Ukusabela Redox

Igama elithi "igcwala" ekuqaleni lalithetha intsebenziswano ethile into mpilo ukuba aseke oxide, njengoko oxygen ngokwembali ukunakanwa njengoko oxidant yokuqala. Ngu oxidizing uyeva uqhagamshelo ioksijini, naphantsi ukubuyiselwa - ukubuyela kuyo. Ke igama elithi "igcwala - ngokubuyiselwa" sele esebenza elide chemistry. kamva reactions Redox ukuza kuqwalaselwa iinkqubo ezifana ngenxa apho kukho ukudlulisela elektroni ukusuka atom omnye komnye, ngoko eli gama liye Ndizuze intsingiselo ngokubanzi. Ngokomzekelo, xa nemagnesium yokutsha ioksijini: 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO transfer electron kwenzeka ukususela wemagniziyam mpilo.

reactions Redox zisingathwa ukuba basebenzisane kunye nezinto zokwenza ngokutsha aziwayo iioksidenti kunye reductants. Substances atom leyo banikela electron ingqalelo ekunciphiseni arhente. Imichiza ogama athom uthathe electron ebizwa iioksidenti. Indlela abasabela ngentla a wemagniziyam ukunciphisa arhente ngokwayo oxidized, ngamanye uthumela umsebenzi ovela. Mpilo lifinyele - uthatha ovela kunye oxidizer. Omnye umzekelo: Čuo + H2 → Cu + H2O. Xa itshiswe, i-nitric ubhedu ku ion hydrogen stream ubhedu kwamkela electron hydrogen. Njengoko i-arhente oxidizing, baye bancipha ubhedu kuzo iziqalelo. athom hydrogen unikela elektroni, njenge-arhente nokunciphisa ngokwayo oxidized hydrogen.

Ngaloo ndlela, iinkqubo igcwala nokunciphisa kuqhutywa ngaxeshanye: oxidized ekunciphiseni arhente oxidizing ziyancipha. reactions Redox zibizwa njalo kuba kukho unxibelelwano inextricable phakathi iinkqubo okuhambisanayo. Oko kukuthi, ukuba athom kukho apho banikela elektroni, ukuba basoloko langoku ezinjalo ukuba electron athathe. Ngelo xesha efanayo naleyo oxidizer kunye arhente kuncitshiswa ekutshintsheni ngesidanga igcwala. Ngenxa iikhompawundi ngamachiza kuyilwa kunye naluphi na uhlobo athom ku iimolekyuli.

Eyona eziphambili ze basabele redox:

1. Aphakathi - oxidizable kunye atom reducible ifakiwe molecule kwemichiza ezahlukeneyo, umzekelo: 2HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2 ↑ (zinc - reductant hydrogen zesiqinisekiso - oxidant).
2. Intramolecular - oxidizable kunye atom reducible ifakiwe molecule ukwimo enye amachiza, umzekelo: KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2 ↑ (kwi zinemoletyhule potassium khloreyithi ioksijini - reductant chloro - oxidant).
3. Autoxidation-self-impiliso okanye disproportionation - umchiza nto inye indlela i ukunciphisa arhente kunye oxidizing arhente, umzekelo: 3HNO2 → HNO3 + 2NO ↑ + H2O ( a nitrogen kwiathom of oxide acid omabini arhente ukunciphisa nearhente oxidizing, imveliso igcwala - a nitric acid, imveliso ukuncitshiswa - nitrogen monoxide).
4. Comproportionation reproportsionirovanie okanye - enye kwaye nto ukuba iqondo eyahlukileyo igcwala kwemolekyuli, nto leyo karhulumente igcwala enye, umzekelo: NH4NO3 → N2O + 2H2O.

reactions Redox yaziswe uhlobo jikelele okanye ngekhompyutha. Umfundi omnye siqwalasele umzekelo yentsebenziswano kwemichiza: 2FeCl3 + H2S → FeCl2 + S + 2HCl. Apha, i-atom intsimbi yi-arhente oxidizing, kuba oko kukubambisa electron elinye kunye notshintsho kunye neqondo igcwala ka +3 ku-phinde ngo 2: Fe + ³ + e → Fe + ². Ion sulphur arhente ukunciphisa eli oxidized, electron aze ayithumele itshintsha igcwala karhulumente kwi -2 ukuya 0: Sˉ² - e → S °. electron okanye ion-electron iindlela imali zisetyenziswa ulungelelwaniso okuza stoichiometric kule nxaki.

reactions Redox zande kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu, ekubeni ezisisiseko iinkqubo ukutshiswa ukubola ukubola, yokuphefumla, ukutya, nokwenziwa kwezityalo carbon dioxide, kwakunye nezinye iinkqubo eziphilayo. Kwakhona, ezithi zisetyenziswe-mveliso eyahlukeneyo ukulungiselela ukuvelisa isinyithi kunye non-isinyithi ivela ezintweni zabo. Umzekelo, ezi zisekelwe kumalungiselelo ammonia, sulphuric kunye nitric acid, ezinye izinto zokwakha, amayeza kunye nezinye iimveliso ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Kananjalo kusetyenziswa ifildi yodibaniso yokuqingqa iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo imichiza.