oko kukuthi, imichiza sezakhi aziwayo, yakuqonda. Umzekelo, iindlela ezichazwe ngalo zingakotshwa bodwa bangadibani nezityalo. Bona ngokusekelwe ukunyibilika neetyuwa ze sezakhi emanzini, njengoko iikhompawundi enyulu phantse ezingenakunyibilika ngamanzi, kodwa ukuyenza organic izinyibilikisi.

A Inani zinto zenzeka usebenzisa wedwa kunye nesifundo iikhompawundi ezifana kuthiwa alkaloid.

1. Kwezulu. Reaction, ngokusekelwe sokumiswa yetyuwa ezingenakunyibilika le alkaloid, leyo ngokwemvula. Oku kunokwenziwa ngokusebenzisa ezi ziqendwana zilandelayo: izikhumba, picric acid okanye molybdic acid phosphotungstic.
2. Kwezulu. Reaction, ngokusekelwe ukuyilwa neetyuwa ezintsonkothileyo kunye iikhompawundi alkaloid. Wezenzi: chloride mercuric, potassium iodide okanye bismuth.
3. Bala. Xa kuyinto uhlobo utshintsho alkaloid kwaye iba olubonakalayo ekwakhiweni lulonke. Umgaqo amanyathelo - impembelelo heterocycles yimbonakalo umbala. Wezenzi: nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hayidroksayidi ubhedu, ubhedu (II) -precipitated.

Kuvamise luyawudyobha musa ukunika iziphumo ezichanekileyo, njengenxalenye sezakhi heterocyclic ezifanayo nezo ze-iimolekyuli protein. Ngoko ke banika isiphumo esifanayo.

ngezigaba sezakhi

Ziziphi iindidi bohlulwa zonke khompawundi ezaziwayo zeli qela, ligqiba uhlobo sezakhi, ubume balo chemical. Le yokuhlela wadalwa academician AP Orekhov kwaye kuxhomekeke kwi isiseko uhlobo kunye nolwakhiwo heterocycle kunye initrogen kuyo.

1. Pyrrolidine, pyrrolizidine, kunye nezakhi zayo. Eli qela lungaquka sezakhi ezifana platifillin, Sarrazin, senetsifillin kunye nabanye. Ubume Ngenxa ezintsonkothileyo heterocycles-membered ezintlanu, zihlangene olunye nolunye; leyo isakhiwo luquka atom nitrogen.
2. Piperidine nezakhi pyridine kwayo. Abameli anabasine, lobeline. IsiSeko - emithandathu-membered imijikelo ezintsonkothileyo nitrogen.
3. Quinolizidine kunye nemixube yayo. Eli qela iquka: pahikarpin, termopsin kunye nabanye. isiseko Chemical in ezintsonkothileyo heterocycles-membered ezintandathu, amaqhina oqhagamshelwano kunye nitrogen.
4. Quinoline - umkhwinini, echinopsine.
5. Iqela ibalulekileyo sezakhi kuqhelekile kakhulu - iikhompawundi isoquinoline. Salsalin, icaffeine kunye papaverine - ezisetyenziswa kakhulu amayeza. Oku kubandakanye sezakhi izityalo barberry, Maçka kunye celandine.
6. Afana entsonkothileyo kakhulu kubume yezabelo tropane - hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine. Isakhiwo emelwe edidekile, pyrrolidine uyahambelana kunye piperidine amakhonkco ezinzima.
7. Indole zalo iikhompawundi - reserpine, strychnine, vinblastine, kunye nabanye. A ezidibeneyo emihlanu emithandathu membered amakhonkco kunye athom nitrogen kwisakhiwo.
8. The main alkaloid kwishishini yokutya namayeza - caffeine evela amagqabi eti kunye imbewu kwisibonda izityalo. Oku kunxulumene avela purine - iikhompawundi oluntsonkothileyo heterocycles ezahlukeneyo initrogen ngakumbi ekwakhiweni.
9. Ephedrine kunye nemixube zayo - sferofizin, colchicine kunye kolhamin. Igama chemical ephedrine, ebonisa isakhiwo entsonkothileyo layo, fenilmetilaminopropanol - a entsonkothileyo organic utywala enuka kamnandi.
10. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, oko wagqiba ezabelwe izinto ezithile iqela sezakhi steroid - corticosteroids kunye iihomoni ngesondo.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Ezona mpawu ziphambili eli qela ziquka ukukwazi inganyityilikiswa ulwelo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemeko othunyelweyo kwi nemiqathango yomgangatho.

