Ukufakwa komhlaba. Ukutshintshwa komhlaba obuthathaka

Ngaphambi kokuqala ukwakhiwa kwesiseko sekhaya, umsebenzi ofana nokujonga ubunzima bokuphatha umhlaba kufuneka wenziwe ngokungazelelwe . Izifundo zenziwa kwi-laboratory ekhethekileyo. Kwimeko apho kukho umngcipheko wokuwa kwesakhiwo ngexesha lokwakheka kwindawo ethile, amanyathelo okujoliswe ekuqiniseni okanye ekutshintsheni indawo enokuthi yenziwe.

Ukwahlula

Yonke inhlabathi iyahlula kwiintlobo ezininzi ezisisiseko:

• Rocky. Bamele i-rock solid massif. Ungathathi umswakama, ungayi kucima kwaye uthathwa njengengenanto. Isiseko kwezi ndawo asikungcwatywa. Kwidwala libandakanya nenhlabathi ye-classic eyinqaba, equkethe iinqununu ezinkulu zamatye. Kwimeko apho amatye axutyaniswa nomhlaba wodongwe, umhlaba uthathwa njengento enqabileyo, ukuba unesihlabathi-kungekhona.
• Ubuninzi. Umhlaba kunye nesakhiwo sendalo esingaphazamiseki. Ukubeka nje, wathululela ngokufanelekileyo. Izakhiwo ezifanayo zinokwakhiwa, kodwa kufuneka uqale wenze inkqubo efana nokuhlanganiswa komhlaba.
• Clayey. Ziqukethe iincinci ezincinci (ezingekho ngaphezu kwe-0.01 mm), zithatha amanzi kakuhle kwaye zithathwa njengezikhukhumezi. Iindlu ezixotshiwe kwihlabathi ezinjalo zinamandla kunokuba zibe ziluhlaza kunye nehlabathi. Yonke inhlabathi yodongwe ibalwa ibe yi-loam, i-loam enesihlabathi kunye nodongwe. Ezi ziquka, phakathi kwezinye izinto, zithande.
• Sandy. Ziqukethe iindidi ezinkulu zesanti (ukuya kwi-5 mm). Inhlabathi enjalo ixineke kakhulu, kodwa ngokukhawuleza. Ngako oko, izindlu ezakhiwe phezu kwazo, zihlala phantsi kobunzulu obunzulu. Inhlabathi yaseNtsundu ihlelwa ngokwebukhulu beengqungquthela. Izizathu ezintle zihlabathi zeratshi (iindidi ukusuka ku-0.25 ukuya ku-5 mm).
• Zikhawulezi. Umhlaba onothuli, ogcwele amanzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo zihlala kwiindawo ezinxweme. Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kuthathwa njengento engafanelekanga.

Uhlobo olunjalo ngeentlobo lwenziwa ngokuhambelana neGOST. Imihlaba iyahlolwa kwiimeko zebhubhoratri kunye nenkcazo yeempawu zomzimba kunye neempawu. Ezi zophando ziyisiseko sokubala amandla eziseko zezakhiwo. Ngokutsho kweGOST 25100-95, yonke inhlabathi iyahlula kwilawa kwaye ingekho-subsidence, inkxaso kunye non-saline, i-saline kunye non-saline.

Izinto eziPhambili zoMzimba

Xa uqhuba iimvavanyo zelabhoratri, iiparitha zehlabathi zenziwa:

• Uthotho.
• Porosity.
• Plastiki.
• Ukunyaniseka.
• Ubungakanani beengqungquthela.
• Modulus of deformation.
• Ukuchasa ukukrazula.
• I-Angle of friction of particles.

Ukwazi ubungakanani beengqungquthela, unokumisela kunye nesalathisi esinjengobunzulu bomhlaba. Okokuqala, kubalwa ukucacisa ukubunjwa kwemineralogical yomhlaba. Inyani kukuba ama-particle engaphezulu kwihlabathi, ezantsi ezisezantsi.

