Alfabhethi Etruscan. Ulwimi Etruscan. Le zodumo-alfabhethi Etruscan

Oonobumba Etruscan yiseti loonobumba wenza ulwimi Etruscan, ulwimi kunazo zonke ehlabathini ezinokufundwa kodwa lungenakuqondeka. Nangona inani elikhulu ezikhumbuzo ezaziwayo-kakuhle oonobumba Etruscan, uniko manani, amawaka eekopi ehlabathini lonke, iingcali zenzululwazi akakwazi ukusombulula elo iingubo zokukhululana.

Ngoobani aba Etruscans

The Etruscans - Abantu enamandla ababehlala eItali nge-9. BC. e., ngaphambi kokufika ngamaRoma. Etruria State waba isakhiwo federal yaye bezibandakanya izixeko ezizimeleyo 12. isixeko nganye nenkosi yalo ngayo imithetho, kodwa ngenkulungwane yesi-4. BC. e. ebukhosini weza ngamandla.

umxholo kurhwebo noshishino, uMbuso likwaxhase Etruscans ukusuka Ancient Greece (eKorinte), njengoko oko kungqinwa imifanekiso iirekhodi ezibhalwe phantsi. Found kufuphi Tarquini amakhulu ngodongwe kunye neempahla kunye nemizobo ukubonisa unxulumano olusondeleleneyo phakathi Kwemithetho Yokwenziwa ubuciko Etruscans namaGrike. Ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, omnye zabazobi yokuluka Greek wazisa kwi alphabet. Isibakala sokuba oonobumba Etruscan livela kwisiGrike, kananjalo imilo kunye amaxabiso iincwadi zayo.

Le abenzi bemilingo of Etruria State

Etruscans State ngokubanzi ukuphuhlisa urhwebo kunye nemisebenzi yorhwebo. Primorye Territory ukusuka Tarquinia ukusa kwiPersian malunga iVesuvius yaba lula ukuba oomatiloshe, ngoko ke Etruscans wazama ukuba kuchithwe amaGrike of urhwebo kwiMeditera. Xa urhulumente zaye zaphuhliswa kakuhle ulimo ngezandla. Ubungqina yophuhliso ubugcisa kwisakhiwo iintsalela izakhiwo zakudala kunye namangcwaba, iindlela nemisele yamanzi.

Ukulawula azi - lukumony - owayeququzelela ukwakhiwa kwemizi, uziphathe ngokusebenzisa amadabi kunye behlasela nabamelwane babo ekufumaneni uzuko.

Izinto ngoku ungumRoma lomthonyama, enyanisweni, wenza i Etruscans Walizinzisa, umzekelo, itempile yamandulo kwi Capitol Hill yakhiwa yesandla seengcibi evela Etruria. Ookumkani eRoma yamandulo kwakhona wavela uhlobo i Tarquins, abaninzi amagama Latin abolekwe kwi Etruscan, kwaye imvelaphi-alfabhethi uBukhosi baseRoma, ababhali-mbali abaninzi udumo Etruscans.

Le abenzi bemilingo of Etruria States akhawunti ngenxa 535 BC. e., xa umkhosi wama-Carthaginians kunye Etruscans boyisa amaGrike, kodwa emva kweminyaka embalwa ngenxa ukuqhekezwa yombuso waseRoma ekuzuzeni izixeko amatsha Etruscan ngempumelelo. Ngu phakathi BC Ngenkulungwane yoku-1. e. amasiko amaRoma lubamba ngokupheleleyo le ndawo kwaye engasekho kusetyenziswa ulwimi Etruscan.

Ulwimi art in Etruria

Xa Etruscans zaye zaphuhliswa kakuhle art: ukuveliswa eqingqiweyo nezemarmore, iteknoloji ye ekubunjweni ngobhedu. Le oqingqiweyo wodumo weemazi ingcuka ukuncanca wabaseki yesixeko Romulus kunye Remus, wadalwa kanye iingcibi Etruscan abo bafunda namaGrike. Gqiyazana ubumba Umfanekiso iimpawu abalondolozwa abantu Etruscan: oluthambekileyo kancinane amehlo-amangile, iimpumlo elikhulu, imilebe ngokupheleleyo. Abemi Etruria ziyafana kakhulu kubemi Asia Minor.