Kwiqondo lobushushu kwigumbi alkaloid oqhelekileyo - into eqinileyo crystalline. Umbala kunye nevumba, njengoko umthetho, musa ukuba. Kwi inkalakahla, uninzi kukrakra, astringent, ezingemnandi. Ukubonisa umsebenzi kokugcina in isisombululo.

Ezinye zezi zinto ezifanayo ulwelo kwi kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo - i sezakhi anoxic malunga 200 iintlobo. Umzekelo, inicotine, pahikarpin, coniine.

Ukuba sithethe ngayo ukunyibilika emanzini, ukuba ungenza njalo caffeine ngokupheleleyo kuphela, ephedrine, ergometrine. Abanye amalungu ale yeklasi khompawundi ezinyibilikayo kuphela organic ulwelo (izinyibilikisi).

Action emzimbeni womntu

Alkaloid - into leyo eye nefuthe kakhulu abantu kunye nezilwanyana. Yintoni ifuthe?

1. impembelelo enkulu na luvo, ekupheleni iiseli zemithambo-luvo, leesynapse, iinkqubo neurotransmitter. Kwimimandla data lomzimba amaqela ahlukeneyo sezakhi benza njengoko nadlamkisayo, psychotropics, indalo reflex, antitussives, mziba, ezidakumbisayo, analgesics. Xa zisetyenziswa kakuhle ukulungiselela iinjongo zonyango na imvukelo ngokungqongqo ngokuchanileyo, ezi ziphumo liluncedo. Nangona kunjalo, lo libanda incinane kunokukhokelela nemiphumela emibi kakhulu kabuhlungu.
2. Intshukumo kwinkqubo yegazi - anti-arrhythmic, iphucula kwegazi, antispasmodic, iqinile, choleretic.

Ukuba ngokusekelwe iziyobisi alkaloid zisetyenziswa ngokungafanelekanga okanye ngaphandle ukuthobela idosi kuyimfuneko, kunokubangela oku kulandelayo:

• umbono nkene zetyala;
• ukusilela yokuphefumla, isifuba yobunzima;
• isiyezi, isicaphucaphu, ukugabha;
• ukopha;
• umlomo owomileyo;
• ukukhula okanye ukuncipha uxinzelelo lwegazi;
• ukufa ubuthi kakhulu.

Inxalenye ebalulekileyo sezakhi neziphumo zazo komzimba kwi umntu iyityhefu,, unditsho enamandla ebangela nokufa (strychnine, morphine, belladonnin). Enye inxalenye - iikhompawundi ezidakumbisayo ezibangela likhoboka lazo. Ngokwasengqondweni, emphefumlweni nasemzimbeni (inicotine, caffeine, cocaine). Ngoko ke, ezi zinto kufuneka aziphathe ngononophelo kakhulu kwaye usebenzise kuphela icebiso kunye imithi.

Ukusetyenziswa in amayeza

Kule izityalo ndawo equlathe sezakhi - sisiseko iziyobisi emininzi ebanzi-spectrum, okanye ngokuchasene noko, ezizodwa kakhulu. Ngokusekelwe raw materials ezifana ukulungele suppositories, infusions, amacwecwe, izisombululo ampoule. Intshukumo ijolise ekunyangeni izifo sentliziyo, zemiphunga, luvo kunye neziphelo ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Kwakhona ngenxa yonyango inkqubo yokwetyisa, ezifana zokucwangcisa, izigulo oncological, ukuze kupheliswe likhoboka kotywala kunye nezinye iindawo ezininzi.

Yiyiphi iqulethe sezakhi kwindalo?

Xa vivo sezakhi ziqulathe imifuno amayeza kunye nezityalo. Namhlanje yaziwa okolo10000 amagama ezi izinto phantse bonke bephela atsalwa kanye ukusuka izinto ezinjalo.

Kwiindawo nomngundo, iiseli yintsholongwane, ulele, echinoderms sezakhi wafunyanwa. iikhompawundi alkaloid zitsalwe ukusuka uhlobo iiseli zezilwanyana ezithile, kodwa bambalwa.

Ngoko ke, kubonakala ukuba umthengisi zaseprayimari, umthombo obungapheliyo ezi zinto ukulungiselela iinjongo zonyango, ubomi babantu, ishishini - zizityalo equlathe sezakhi.

izityalo zamachiza

Ziziphi ezi zityalo? Ba, enyanisweni, abaninzi kakhulu ukubalula bonke. Noko ke, unako igama ixhaphake kakhulu yaye usetyenziswa rhoqo ngabantu.

