Oonobangela wobukhosi ukuqhekeka. Imvelaphi kunye nezizathu eqhekekileyo feudal eYurophu

ithi Western yaseYurophu ayengafuni epheleleyo kumaXesha Aphakathi. Nganye yaba fiefs ezimbalwa enkulu, nto leyo yahlulwe abo amancinane. Umzekelo, eJamani, kwakukho malunga namakhulu amabini ithi ezincinane. Inkoliso yabo encinane kakhulu, baye bethetha jest, ukuba intloko yomphathi ilele phezu ilizwe lakhe, kwaye imilenze eyolukileyo - xa ilifa ummelwane wakhe. Eli xesha eqhekekileyo feudal eye wayithimba amazwe Western Europe.

Esi sihloko umdla kakhulu hayi kuphela kubafundi, kuba yona ishwankathelwe kule ncwadi "World History. Grade 6 ", kwakunye nabantu abadala, mhlawumbi kancinane ngekopi wesikolo.

le nkcazelo

Feudalism - inkqubo yezopolitiko evelayo kumaXesha Aphakathi yaye sisebenza kwi kummandla amazwe aseYurophu ngoko. Amazwe nge ngenkqubo kulawulo ezo bohlulwa amacandelo ebizwa feuds. La mazwe zaye zasasazwa kwiikumkani, yamakhosi ekusebenziseni ixesha elide izifundo amanene - akhonze. Abanikazi, kulawulo ogama wawa intsimi sanyanzeleka ukuba ngonyaka ngamnye ukuba ndothulele umnqwazi ebuncwaneni karhulumente, kwakunye ukuthumela kwi umlawuli yomkhosi inani elithile kartel kunye nezinye amajoni axhobileyo. Yaye ukuba akhonze, ke, hayi nje kuphela wafumana amalungelo ukusebenzisa umhlaba, kodwa wayengakwazi umsebenzi, ziyahlelwa abantu ingqalelo izifundo zabo.

Ukuwa bukhosi

Emva kokufa Karla Velikogo ngo-814, ezihlangwini zakhe wasilela ukugcina urhulumente wabadalayo ukususela kubola. Kwaye zonke imvelaphi kunye ngezizathu feudal ukuqhekeka waqalisa ukubonisa kuyo kanye nje xa kankosi frankiyskie, okanye mandithi, ukubalwa, ngubani na amagosa ombuso, waqalisa ukuba athimbe umhlaba. Kulo mzekelo, abantu ezamahala abahlala apho, baza baguquka ukuze akhonze zabo kunye nabalimi ngenkani.

Iinkosi wobukhosi aphantsi nempahla, ekuthiwa Senor, ezibe enyanisweni ivaliwe ezifama. Kwintsimi ababeyenza zonke eyimfuneko ngenxa yomphefumlo iimveliso, ukusukela ukutya kunye nezinto nawokugqiba ukuze kwakhiwe iinqaba - izakhiwo enqatyisiweyo kakuhle, umiwe ngabanini kula mazwe. Sinokuthi uqhekeko feudal eYurophu, kukho Bulelani kule uqoqosho zendalo zokusebenza, igalelo ukuzimela ngokupheleleyo aziingangamsha.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, indawo kwigrafu yaqala ukuba ilifa kuzinziswa emva abanini inkulu. Baye wayeka ukuthobela umlawuli, naphakathi kunye neenkosi ezincinane feudal yaba akhonze.

isivumelwano of laseVerdun

Ngokufa Karla Velikogo xa intsapho yakhe aqale nenqala, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni imfazwe langoku. Ngeli xesha, izikhulu inkulu feudal kuqalisa inkxaso kuzo. Kodwa ke, ekugqibeleni udiniwe imfazwe rhoqo ngo-843, Karla Velikogo wabazukulwana bagqiba ukuhlangana kwisixeko laseVerdun, apho basayina isivumelwano ngokwendlela apho bukhosi uwahlule ube zahlulo emithathu.

Ukungqinelana isivumelwano enye inxalenye yentsimi ocande ilifa Louis the German. Yena waba ngumlawuli intsimi engasentla Alps nasempuma kwe iRhine. Le meko iye ngokuba eMpuma-amakhosi. Apha wathetha lwesigodi waseJamani.

Inxalenye yesibini ezifunyenweyo kulawulo Karl, ababethwala igama elithi Bald. Ezi amazwe akhiwe ukuya entshona i Rhone lomlambo, Scheldt kunye Meuse. Baye baziwa eWest Francia. Apha, ukuthetha ngeelwimi, apho kamva yenza isiseko zale mihla isiFrentshi.

