Ukusetyenziswa lokuqala lezixhobo zeekhemikhali kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I.

Ekuseni kwi kusasa Epreli ngo-1915 yi kwizithuba waseJamani, aphikisanayo umgca zokhuselo Entente amabini yeekhilomitha ukusuka kwidolophu Ypres (Belgium), impepho kubethwa. Kunye naye kwicala imisele eManyeneyo wachukumiseka ngequbuliso wabonakala ashinyeneyo ilifu bulubhelu eluhlaza. Ngelo xesha, bambalwa abantu wayesazi ukuba umoya yokufa, kwaye ufake iingxelo phambi-line ulwimi ekumnikeni - ukusetyenziswa lokuqala lezixhobo zeekhemikhali kwi-Western Front.

Alile ngaphambi kokufa

Ukuze ube ngqo ngokupheleleyo, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kwemichiza kwi leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi yaqala ngo-1914, yaye wenza eli phulo ezinobungozi isiFrentshi. Kodwa ke zifundo yasungulwa igesi iinyembezi bromoacetate, libhekisela kwiqela esahlala weekhemikhali, hayi olubulalayo. Baba iziqhushumbisi 26-millimitha, nto leyo bavele bazaliswa emingxunyeni German. Xa ubonelelo le gesi yafikelela esiphelweni, ukuba indawo isenzo chloroacetone efanayo.

Ukuphendula, amaJamani kwakhona musa baziva benyanzelekile ukuba kuthotyelwe izithethe eyamkelekileyo ngokubanzi zomthetho kumGaqo Hague Convention, xa Idabi Neuve Chapelle, ebibanjwe ngo-Oktobha ka nyaka, amaBritane edubula abotshwe kunye esahlala imichiza. Noko ke, xa basilela ukufikelela eyavela yingozi.

Ngoko, asinguye ukusetyenziswa lokuqala lezixhobo zeekhemikhali ngo-Apreli 1915, kodwa ke, ngokungafaniyo engaphambili, ngenxa yokwaphuka imikhosi eziphilayo kotshaba kusetyenziswa igesi yeKhlorini ebulalayo. Attack japan lalingafani. One elinamanci asibhozo neetoni atomized arhente kwemichiza kwabulawa amawaka amahlanu Allied amajoni elinye ishumi lamawaka zaye ikhubaziwe ngenxa yityhefu zaveliswa. Hi ndlela leyi, ubunzima yi amaJamani ngokwabo. Enta ilifu ukufa wachukumisa udini zabo yezikhundla zabo, ezi abavikeli khange anikezelwe ngokupheleleyo iimaski igesi. Nakule imfazwe le siganeko yakhethwa 'imini abantsundu Ypres. "

Ukuqhubeka nokusebenzisa izixhobo zeekhemikhali kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I.

Efuna ukwakha le mpumelelo, amaJamani waba iveki kwisithili Warsaw wokuhlaselwa kwemichiza ngokuphindaphindiweyo, eli xesha ngokusingisele kwimpi kaFaro Russian. Apha, ukufa wavuka isivuno kuninzi - amawaka ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini amawaka babulawa yaye ezininzi usisilima. Ngokwendalo, amazwe Entente wazama ingaqhankqalaza ngayo ukuchasa loo ukugxojwa inyala imigaqo yomthetho ngamazwe, kodwa Berlin Wathi ke phofu, ukuba Hague Convention of 1896 ekuthethwe kuphela oonokrwece enobuhlungu, hayi iigesi ngokwabo. Bayavuma yaye akazange azame ukuphikisana - imfazwe usoloko negates imisebenzi nezifundiswa.

Ezi nkcukacha yaloo mfazwe yoyikekayo

Njengoko uyagxininisa, ngokuthi mbali wamajoni, leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi zaye zasasazwa yamkela Amaqhinga amanyathelo ngokokuma ekuthi ngalo kuboniswe ngokucacileyo ngelayini eqinileyo ngaphambili, uzinzile, lexinene xi-mkhosi nobunjineli ophezulu kunye nenkxaso yobuchule.

Oku kakhulu kwanciphisa ukusebenza ngempumelelo amanyathelo ekhubekisayo, ekubeni omabini badibana kweelana eziphumelela utshaba olunamandla. Indlela yokuphuma le nkinga kungaba kuphela isigqibo Committe engaqhelekanga, yaye oko ukusetyenziswa lokuqala lezixhobo zeekhemikhali.

A page entsha empini

Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kwemichiza kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I yaba ezintsha enkulu. Uluhlu neziphumo zayo abantu kuye ebanzi kakhulu. Njengoko kubonakala ezinikwe apha ngentla iziqephu kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, wadlulisela malware eyayibangela chloroacetone, ethyl bromoacetate kunye nenani kwabanye, ukubacaphukisa, ukuba ezibulalayo - phosgene, chlorine kunye lwemostade.

