Ukuthelekiswa kweenqwelo-moya zasemanzini zaseRashiya kunye neUnited States: ngubani onamandla ngakumbi?

Phakathi kweMerika kunye neRashiya bekude kulwa kuzo zonke iinkalo zomsebenzi. Ulwahlulo lweengalo luhlala luxhatshazwa kwilizwe. Inkokeli engapheliyo ukuchonga kwaye iphumelele iminyaka emininzi. Ubunkokheli kumashishini amashishini athatyathwa rhoqo ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye. Kulo shishini elithile njengemikhumbi yasemanqatyana, okwangoku i-United States ithatha indawo yokuqala.

Nangona kunjalo, akuzange kube njalo, kwimeko yeSoviet, umenzi wasekhaya wayigcina isundu. Siyabulela kwisiseko esinamandla esenziwe ngabaqulunqi baseSoviet, kwaneli nqanaba kwisiseko seenqwelo zaseRussia zikhona iimpawu ezikhethekileyo, ezingenazo iimpawu kwihlabathi lonke. Ngoko ke yonke into efanayo, iinqwelo zokuhamba ngeenqanawa ezinamandla - eRashiya okanye eUnited States? Ngubani ophumelele emncintiswaneni - ubodwa baseRussia okanye ubugcisa baseMerika.

Uyilo lokuqala lweenqanawa

Ukuthelekisa, iinqwelo zokuhamba ngeenqanawa ezinamandla (iRashiya okanye iUnited States), iqalile ukususela ngekhulu leshumi elinesibhozo. Emva koko umxholo weengxabano kwakuyinqanaba lokuqala lomkhosi. Kwangexesha elide abakwazanga ukugqiba ukuba ngubani oye waba ngumthuthukisi wokuqala wale fowuni.

Umyili kunye novavanyo lomkhumbi wokuqala wamanzi nguKornelius Drebbel. Uyi-physicist kunye ne-mechanic evela eHolland. Ukuvavanya ukuphuhlisa kwakhe, wachitha eMlambo iThames. Le nqanawa yayisisikebhe. Ulusu lwakhe lwalukhuni lukhuni ngeoli. Ulawulo kunye nentshukumo yenziwa ngokubonga kwiiyars. Baqhubela umgama omfutshane kwiindawo ezingaphantsi kwamanzi. Abasebenzi babenokubandakanya amagosa amathathu kunye nama-oarsmen abalishumi elinesibini. Ngokweenkcukacha zembali, u-King James I wayekho ngexesha leemvavanyo. Iimpawu zobugcisa zesitya esakhiweyo zamvumela ukuba ahlale kwindawo engaphantsi kwamanzi kwiiyure eziliqela. Umda wobunzulu bokubhaptizwa wawungamamitha amahlanu.

Kodwa uphuhliso olungaphezulu luphazamise ukufa kukaDrebbel. Umlandeli wakhe kunye nokuqhubeka kweengcamango kwakungomnye usosayensi waseFransi owabhala isicatshulwa esiluncedo sokwakhiwa kweenqanawa zasemanzini. Ngokweziphakamiso zakhe, isikhephe kufuneka senziwe ngentsimbi (ngokukodwa ithusi), imo ifanele ifane neentlanzi, kodwa imida kufuneka ibhekiswe. Akuyimfuneko ukuphucula le sixhobo kwisicwangciso sendawo.

Ukuphuhliswa kwamanye amazwe

Ukuthelekiswa kweenqwelo zasemanzini zaseRashiya kunye neUnited States ziqala ngeenqwelo zokuqala. Ukongeza, zakhiwe ngokwahlukileyo kwisiqingatha sekhulu leminyaka. Oku kusinika ilungelo lokuthetha ukuba ukuqala kwembali yeenqwelo-moya ezinqabileyo-moya zifana nezo zizwe zombini.