Isahlulo sesithathu zelizwe, kunye kwisihloko mlawuli, waya omdala abazalwana - Lothar. Anakho imimandla ecaleni lomlambo iRhine, ngokunjalo Italy. Kodwa kungekudala bexabana bazalwana, naphakathi imfazwe kwakhona ingxabano. Louis Carl united nxamnye Lothair, alithabathayo ilizwe lakhe, wazicanda phakathi kwabo. Ngeli xesha isihloko umbusi phantse zazingathethi nto kwaphela.

Emva kokuba ukungcola ububona uCharlemagne eNtshona Yurophu wangena isithuba wobukhosi ukuqhekeka. Kamva, ilifa abazalwana abathathu baye baba ilizwe ekhoyo unanamhla - lo Italy, Germany kunye France.

amazwe ephakathi aseYurophu

Ukongeza ubukhosi Karla Velikogo, kwakukho kwelinye ilizwe elikhulu eYurophu. Ngo1066, iNkosana eNormandy (a ummandla ibekwe kumantla eFransi), ukuba ndizinyathele kwizikumkani Anglo-Saxon, yena kunye nabo waza waba ngukumkani eNgilani. Igama lakhe uWilliam koloyiso.

East of ithi German sele yakha ithi Slavic, ezifana ne-Czech Republic, Poland kunye Kievan Rus. Kwaye phezu iDanube River, alawulwa abasemathanga abafika apha ekuhambeni kwexesha kwabonakala i-Hungarian yoBukumkani. Ukongezelela, kwakukho Sweden, Denmark kunye Norway kumntla of Europe. Zonke ezi kwamazwe ixesha elithile simanywe.

Ukuwa ithi ephakathi

Ngoko ke thina apha ngenxa yezizathu wobukhosi ukuqhekeka? Isizathu sokuba ekuweni bukhosi ngelo xesha abazange feuding kuphela abalawuli. Njengoko usazi, ilizwe elo urhulumente Karla Velikogo, sasimanyene ngezigalo. Ngoko ke, izizathu zokungavumelani feudal ilala into yokuba kukho azame ukuqokelela embusweni enye iintlanga ezahlukeneyo kakhulu, abangazange bafune ukuhlala kunye. Ngokomzekelo, abemi West Francia ekuthiwa yi-French, eMpuma-amakhosi - amaJamani, nabantu ephilayo Italy - le Italy. An into umdla kukuba amaxwebhu ngqa sibhalwe ngeelwimi abantu abahlala apha, kuye kwavela ngexesha kumzabalazo amandla umlawuli Karla Velikogo ngabazukulwana. Ngoko ke, uCharles i Bald kunye Louis i German ukuba utyikitye isivumelwano echaza ukuba ungabhambathisi ukuma kunye nomzalwana wakhe omdala Lothar. La maphepha ezo zinto zabuya isiFrentshi kwakunye nesiJamani.

Amandla aziingangamsha

Oonobangela eqhekekileyo feudal eYurophu ixhomekeke kakhulu kumanyathelo ukubalwa kunye neendwalutho, nto leyo uhlobo neyamabamba kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zelo lizwe. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha, xa waqalisa ukuziva amandla phantse mda, izinduna wayeka ukuthobela umlawuli oyintloko. Ngoku baba ngabanini bomhlaba kuphela intsimi bakhe imihlaba zabo. Noko ke, ingxelo ngqo le nkosana okanye Earl, yaye ngoko kuphela ngexesha lemfazwe, xa zisenziwa kwiphulo kwakhokelela kakuhle umkhosi wakhe. Xa phambili ehlabathini, baba elizimeleyo ngokupheleleyo nokulawula namazwe azo kunye nabantu abahlala kuzo, njengoko ebona kufanelekile.

ileli wobukhosi

Ukwenzela ukudala umkhosi wakhe, iindwalutho kunye Zizi wamnika isabelo imimandla zabo nasakhulayo ngaphezulu. Ngenxa yoko, abanye baba abadala (ezinkulu) kunye nabanye - okuvula zabo (abakhonzi zomkhosi). Balihlutha a fief, lo ingumbuso waguqa phambi kwenkosi yakhe, bazithoba kuye. In ukubuya, uMnu wanika abemi zayo kwisebe lomthi kunye neqaqobana emhlabeni.