Nangona isibakala sokuba manani ezibonisa umda relative amandla obulalayo irhasi (yenani lilonke abachaphazelekayo - 5% kuphela yabo bonke abafayo), inani kwabafileyo nezilima omkhulu. Inika ilungelo singabhengeza ukuba ukusetyenziswa lokuqala izixhobo zeekhemikhali uye wavula kwisahluko esitsha empini kwimbali yoluntu.

Kumanqanaba kamva yemfazwe, omabini amacala bakwazi ukuphuhlisa nokuphumeza ukusetyenziswa yokhuseleko olusebenzayo ngokwaneleyo ekuhlaseleni imichiza. Oku kuye kwenza ukusetyenziswa arhente ayinabungozi olusebenzayo kwaye zenza ukuba kancane ndilahliwe zezicelo zabo. Noko ke, ixesha ukususela ngo-1914 ukuya 1918 wehla embalini njenge "ukulwa ekhemisi," ukususela ukusetyenziswa lokuqala lezixhobo zeekhemikhali kwi ihlabathi phezu nempi yayo.

Intlekele le abavikeli inqaba Osowiec

Kodwa emva kokuba umlando ngamajoni kwexesha. Ekuqaleni kuka May 1915 kokuhlaselwa imichiza nxamnye amajoni Russian akhusela inqaba Osowiec ibekwe neekhilomitha amahlanu ukusuka Bialystok (ummandla yangoku Poland) yenziwa yi yiJamani. Ngokutsho ngawabo, emva amaqokobhe neziqhushumbisi elide abotshwe kunye izinto ezibulalayo, phakathi eyayisetyenziselwa ezininzi kweentlobo zabo, bonke abahlala kumgama kakhulu sele ityhefu.

yatshatyalaliswa Abafa abantu kuphela kunye nezilwanyana ubanjwe kwindawo lomlilo, kodwa bonke utyani. amagqabi omthi emehlweni akhe ajika tyheli kwaye ivuthu-, kunye nengca luyavutha wawa emhlabeni. Le filimu yaba YeApocalypse ngokwenene ibe abanakwanela ezingqondweni ndoda yesiqhelo.

Kodwa ke eyona ochaphazelekayo, Kakade ke, abavikeli kwinqaba iShushan. Kwanabo wasinda ekufeni, inkoliso yabo ubunzima ukutsha kakhulu yaye buhlungu engenakulungiswa. Nje kwenzeka imbonakalo yazo ubonisa asingabokoyikwa utshaba, ukuba kwimbali balwe imfazwe Russian, ulahle ngenxa yotshaba ukusuka inqaba beza phantsi kwesihloko "uhlaselo Abafileyo."

Ukuphuhlisa ziqalise ukusetyenziswa phosgene

Ukusetyenziswa lokuqala izixhobo zeekhemikhali ludize inani elikhulu amaphutha ayo zobugcisa, ezibe zisuswe liqela ekhemisi French, ekhokelwa Viktorom Grinyarom ngo-1915. Ziziphumo zophando lwabo uye waba isizukulwana esitsha ezibulalayo yerhasi - phosgene.

Eyona nto enemibala, ngokuchaseneyo wechlorine ezibuhlazarha-yellow, kwanika ubukho bayo kuphela ivumba hay kunzima perceptible ukungunda, iyenza nzima ukubona. Xa kuthelekiswa kuneyokuqala, imveliso entsha yaba zinetyhefu ephezulu, kodwa kwangaxeshanye wayenazo iimpazamo.

Iimpawu ubuthi, nkqu nokufa ixhoba, ayenzeki ngoko nangoko, nemini emva inhalation igesi. Oku wavumela ezinetyhefu yaye ngokufuthi sanga singabamiselwe ukufa lamajoni cwaka ixesha elide ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba kwemfazwe. Ukongeza, phosgene kwakunzima zeedyokhwe, ukuphucula ukushukumiseka oko kwakufuneka ukuxuba yonke kunye chlorine efanayo. Lo mxube wesihogo evela Amanyeneyo ngokuba "White Star", njengoko lo mqondiso iibhotile enombhalo equlethe kuyo.

izinto ezintsha emculweni

Ngobusuku ka July 13, 1917 kufutshane nedolophu saseBelgium Ypres, sele waphumelela notorious, amaJamani yenziwa ukusetyenziswa lokuqala lezixhobo zeekhemikhali blister. Kwindawo bt yayo, oko kwazeka negesi lwemostade. abaphathi bakhe baba ngabam, kuqhuma itshizwe ulwelo yellow ezinamafutha.

Ukusetyenziswa kwegesi lwemostade, kwaye ngokubanzi ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kwemichiza kwi leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, enye ezintsha ezimbi. Oku "mpumelelo impucuko" wadalwa ngenxa yokwaphuka eluswini, kwakunye yokuphefumla esiswini. Kwiimpembelelo zalo akazange ukugcina uniform nayiphi Ijoni, okanye naziphi na iintlobo neempahla zokunxiba. Yena angena kuyo nayiphi na inyama.