Inqanawa yanamhlanje yolwandle yaseRashiya inomdla kumntu wakubo basekhaya uEfim Nikonov, umkhombe wakhe waqalisa ukuphuhliswa kobuchwepheshe kunye nezindlela zokwakha i-submarines. Kwakungumchweli olula ukusuka kwidolophana yasePokrovskoye ngaphandle kweMoscow. Wayefuna ukuguqulela ukuphuhliswa kwakhe ukuzisebenzisa kwaye wathumela isikhalazo kuPetros I, apho wacebisa khona i-submarine. Ingcamango yomkhumbi oyimfihlo, oya kukwazi ukubetha iinqanawa zeentshaba, athanda kakhulu ukumkani. Kwiimyalelo zakhe, uNiconov weza eSt. Petersburg waza wakha izixhobo. Le projekthi yaqaliswa kwiminyaka emithathu. Kwiimvavanyo zokuqala eziye zahamba kunye noPetros I. Kungekudala, ngelixa liphucula kwaye liphucula iphrojekthi, umchweli onetalente wayelungiselela iinqanawa eziphambene nomlilo. Ukumkani, ekuboneni impumelelo enjalo, wacebisa ukuqala ukwakhiwa kwesitya esifanayo sokuqwalasela okukhulu. Kodwa ithemba kulo mbandela libonwa kuphela nguPetros I kwaye emva kokufa kwakhe ukuphuculwa kweendawo ezingaphantsi kwamanzi kwaphela. Ngoko isikhephe esingazange siphelile sibolile egazini.

Ukufezeka kweenkqubo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa

Ukuthelekiswa kweenqwelo zasemanzini zaseRashiya kunye neUnited States akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokukhankanya impumelelo yenzululwazi kunye neenjineli, ukuphuhliswa kwayo kuye kwaba sisiseko somsebenzi wanamhlanje. Ngethuba lokuqala le projekthi yafakwa kwimveliso kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu nesine yekhulu leshumi elinesithoba. Intloko yeprojekthi yayinguK. A. Schilder, owayengumjineli wempi ngemfundo.

Isakhiwo sesitya sasiquka iipaddles ezikhethekileyo, ngendlela leyo isithuthi sathunyelwa ngaphantsi kwamanzi. Xa bephuhlisiwe, umgaqo we-bionics uthathwe, oko kukuthi, imithetho yemvelo ithathwa ingqalelo ekudalweni kwezixhobo zobugcisa. Kule meko, unjiniyela wenza ingqwalasela kwisakhiwo seenyawo zeenyawo. Ezi zixhobo zafakwa kwiimbini zombini zomzimba. Ukuze kuqhutywe "ii-paws" ezinjalo, kwakudingeka ukuba kwenziwe imizamo yabaqhubi-mafutha. Kwakungekho mnandi kakhulu, kuba imizamo engalindelekanga yabasebenzi bejubane yayingeyona nto imangalisayo. Iyakhula ifikelele kwisiqingatha sekhilomitha ngeyure. Ukuze kuphuculwe le nqubo kwaye kuyenze ivelise ngakumbi kwaye iphumelele kwiindleko ezantsi, umphathi weprojekthi uceba ukusebenzisa izixhobo zombane. Kodwa ukuphuhliswa kwale shishini kwakuqhutywe kwiimpahla kunye nemida, kwaye oku kwaphazamisa ukuqaliswa kweengcamango ezintsha.

Isikhephe saba ngumkhosi wempi. Kwimbambano yayo kwakukho iziqhume ze-rocket. Iingxaki ezininzi zilahlekanga ngcamango enikeziweyo, kwaye isebenze kwi-modern wayenqanawa.

Ukusetyenziswa kweenjini kwinqwelo-moya

Isigaba esilandelayo ekuphuhlisweni kweenqwelo zokuhamba ngeenqanawa ukuqaliswa kweenjini ekwakheni iinqanawa. Umqambi xa u-Aleksandrovsky eza kuqala kwisigqibo esinjalo. Ukuze aphumeze yakhe ngcamango, wakhetha umqhubi wemoto kwi-air compressed. Umqambi ubeka ingcamango yakhe. Ngokwakhelo lwakhe, kwakusenziwa isikhephe. Kodwa le projekthi ngokwayo ayiphumelelanga ngokukodwa, njengoko imveliso ishiywe yinto enqwenelekayo. Injini yavunyelwa ukuba ibhukude kwijubane enye kunye neekhilogram iikhilomitha ezintathu kuphela.