Yiyiphi inhlabathi engabalwa njengobuthathaka

Inkqubo yokuqhuba iimvavanyo zelabhoratri iyagqitywa yiGOST. Umhlaba uhlolwa ngokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezizodwa. Umsebenzi kulo mzekelo wenziwa kuphela ngabachwephesha abaqeqeshiwe.

Ukuba, ngenxa yeziphumo, ibonakaliswe ukuba iimpawu zomzimba nezomzimba zomhlaba azivumeli izakhiwo zakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo kuwo ngaphandle komngcipheko wokuwa kwawo okanye ukuphulwa komgaqo-mpawu, umhlaba ubonakala unobuthakathaka. Kulo hlobo, inxalenye enkulu, zibandakanya ukukhawuleza kunye nomhlaba okhululekile. Ihlabathi elinamandla, elisihlabathi, elisezantsi, elingu-peaty kunye ne-clayey elinomlinganiselo ophezulu wezityalo ezihlalayo nazo zibuthathaka.

Ukuba umhlaba kwisayithi unobuthakathaka, ukwakhiwa ngokuqhelekileyo kuya kwenye indawo kunye nesiseko esivumelekileyo. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha oku akunakwenzeka. Umzekelo, kwindawo encinci yangasese. Kule meko, kunokugqitywa ukuba umise isiseko somxokelelwano ngokubanzi okubekwe kwiindawo eziluhlaza. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha kubonakala kulungele ukutshintsha okanye ukuqinisa umhlaba. Bobabini le mi sebenzi yindleko ngokubhekiselele kwiindleko zemali kunye nexesha.

Ukufakwa komhlaba: umgaqo

Inkqubo inokwenziwa ngeendlela ezimbini. Ukukhethwa kwendlela kuxhomekeke ekuhambeni kokubonakala kwezinto eziluhlaza. Ukuba ayinkulu, umhlaba onobuthakathaka ongenamandla wokuthwala umbane ususwe kuphela. Ukuqhubela phambili kwisiseko esiqinileyo sesiseko esingaphantsi sithwala umlotha ongekho kakuhle ukusuka kumxube wehlabathi, igravel, i-gravel nezinye izinto ezifanayo. Le ndlela ingasetyenziselwa kuphela xa ubukhulu bomhlaba obuthathaka kwisayithi abugqithanga ngaphezu kweemitha ezimbini.

Ngamanye amaxesha kwenzeka ukuba umhlaba omkhulu kakhulu. Kule meko, umlotha unokubekwa kwaye unobuthakathaka. Nangona kunjalo, kule meko, kuyimfuneko ukwenza izibalo ezichanekileyo zobukhulu bayo kwiiplani ezingqambileyo nezizenzekelayo. Ubanzi bubanzi, ingcinezelo engaphantsi ngenxa yokuhambisa uxinzelelo iya kuba kwindawo ebuthathaka. Ezi ntambo zingasetyenziselwa isiseko kuzo zonke iintlobo.

Xa usebenzisa isiseko esinjalo sokwenza izinto, kukho umngcipheko wokutyhoboza umlotha ngokulingana kwesakhiwo. Kule meko, kuya kuqalisa ukuqala ukungena kumhlaba oqathayo ukusuka kumacala onke. Indlu ngokwayo iya kuhlala, kwaye ingalingani, leyo ingakhokelela ekutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zayo zakhiwo. Ukuze uphephe oku, iphepha lokubamba lifakwe kwi-perimeter yesigxina . Phakathi kwezinye izinto, banqanda ukungena kwamanzi emxube kunye negravel.

Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukutshintsha umhlaba kwisayithi ngokwawo

Ukufakwa kwehlabathi phantsi kwesiseko kufuneka kwenziwe kuphela ekuqhutyweni kwezifundo kunye nokubala. Ewe, ayiyi kusebenza. Ngoko ke, kuninzi, kuya kufuneka ukuba simemezele iingcali. Nangona kunjalo, xa kwakhiwe izakhiwo ezibiza kakhulu, umzekelo, uqoqosho, lo msebenzi ungenziwa kwaye "ngeso". Nangona singenako ukucebisa ukuba sithathe ingozi, kodwa ekuphuhliseni jikelele, makhe sijonge kule nkqubo ngokubanzi. Ngoko, izigaba zomsebenzi kule meko zilandelayo:

• Ukucubungula kuqhutyelwa kwisiseko esininzi.
• Kwisondlo ukuya kumgangatho wesiseko sesiseko esizayo, isantya sobukhulu obuphakathi siyazaliswa. Ukubuyiswa kwakhona kuveliswa ngamacandelo amancinci kunye ne-rammer nganye. Ngaphambi kokuba kulungelelaniswe, isanti kufuneka ifakwe ngamanzi. Ukugxeka kufuneka kwenziwe ngokucophelela ngokunokwenzeka. Ngesihlabathi ngokwawo, akufuneki kubekho iziganeko, ngakumbi ezinkulu. Ngamanye amaxesha, endaweni yalo, ixube kunye ne-slags zisetyenziswa.

Kwimeko apho isiseko somsebenzi sisetyenziselwa isiseko, kuyafuneka kwakhona ukucwangcisa inkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi ngaphakathi kwendlu. Oku kuya kukwandisa kancinci ukuxinwa kwemilenze yomjikelezo womhlaba kunye nokukhusela ukuphuma kwayo emacaleni.

Imisebenzi ekudalweni kwenkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi

Emva koko, qwalasela indlela onokulungiselela ngayo inkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi kwisayithi. Iindonga zesiseko sokuthembeka zingcono zokungena ngamanzi. Ngoko, iimpawu zenkqubo:

• Umitha ukusuka kwisakhiwo ngumxokelelwane. Ukucubungula kwenziwa ngaphantsi kobunzulu bokusekwa. Ububanzi - kungekhona ngaphantsi kwama-30 cm. Umthamo wezantsi lomsele kufuneka ube ubuncinane be-1 cm nganye nge-1 m yobude.
• Umgca womsele unxweme kwaye ugutyungwe nge-cm-cm centimeter yehlabathi.
• Kwintlabathi isasaza i-Geotextile ngokulungiswa kweemida kwiindawo zokutya.
• Dlulisa uluhlu lwesentimitha wegravel.
• Faka ipayipi yombhobho.
• Ukumboza ngebala lobuninzi be-10 cm.
• Gubungela "ikhekhe" ngeziphelo ze-geotextile kwaye uyibambe.
• Balala yonke indawo kunye nomhlaba, beshiye ama-cores observation kumacangca yesakhiwo.
• Ekupheleni kombhobho, i-receiver ehlelwe kakuhle. Susa umkroko ubuncinane ubuncinane beemitha ezintlanu ukusuka eludongeni lwesakhiwo.
• Igravel iyancitywa ephantsi komthombo kwaye isitya seplastiki kunye nezimbobo ezidibeneyo kwizantsi zifakwa apho.
• Thatha ibhobho kwisitya.
• Ngaphezulu, umthombo uphelelwe ngamabhodi kwaye ufefe umhlaba.

Ewe, isakhiwo ngokwaso kufuneka sibe yinkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi.

Uqiniswa njani umhlaba?

Ukususela ekutshintsheni kwenhlabathi - ukusebenza kunzima kakhulu kwaye kuyabiza, kuya kufakwa endaweni yenkqubo yokuqinisa isiseko sesiseko. Kule meko, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zingasetyenziswa. Enye yezona zinto ziqhelekileyo yi-ramming yomhlaba, engenakunzulu okanye ejulile. Kwimeko yokuqala sisebenzisa umatshini wokuthambisa ngendlela yekona. Iphakanyiswa ngaphezu komhlaba kwaye iyanqamuka ukusuka kwindawo ethile. Le ndlela isetyenziselwa ukulungiselela ukwakhiwa kwenhlabathi eninzi.

Ukusetyenziswa komhlaba obunzulu kuqhutyelwa kusetyenziswa iipilisi ezikhethekileyo. Zixhelwa emhlabathini kwaye zikhishwe. Imiba ekhutshwayo ihlanganiswe ngentlabathi eyomileyo okanye ithululelwe ngekhonkrithi.