1. Ragwort ploskolistny - platifillin alkaloid kunye senetsifillin - umthomalalisi kunye nefuthe spasmolytic emzimbeni, ezisetyenziswe ekuyileni imithi esihambelanayo.
2. Belladonna sylvestris ukusuka usapho Solanaceae. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba izityalo amayeza. Belladonna sezakhi - atropine kunye belladonnin. Amalungiselelo ezisekelwe izithako kwemifuno sishukumisa inkqubo luvo, ukuvuselela umsebenzi engqondweni nasemzimbeni, ukwandisa ukusebenza kunye nokunyamezela. Ilifa ukusebenza spasmolytic kunye iintlungu. Ngokwesiseko isicatshulwa sale sityalo lusekiwe amathontsi amayeza, tinctures namakhandlela.
3. Belem emnyama. Ngokupheleleyo isityalo esinetyhefu, zonke iinxalenye zayo ziyingozi. Sezakhi - hyoscyamine kunye scopolamine. Ezisetyenziselwa ukunyanga izifo luvo kunye nokugula motion.
4. Celandine. Kuyinto eqhelekileyo kakhulu yezityalo lethu lizwe. Noko ke, oko iqulethe sezakhi Quinolizidine, pahikarpin, saponin, termopsin kunye nabanye. Kakhulu yityhefu xa kusetyenziswa ngendlela engeyiyo.
5. Sezakhi izityalo papaveraceous ekuthini zokuhlola. Le umlaliso, morphine, narcotine, papaverine, thebaine, codeine, kunye nezinye nezakhi isoquinoline. ifuthe nexabiso lazo ziqwalaselwe zodwa.
6. myasokrasnaya Passionflower. Iqulethe eziliqela sezakhi, avela indole. Kuye kunempembelelo enamandla umthomalalisi.
7. Yiergot. Ngokukodwa wadala inkcubeko yalo ngundo amaphelo ukuba obonakalisayo izityalo rye, ezisetyenziswa ukuvelisa sezakhi kakhulu. It ergotamine kunye ergometrine, yaye omnye iintlobo-18. Isetyenziswa amayeza (ingakumbi G).
8. Rauwolfia yeNyoka - iingcambu le zesityalo ziqulethe sezakhi ezingaphezu kwama-50, ezisetyenziselwa unyango lwezifo sentliziyo, kuquka lwegazi.

Imifuno nezityalo - ummandla ebaluleke kakhulu zezonyango namhlanje. Ngapha koko, inkoliso imveliso kuhlelwe isekelwe kwizinto zendalo ekrwada. Baye kusetyenziswa ukususela kumaxesha amandulo andilahlekwanga ukufaneleka kwabo abantu namhlanje. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ekuhambeni kwexesha, abantu bayakuthanda kakhulu ukufumanisa kwaye bahlole icandelo ukwakhiwa izityalo ezifana ukuze bafumane into ebalulekileyo, into eza kunceda ukusombulula ingxaki izifo ezininzi ezinganyangekiyo.

Eyona alkaloid kakhulu

Abo zithathwa yemvelaphi umlaliso - codeine. Kuyenzeka ukuba ukwaba ekudibaneni kwemichiza ekhethekileyo icaffeine. Xa kuthelekiswa yokugqibela, kuba ikhuseleke ukuyisebenzisa, njengoko amanyathelo ethambileyo. Noko ke, impumelelo njengokuba iintlungu, antitussive, iziyobisi umthomalalisi mbi akukho ngaphezu koko of icaffeine okanye umlaliso ngokwayo.

Ngoko ke, amachiza codeine-based aqhelekile kakhulu amayeza kwaye zisetyenziswa ngabantu onke amazwe. Ngomda kuphela - ukuba idosi. Kufuneka kusetyenziswe kuphela icebiso phantsi kweliso zonyango.

Umlaliso kunye sezakhi yayo

Opiates - njengokuba amayeza kunye chemistry Wayibizela kuye yonke sezakhi umlaliso, nto leyo aphume kulo zikhawulezelwe kuhlelwe ezisekelwe kuyo. Yintoni na uqhagamshelo? Ngelishwa, ke ngoku imilebe phantse wonke umntu, yaye musa kusoloko igama elihle kwaye Ufanele, isicelo echanekileyo. Ezi sezakhi, ezifana:

• morphine;
• papaverine;
• heroin;
• codeine.

Xa amayeza, ezi izinto zisetyenziswa antitussives, analgesics, nadlamkisayo. Codeine-based nokuba wadala inani amayeza njengomkhuhlane ebantwaneni.

Noko ke, iikhompawundi ezifana umlaliso kunye heroin, zisetyenziswa kuphela iinjongo amayeza, kodwa nje amachiza enzima enxilisayo. Balala uxhomekeko eyoyikekayo umzimba womntu kwaye ekuhambeni kwexesha kunokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwimpilo, nkqu ubomi babantu.