Kuloo minyaka, Asizanga awukazivelisi naluphi na uhlobo enokuthenjwa nokhuseleko wadibana umzimba wakhe, owenza nokusetyenziswa kwerhasi lwemostade kakhulu ngempumelelo de ekupheleni kwemfazwe. Sele isicelo wokuqala weli, wehla amabini kunye newaka nesiqingatha amajoni kunye namagosa, apho kukho inani eliphezulu labantu abasweleke.

Gas, hayi ahamba emhlabeni

Ukuphuhlisa lwemostade ekhemisi German ukwenza ngengozi. Ukusetyenziswa lokuqala lezixhobo zeekhemikhali kwi-Western Front wafumanisa ukuba izinto ukusetyenziswa - chlorine kunye phosgene - babe ethile eqhelekileyo kunye ezibalulekileyo kakhulu. Bona nzima ngaphezu komoya, yaye ngoko ekwimo atomized zawa phantsi, izalise imingxuma kunye emikhombeni ezahlukeneyo. Ukufumana kuzo abantu yityhefu, kodwa abo ngelo xesha kuhlasela ezindulini, ngokufuthi wahlala engenawo nomkrwelo.

Ukuba ayile igesi enetyhefu kunye benokundileka esezantsi ethile ekwaziyo ukubulala amaxhoba ayo naliphi na inqanaba. Waza ukubonakala ngoJulayi 1917 lwemostade. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ekhemisi British ziye zasekwa ifomula yakhe kunokuba ngokukhawuleza, yaye ngowe-1918 yasungula isixhobo esiyingozi kwi imveliso, kodwa ukusetyenziswa elikhulu-isikali stop elandelwa iinyanga ezimbini kuthula. EYurophu kwathi gidi - iphela, eyathatha iminyaka emine World lokuQala. Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kwemichiza sele zaphelelwa, kunye nophuhliso wayo wayeka okwexeshana.

Ukuqala ukusetyenziswa izinto eziyityhefu ngumkhosi Russian

Ityala lokuqala lokusebenzisa izixhobo kwemichiza ngumkhosi Russian libhekisa ku-1915, xa phantsi kobunkokheli uLieutenant-General V. N. Ipateva yaphunyezwa ngempumelelo inkqubo yemveliso eRashiya olu hlobo izixhobo. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa yawo yohlobo iimvavanyo zobugcisa ngoko ebezingasukeli iinjongo ezithile. emva nje konyaka, ngenxa yokuba umsebenzi ukuphunyezwa uphuhliso kwimveliso, wadala kule ndawo, kwabakho ithuba ukusebenzisa babo ngaphambili.

ukusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo izinto zomkhosi, asakhulayo ukusuka kwiilebhu sasekhaya, waqala ehlotyeni ka 1916, ngexesha le odumileyo Brusilov nhlanganiso. Esi siganeko kunika ithuba lokuba ukuchonga umnyaka ukusetyenziswa lokuqala lezixhobo zeekhemikhali ngumkhosi Russian. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ngexesha yokulwa imisebenzi kusetyenziswa oonokrwece zokudubula, wafaka ingakwazi igesi kunye chloropicrin ityhefu - vensinitom kunye phosgene. Ngokwe ngxelo, mayibhekiswe Main zokudubula Administration, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kwemichiza yaba 'inkonzo enkulu ukuya emkhosini. "

Statistics War belusizi

Ukusetyenziswa lokuqala kwemichiza izixhobo leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi yaba umzekelo yintlekele. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, ukusetyenziswa yayo ayenziwanga ukwandisa kuphela, kodwa ithe utshintsho qualitative. UPawulos la manani ebuhlungu kweminyaka emine emkhosini, ababhali-mbali ziye zagqiba ukuba ngeli xesha amaqela alwayo ukuba sifakwe kungasalanga ngaphantsi kwe-180 lamawaka. Iitoni izixhobo zeekhemikhali, apho ubuncinane 125 thous. Iitoni bafumana indlela yabo. Empini kwaye yavavanywa iindidi 40 ezahlukeneyo izinto eziyityhefu okunyusileyo ukufa ukwenzakala 1.3 yezigidi amajoni zamajoni ubanjwe kwindawo zezicelo zabo.

Isifundo ababesele undigested

Nokuba abantu uye wafunda isifundo endilisekileyo kwiziganeko kwaloo minyaka kwaye nokuba kumhla ukusetyenziswa lokuqala izixhobo zeekhemikhali lusuku abamnyama kwimbali yawo? Lutho. Kwaye namhlanje, nangona imithetho yamazwe ukuba thintela ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zinetyhefu, izixhobo beentlanga ezininzi zehlabathi zizele uphuhliso zabo ezintsha, yaye ngakumbi kwi-ndaba kukho iingxelo lokusetyenziswa kwayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Uluntu ukuhambisa njalo behamba endleleni self-wentshabalalo, ukukhathaza amava ekrakra zezizukulwana zangaphambili.