Impumelelo ekuphunyezweni kwalo mbono yafunyanwa kuphela ngumqambi waseRussia SK Dzhevetsky. Ukuthelekiswa kweenqwelo zasemanzini zaseRashiya kunye neUnited States kunika ilungelo lokuthetha ukuba ngeli nqanaba abaqambi baseRussia benza intuthuko, kuba uLihevetsky efake kwisikhephe sakhe injini eyayiqhuba ibhetri. Ngelo xesha kwihlabathi kwakungekho mfanekiso kweso sikhephe, esinokusuka kumbane. Kule meko, ifowuni inokuphuhlisa isantya seenombolo ezine.

Ngokutsho kwiprojekthi yomqambi omnye, isikebhe "iZapadniy" sakhiwe. Ingundoqo yayo, ekuthelekiseni i-Russia kunye ne-United States i-United States kwakhona inika ubukhokeli kumaRashiya (kwakungekho njawa enjalo kwenye indawo ngelo xesha), injini enye. Impendulo yodwa yeso sixhobo ilandelelwano ngendlela yemibhobho, eyashiya emva kwayo. Oko kukuthi, ngenxa yezinga eliphantsi lokuziguqula, alikwazi ukusetyenziswa kwiinjongo zemikhosi.

Ngelo xesha kuphuhliso lwesebe linikezelwa kunye nokufakwa kwamandla okufakela ngamandla. Kwakuloo xesha ukuba izicwangciso kunye nemigqaliselo ephuhlisiwe esetyenziselwa ukuyila kweenqanawa kude kube ngoku. Ukuphuhliswa kwaqhutyelwa kwakhona kwicandelo lezixhobo. I-Dzhevetski yenzelwe iip torpedo tubes ezazisenkonzweni yenkwenkwezi yenkwenkwezi ixesha elide. Kodwa ukubuyiselwa kwamashishini anjengobunjineli kagesi kunye ne-motor industry, akazange avume ukudala inqanawa yokulwa ngokupheleleyo.

I-Dolphin yasemanzini

Thelekisa iinqwelo zasemanzini zaseRussian Federation kunye ne-United States inokusetyenziswa kule fowuni. Inqanawa yayakhiwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ngeprojekthi yeBubnov neGoryunov ngesityalo saseBaltic eSt. Petersburg. Inkqubo yemoto yayineengxenye ezimbini. Iyokuqala yayiyi-motor ephuma kwi-petroli, kwaye yesibini yayiyi-motor motor. Uphuhliso lwalunamandla kwaye alukho mgangatho ukuba iimpawu zobuchwephesha zigqithiseleyo i-American device "Fulton".

Ukususela kuloo mzuzwana, ukuphuhliswa kweenqwelo-moya zaseRussia i-shipfish yenzeke ngokukhawuleza. Abasebenzi abafanelekileyo baqeqeshiwe. Kulo lwakhiwo lophuhliso, eli shishini liye lithembekileyo uhlobo lwamaqela omkhosi welizwe. URhulumente uxhasa ngokucacileyo eli candelo. Kwaye emva kokusungulwa kwebheji ekhethekileyo yamagosa angaphantsi kweenqanawa, umnqweno wokukhonza kule mijuda yanda, njengokuba negunya lommandla wonke.

Ukubunjwa kwangoku kweMarha waseRussia

Okwangoku, iMavy yeRussia Federation iqukwa ukwahlula amahlanu. Ngamnye kubo uququzelele kummandla ophezulu kunye noomkhupha. Ukwabela iinqununu ezilandelayo zale nqununu yomkhosi:

