Imithetho Ongaphiliyo Chemistry. degree igcwala

Igcwala karhulumente - moya isigxina isiqalelo eli-atom kwi molecule. Le nto kubalulekile chemistry ezingaphiliyo, ngaphandle ingqondo yakhe akunakwenzeka ukuba ukucinga inkqubo reactions redox, iintlobo zamakhonkco kwi molekyuli, umchiza kunye neempawu zomzimba ngayo izinto. Ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni na ngesidanga igcwala wokuqala kuyimfuneko ukuze siqonde ukuba yintoni eyenza atom ngokwayo kunye nendlela aziphatha ngayo xa Ngokusebenza kunye noontanga babo.

Njengoko yaziwa, i-atom iqulathe protons, neutron kunye electron. Le protons kunye elektroni, ezikwabizwa ngokuba nucleons, uhlobo kakuhle ityala lama electron ezingalunganga zijikeleza ngeenxa zonke. A intlawulo entle enyukliya kulinganiswa ezimbi lulonke isigxina electron. Ngenxa yoko, i-atom cala.

electron ngalinye kwinqanaba amandla elithile, nto leyo ebonisa ukumanyana indawo wayo ongundoqo: ukusondela nengundoqo - amandla ngaphantsi. Bona amalungiselelo ngokwemaleko. Electron of maleko omnye abe kakhulu ifomu kwinqanaba unikezelo lwamandla efanayo okanye umaleko elektroniki. Electron kwi engaphandle kwinqanaba amandla alibotshiwe ngamandla kakhulu ngumongo, ukuze bakwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba ekudibaneni kwemichiza. Elements ukuba nangaphandle ukusuka electron enye ukuya ezine ekudibaneni kwemichiza, ngokuqhelekileyo banikele elektroni, kunye nabo electron emihlanu ukuya esixhenxe - ukuthatha.

Kukho kwakhona kukho imichiza ekuthiwa iigesi egalelwe, apho inqanaba lamandla engaphandle siqulathe electron ezisibhozo - kunokwenzeka inani eliphezulu. Bona nesele ningangeni ekudibaneni kwemichiza. Ngoko ke, nayiphi na atom ijolise "supplement" electron zabo zangaphezulu umaleko ukuya ezifunekayo electron ezisibhozo. Nalapho unokufumana i angekhoyo? Kwezinye atom. Xa inkqubo imichiza element reaction kunye electronegativity enkulu "ithatha" electron in an ilungu kunye electronegativity ephantsi. Electronegativity into kwemichiza kuxhomekeke kwinani elektroni komgangatho Valence kunye namandla yokutsaleleka kwabo ngumongo. An element, achole elektroni, intlawulo ezimbi lulonke lube lukhulu ngaphezu isigxina ezintle ngumongo, ngelixa unikela electron - vice versa. Ngokomzekelo, xa kukho ambaxa sulphur oxide SO ioksijini ukuba electronegativity ephakamileyo, i-sulphur uthatha electron-2 kwaye unenxaxheba isimangalo elibi, lo gama i-sulphur wahlala ngaphandle elektroni ezimbini ofumana imali entle. Kulo mzekelo, izinga igcwala ioksijini elingana iqondo sulphur igcwala, akabanjwa uphawu esahlukileyo. Urhulumente igcwala ibhalwe kwikona ephezulu ngasekunene element chemical. Kulo mzekelo, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ^{S-phinde ngo 2} O ^-2.

Umzekelo phezulu kahle zilula. Enyanisweni, electron zangaphandle atom umntu zingazange zidluliselwe ngokupheleleyo enye, baba "eqhelekileyo", ngoko ke, iqondo igcwala eziqalelo usoloko mncinci kuno ekhethwe iincwadi zezifundo.

Kodwa ukuba lula ulwazi lweenkqubo imichiza oku kuye kungasiwaso.