Ikakhulu kwi imeko feudal ukumkani. Waye ingqalelo inkosi ukubalwa neendwalutho. Xa ilifa yazo amakhulu ezilalini inani elikhulu leeyunithi zomkhosi. A notch zingezantsi zizigwili, abo akhonze ze sobalo neendwalutho. Kwakufuneka Kudla ngokungabikho iilali ngaphezulu kwesithathu elinesibini, yaye ibutho lamajoni. Zizigwili wathobela kartel ezincinane wobukhosi.

Umphumo waba ukwehla feudal ingeniso avareji ngayo iNkosi encinane, kodwa kwangaxeshanye yokuba ekhonza lo izidwangube enkulu. Ngoko ke sazivelela meko kakhulu umdla. Abo nabakhulu ababehlala akhonze bokumkani, zaye akanyanzelekanga ukuba ndimthobele enze imiyalelo yakhe. Kwakukho nkqu ulawulo olulodwa. Kwaye ke kubhaliwe kwathiwa: "ingumbuso wayenguphum kwam - hayi wayenguphum wam".

Ubudlelwane phakathi iiklasi ayefana ileli apho phezu amanyathelo ongezantsi kwakukho neenkosi ezincinane bondage, kwaye phezu - elikhulu ekhokelwa yi kukumkani. Yiyo le candelo kamva yabizwa ngokuba kwileli feudal. Nabalimi belizwe abazange inxalenye yalo, kuba zonke iziphathamandla kunye akhonze babelima zemisebenzi yabo.

uqoqosho yemvelo

Oonobangela eqhekekileyo feudal of Western Europe kuxhomekeke kwinto yokuba abahlali hayi kuphela kwimimandla ngamnye kunye needolophana, kwaye phantse wayengadingi unxulumano noluntu kunye nezinye iindawo. Zonke izinto eziyimfuneko izinto, ukutya kunye nezixhobo iimveliso oko kwakunokubanceda bavelise ngokwabo okanye ukunanisa nje kunye nabamelwane. Ngelo xesha nje liyachuma uqoqosho sokutya, apho urhwebo ngokwayo abasekho.

nkqubo empini

Wobukhosi uqhekeko, izizathu kunye neziphumo zazo kwanempembelelo kwi amandla omkhosi lasebukhosini kanye, angabi nako ukunceda kuphela ukuqinisa, kodwa kwakhona ukunyuka kwegunya urhulumente emehlweni abanini ezinkulu. Le izinduna kwinkulungwane yeshumi ixesha lokuba bafumane kumaqela abo. Ngako oko ke, abucala mkhosi wokumkani Ayikwazanga ngokupheleleyo bamelane akhonze. Ngelo xesha, irhuluneli ngurhulumente yaba anokuvela kuphela ngoko intloko kwenkqubo yonke oluneqela elinegunya. Enyanisweni, eli lizwe phantsi kolawulo kankosi - zakwaEsawu, zizigwili nabathetheli.

Izizathu ekuweni kwamazwe aseYurophu

Ngoko ke, zonke izinto ezinkulu feudal ukuqhekeka ezikhethiweyo kwinkqubo ukufunda uphuhliso zenkcubeko nezentlalo noqoqosho amazwe eNtshona Yurophu kumaXesha Aphakathi. Le nkqubo yezopolitiko kukhokelele ekwandeni ngokwemiqathango kakuhle-ntle eziphathekayo, kwakunye ukuba esimi kakuhle ulwalathiso lokomoya. Ababhali-mbali ziye zagqiba ukuba inkqubo feudal ukuqhekeka kwakunzima ubhalo kunye nenjongo. Kodwa usebenza kuphela kumazwe aseYurophu.

Apha ziqhelekile onke amazwe, ngaphandle kokukhetha, izizathu ka feudal eqhekekileyo, ngokufutshane ishwankathelwe points ezimbini:

● Ubukho koqoqosho yendalo. Oku, kwelinye icala, ukuba ukunika ukunyuka ngokwanelisayo elibukhali ichulumachile kunye norhwebo, kwakunye nophuhliso olukhawulezayo lomiwo mhlaba, yaye kwelinye - ukungabikho ngokupheleleyo nayiphi zobungcali kwiindawo ngamnye kunye nobudlelwane zincinane kakhulu kwezoqoqosho kunye namanye amazwe.