1. IBaltic Fleet. Isiseko esisiseko sale candelo li-Baltiysk. I-flagship ingumtshabalali "Ukunyamezela". Ibutho elingaphantsi kwamanzi eBaltic libonakaliswe ngezikebhe ezintathu ze-diesel. Ngendlela, ukuthelekiswa kweenqwelo zasemanzini zaseRashiya kunye neUnited States (2016) kubonisa ukuba lolu hlobo lwesithuthi lukhona kwimihlaba yaseRussia kuphela. EUnited States, ukuveliswa kwalo hlobo lwesitya sele kuye kwashiywa.
2. I-Northern Fleet. Isiseko esisiseko sale candelo liSeveromorsk. I-flagship yinqwelo ye-nyukliya eyimandla enamandla. I-Northern Submarine Fleet yaseRashiya iyahluke ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa. Ngokwe siseko sale nqununu kukho abathathu abahamba ngeenqwelo-moya ezinqabileyo kunye nabasibhozo abasibhozo abasisigxina. Iinqwelo zokuhamba ezisemantla yaseRashiya zimelelwe ngamamodeli aneemfumba-moya (iiyunithi ezi-3), i-atomic (units 12), i-diesel (iiyunithi eziyi-8), injongo ekhethekileyo (iiyunithi ezimbini).
3. I-Black Sea Fleet. Isiseko esisiseko sale candelo liSevastopol. I-flagship yi-cruiser ye-missile cruiser. Icandelo lamanqanawa lwakhiwa ngamanzi e-diesel.
4. Pacific Fleet. Isiseko esisiseko sale candelo liVladivostok. I-flagship yi-Varyag rocket cruiser. Imikhosi yamanqanawa inokulinganisela ama-5 e-missile ohamba ngeenqwelo-moya, ii-6 zamanxweme ezinokhenkliya kunye nezixhobo zokuhamba ngeenqanawa, ii-7 zamanzi ezinqamlezileyo kunye ne-diesels.
5. ICaspian Flotilla. Isiseko esisisiseko sale candelo li-Astrakhan. I-flagship yinqanawa ye patroli "iTatarstan". Le yunithi ayinayo imikhosi yamanzi.

Izixhobo ezininzi

Ukuthelekiswa kweenqwelo-moya zasemanzini zaseRashiya kunye ne-USA (ngo-2016, kunye neminye iminyaka, ayizange ivelise impumelelo ebalulekileyo kulo mkhakha) ivumela ukuvavanya ubunako bemikhosi yamanqindi. Enye yezona zithuthi ezibaluleke kakhulu ezixhotywe ngezixhobo zobugcisa zomkhosi kwanoma yimuphi amandla enqaba yamanxweme iindawo ezijongene nemisebenzi yokusebenza. Injongo yeenqwelo ezinjalo kukutshatyalaliswa kweenjongo zeentshaba kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kolwandle. Njengesixhobo, iinqwelo zokukhwela kunye ne-torpedoes zisetyenzisiweyo. Ngokuxhomekeka kwimihlobo yezixhobo, i-submarines yile:

• Ngeentambo zokuhamba;
• Nge torpedoes;
• Ngeentambo zokuhamba ngee-cruise kunye ne-torpedoes.

Inqwelo-moya yamanzi yasemanzini yase-US inombolo enkulu yamanqanawa asebenzayo. Kulo mjelo ukuba umgaqo-mkhosi jikelele weMelika ukhankanywe. Ukuba sithatha enye imilinganiselo yokwahlula, njengomgangatho, ngoko asikwazi ukukhetha inkokeli ecacileyo. Oku kubangelwa ubuchule obuphezulu bezobugcisa bamazwe omabini.

Iinqanawa zokusebenza ze-USA

Yintoni eyingozi yinqwelo-moya yowwandle yase-United States, ngoko ke lo luhlobo lwenqanawa. Ngokwemigaqo yamabutho aseMelika amabutho anamanqaku angamashumi amahlanu anesithoba anolu hlobo. Uninzi lwazo (kwaye le iinqanawa ezingamashumi amathathu anesithoba) zaqala ukulinganisela kwiminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe nesithandathu yekhulu lokugqibela. Babizwa ngokuba yi "Los Angeles" kwaye bahlala kwisizukulwana sesithathu. Ngohlobo lwengalo, bayihlobo oluxubekileyo. Ziquka imikhosi yokulwa nekhefu iHarpoon kunye ne-torpedoes. Kwixesha elizayo, kucetywa ukuba ususe ngokuthe ngcembe le mitya ukususela kwimida kwaye uphinde uyithathele imizekelo emitsha. Kucetywayo ukuba kuqhutywe lolo suku kuze kube se-thirties.