Indlela yokushisa

Ukukhetha ukhetho lokuqinisa umhlaba kuxhomekeke, okokuqala, ngokubunjwa kwalo, inkqubo yokuchonga okulawulwa yi-GOST. Imhlaba, udidi oluchazwe ngasentla, ngokuqhelekileyo lifuna ukuqiniswa kuphela xa bevela kwiqela elingenalo isalathisi.

Enye yeendlela eziqhelekileyo zokukhulisa i-thermal. Isetyenziselwa umhlabathi we-loess kwaye ivumela ukuba kuqinisekiswe ubunzulu obude malunga ne-15 m. Kule meko, umoya oshisayo kakhulu (600-800 degrees Celsius) ujojowe emhlabathini ngemibhobho. Ngamanye amaxesha unyango olushushu lomhlaba lwenziwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Amaqula ahlaba emhlabathini. Emva koko bahlalutya iimveliso ezinokutsha phantsi kwengcinezelo. I-pre-boreholes zixinyiwe. Emva kokuba unyango olunjalo, umhlaba we-calcined ufumene iipropati zomzimba we-ceramic kwaye ulahlekelwa amandla okuqokelela amanzi kunye nokuhluma.

Uqeshiso

Umhlaba onesihlabathi (umfanekiso weentlobo ezenzelwe apha ngezantsi) uqiniswa ngendlela eyahlukileyo - isamente. Kule meko, iipayipi zitshintshelwe kuyo, apho i-mortar-clay mortars okanye i-sement i-slurries ifakwa. Ngamanye amaxesha le ndlela isetyenziselwa ukutywinwa imichilo kunye nemigodi kwiindawo ezisematyeni.

Ubuncwane bomhlaba

Kwi-quicksand, inhlabathi enothuli kunye ne-macroporous, indlela yokucoca i-silicification isetyenziswa rhoqo. Ukuphucula oku, isisombululo seglasi yamanzi kunye ne- potassium chloride ifakwe kwiibhobho . Injini ingenziwa kwinqanaba elingaphezu kwama-20 m. Indawo yokuhanjiswa kweglasi egciniweyo igqitha i-square meter. Le yona iphumelele kakhulu, kodwa yindlela ebiza kakhulu yokukhulisa. Umncinci omncinci womhlaba, njengoko sele ukhankanywe ngasentla, ubonisa umxholo weengqungquthela zomhlaba ngaphakathi kuwo. Kwezinye iimeko, lo mbandela unokuphuculwa ngokucwangciswa.

Ukuthelekiswa kweendleko zokutshintshwa nokuqiniswa komhlaba

Enyanisweni, umsebenzi wokuqiniswa uya kuba ungabizi ngaphezu kokutshintshwa okupheleleyo komhlaba. Ukuthelekisa, masiqale sibone ukuba kuya kuba neendleko kangakanani ukudala umhlaba wokuvelisa umda we-1 m ³ . Khetha umhlaba ukusuka kumitha enye yeekhiyitha yommandla uya kubiza nge-7 cu. Iindleko zerhubhe i-10 cu. 1 m ³ . Ngaloo ndlela, ukutshintshwa komhlaba obuthathaka kuya kubiza i-7 cu Ukulahla kunye ne-7 cu Ukuhamba kwegravel, kunye ne-10 cu Igravel ngokwayo. Iyonke i-24 USD. Ukuqiniswa kweendleko zomhlaba ngo-10-12 ikota, ephindwe kabini.

Kukho konke esinokukufumana kwisiphetho esilula. Kwimeko apho umhlaba kwisayithi ubuthathaka, kufuneka ukhethe enye indawo yokwakhiwa kwendlu. Ngaphandle kokungabikho kwithuba, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ukhetho lokumisa isakhiwo kwiindawo. Ukuqiniswa nokutshintshwa komhlaba kuqhutyelwa kuphela njengeyokugqibela. Xa kugqitywa imfuno yenkqubo enjalo, i-SNiP kunye ne-GOST kufuneka ikhokelwe. Imhlaba, ukuhlulwa kwayo ekwabiwe yimimiselo, kuqiniswa iindlela ezifanelekileyo ukubunjwa kwazo.