● ilungiswe indlela loonogada yobomi. Ngamanye amazwi ke, inguqu ayo lamalungu Wamakhosi ilungelo elo lilungelo mhlaba. Ukongeza, amandla abo phezu abalimi waba olungathethekiyo. Babenethuba ukuba agwebe ebantwini abohlwaye ngenxa iziphene ezahlukeneyo. Oku kuye kwabangela ukuba buthathaka yempembelelo-nkqubo karhulumente kazwelonke zibe kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Kwakhona, kukho zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze isisombululo ngempumelelo iingxaki imikhosi yamajoni nabantu basekuhlaleni.

ukuqhekeka feudal yamazwe Russian

Iinkqubo ezenzeka eNtshona Yurophu ukususela X ngenkulungwane, ayikwazanga ngoyaba ulawulo, apho wayehlala khona Eastern nokuxubana. Kodwa ke, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba oonobangela eqhekekileyo feudal e Rus waba unobumba okhethekileyo. Oku kunokucaciswa nakolunye zentlalo noqoqosho, kwakunye ngokulandelelana amasiko endawo.

ngokwahlukana isimo ubulawuli kwakubangelwa impembelelo enkulu, eyasetyenziswa zasebukhosini lasekuhlaleni, izinduna. Ukongeza, ababenako yayinomhlaba enkulu yaye yaxhasa abathetheli zasekuhlaleni. Kwaye kunokuba angenise kwabasemagunyeni eKiev, bavumelana phakathi kwabo.

zobukhosi ufuzo

Njengoko eYurophu, feudal uqhekeko waqalisa nesibakala sokuba inzala ezininzi Kubaphathi ababa ukwabelana amandla. If the countries Western acted Salic throne law heritage, demanded the throne to pass from father to son eldest, then took action Lestvicheskoe right to lands Russian. Ilungiselelwe ukuba ukutshintshwa kwamandla ukusuka umzalwana mdala unabantwana njalo njalo. D.

nenzala emininzi bonke abazalwana bakhula, elowo kubo wayefuna ukuba abuse. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, isimo saba nzima, kwaye yama- itrone rhoqo kwaye besoma nomdla nxamnye omnye komnye.

I ingxabano lokuqala kakhulu yaba ungquzulwano yasemkhosini phakathi iindlalifa Prince Svyatoslav, eyafa ngo 972. Ophumelele waphuma unyana wakhe Vladimir, ebengabhaptizi iRussia kamva. Ukuwa karhulumente yaqala emva kolawulo Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich, eyafa ngo 1132. Emva koko, lo ukuqhekezwa feudal kwaqhubeka de waqalisa umhlaba yokuhlanganisa ngeenxa eMoscow.

Izizathu ukuqhekezwa amazwe Russian

Inkqubo egaya Kiev Rus iquka ixesha ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XII XIV ukuba. Kweli xesha Abathetheli obude anegazi iimfazwe zamakhaya ukuba ukunyuka kwamanan zorhwebo komhlaba.

Nazi izizathu ezibalulekileyo feudal ukuqhekeka, ngokufutshane yaye ngokucacileyo mawuqulunqwe ngongoma zine, kusebenza kuphela eRashiya:

● Ukomeleza wembambano lwangaphakathi ngenxa iintsingiselo ezimbini ibe khona imigaqo yolandelelwano kwitrone Kiev. Omnye wabo - umthetho yaseByzantium, nto leyo evumela ukuba ukudlulisela amandla ukusuka kuyise unyana omdala, okwesibini - isiko Russian apho indlalifa kufuneka ibe abaphezulu ekwaluphaleni.

● A buthathaka ebonakalayo indima Kiev njengoko igunya central. Oku kungenxa kuphangwa Polovtsy ukwenza uhambo ecaleni Dnipro yingozi ngenxa oko yaqala le mfuduko evela eKiev, kumntla-ntshona.

● A buthathaka ebalulekileyo kunye nokoyikiswa ukusuka ngokusemthethweni kunye Pechenegs, kwakunye ngokoyiswa i Khazar Khanate kunye nokusekwa ubudlelwane kunye nabaphathi yoBukhosi baseByzantium.

● Ukudalwa Yaroslav i Kakuhle kwinkqubo ethile. Emva kokufa kwakhe ngowe-1054 umhlaba Russian wabaginya emiselwayo iimfazwe zamakhaya. karhulumente Old Russian elipheleleyo ukumkani yedwa yajika federal, eyaqala ekhokelwa iinkosana ezininzi onegunya Yaroslav.

Siyathemba ukuba eli nqaku liye lanceda ukongeza ulwazi nje kuphela abafundi ngoku ukufunda isihloko "Izizathu ukuqhekeka feudal" incwadi ethi "World History. 6 eklasini. " Iya avuselele memory abafundi baseyunivesithi kwiziganeko kumaXesha Aphakathi. Ukanti ezifana ebanga feudal ukuqhekeka, izizathu kunye neziphumo esiye ichazwe ngokweenkcukacha, uyabona, kulungile umdla.