Ukubheja kwenziwa kwiinqanawa zesizukulwana sesine. Baya kutshintsha "Los Angeles". Ezi ziquka imizekelo efana ne "Virginia" ne "Sea Wolf". Olu hlobo lokugqibela luphuhlisiwe kwiminyaka engama-90. Iindleko zaso zokwakha ezine ezineebhiliyoni zeebhiliyoni. Kodwa ixabiso lilungelelaniswa neerameters. Ixhotywe ngeenkcukacha ezinamandla zokwenza iinqwelo zokuhamba kunye neentambo. Kwakhona, ubunqabileyo bayo bubuncinane bezandi ezipapashwe. Ngokukhutshwa komzekelo ngamnye, isikebhe siya kuba siphelele ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuthelekiswa kweenqanawa zasemanzini zaseRashiya kunye neUnited States (2017) kunika ilungelo lokuthetha ukuba "i-Ashi" yasekhaya ayikho ngaphantsi kwe "Sea Wolf" yochungechunge lokuqala.

Inzuzo yaseMelika

Iinqwelo zasemanqanawa zase-USA kunye neRashiya ngo-2016 zihluke nje kuphela ekuveleni okwenziweyo, kodwa nakwizizukulwana zemizekelo. Inqwelo yamanzi yaseMerika yaseVirginia yenzelwe emva kweLwandle Wolf. Kodwa nangona kunjalo, ngokwemiqathango yobugcisa, "Sivulf" inkulu phambi komlandeli walo. Ukuba sithelekisa zombini le miboniso yaseMerika kunye nekhaya "iTsha" yasekhaya, ngoko liphakathi. Isici esahlukileyo kunye nenzuzo yowwandle lwaseRashiya ngumgangatho wezixhobo. Iinqwelo zokuhamba kwi-Caliber zisebenza kakhulu kune-American Tomahawk.

Phakathi kweemodeli zaseRashiya kwinqanaba lezona zixhobo ezilungileyo zaseMerika kuphela "iSeverodvinsk". Kodwa yena kuphela, nangona iphrojekthi inika ukwakhiwa kweminye emithathu. Kodwa ngelixesha eliyakhelwe, iMelika iya kuhamba kwinqanaba elitsha lophuhliso.

Imifanekiso yeDesel

Inqwelo engaphantsi kwamanzi yaseRussia (ifoto engezantsi) imelwe ngxube olunamandla lweedelesi. Yile ndlela i-domestic sector ehluke ngayo. EUnited States, ukukhululwa kweenqanawa zolu hlobo kwashiywa phakathi kwekhulu lokugqibela. E-Rashiya, i-submarines enjalo ayiyi kukhishwa kuphela kwi-balance, kodwa iyaqhubeka nokuvelisa ngokukhawuleza nokuphucula. Uninzi lweempahla zolu hlobo luhlobo olusandulweyo "Varshavianka". Ngobuchwephesha babo bangaphantsi kweekhenkliya ezixhaswe ngamandla enyukliya, kodwa kubambiswano - kungekhona.

Ngexesha elide, ukuthunyelwa kwekhefu le-diesel yaseKalina kucebelwe. Ukwahluke kwaso yinjini, esebenza ngaphandle kwe-oksijeni. Umzekelo onjalo unokuba kwindawo engaphantsi kwamanzi malunga nenyanga, kwaye akuyi kudingeke ukuba ifikelele.

Ngoko, i-US Navy ngoku iphakamileyo yophuhliso. I-navy yaseRashiya isemva kwinqanaba le-qualitative, nangona uphando olusebenzayo luqhutyelwa kwiindawo ezininzi. Enyanisweni, ayikaziwa ukuba yiyiphi intuthuko eya kuphumelela.