Inkolo kunye nolwimi Etruscan yahluke gqitha ukusuka izizwe ezingabamelwane ngenxa foreignness. Nkqu amaRoma nako ukuqonda ulwimi. Ukuze yasinda mzekeliso wamaRoma 'Etruscan ukufunda »(etruscum non legitur), nto leyo kumiselwa bayahlelwa oonobumba Etruscan.

Ezinye iitekisi Etruscan ethe yafunyanwa abembi kwinkulungwane yokugqibela - i lengcwaba kunye nemibhalo okunikezela kwi amangcwaba, zitsha, eqingqiweyo, nezipili nezacholo. Kodwa nayiphi na imisebenzi zenzululwazi okanye lwezonyango (ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, amayeza kunye nonyango iziyobisi zaphuhliswa ngamandla Etruria) kunokwenzeka ukuba aliyi kufunyanwa.

Imizamo ukuwuqonda Etruscan kuthathwa kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-100. Abaphengululi abaninzi baye bazama ukwenza oko ngokusebenzisa isifaniso kunye isiHungary, Lithuanian, LwamaFenike, isiGrike, Finnish kunye ulwimi yamandulo. Ngokutsho Iingxelo zakutshanje, olu lwimi kucingwa ukuba zibekwe zodwa kuzo zonke ezinye iilwimi zaseYurophu.

alfabhethi Ranneetrussky

Ukuze ukuwuqonda amagama ngolwimi olungaziwayo, oosonzululwazi sebeqala ukuba baqaphele amagama (amagama, izibizo, izihloko) kwaye ngoko ukudlulisela evela ulwimi olwaziwayo, uzama ukufumana uphindaphindo lwamagama okanye iifom zegrama. Ngoko wahlanganisa kwezivakalisi kunye nesigama ulwimi i kuqamba ongaziwayo.

Namhlanje kwiimyuziyam kunye namaziko okugcina ehlabathini lonke kukho ngaphezulu kwe-10 amawaka. Umbhalo (kwi izitya, phezu iipleyiti, njl ..), Ukusebenzisa oonobumba Etruscan. Imvelaphi Abaphengululi zayo ezahlukeneyo zitolikwe ngokwahlukileyo. Abanye abaphandi bathi ukuba pelasgskim (prototirrenskim) yaye bakholelwa ukuba wehla evela pre-Greek, abanye - Doric, laseKorinte, yaye abanye - eChalcis (zapadnogrecheskogo).

Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba kuye kubomi bemihla ngemihla waba alphabet yamandulo, nto leyo ngokuqhelekileyo obizwa ngokuba "protoetrusskim" kodwa ubungqina okanye iziphumo Kwafunyanwa kubhaliwe. Oonobumba lwakudala Etruscan, ngokutsho sisazinzulu R. Umchweli, mhlawumbi, wayebunjwa "eliqela Greek" kwaye lasungulwa 8-7 ngo. BC. e.

Funda amangeniso ngolwimi Etruscan tye ukusuka ekunene ukuya ekhohlo, maxa wambi kukho eyabhalwa boustrophedon (umgca sifundeka "inyoka", nayo, omnye - ukusuka ekunene ukuya ekhohlo, enye - ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene). Amagama badla hayi yahlukanisiwe ukusuka kwenye nenye.

Le alfabhethi kuthiwa severoitaliyskim nize ningaphindi nithethe bayinzala yaseFenike okanye isiGrike, yaye ezinye iincwadi zakhe zifana kakhulu Latin.

alfabhethi Etruscan kunye nguqulelo ngokutsha zizazinzulu kwinkulungwane ye-19. Indlela ukulibiza unobumba unobumba ngamnye Etruscan eyaziwa, kwaye nawuphi na umfundi uyakwazi ukuyifunda. Noko ke, ukuze ziqonde ulwimi lo gama kungekho muntu.

Marsiliansky alphabet

Ukubhala Etruscans wabonakala phakathi kwenkulungwane 7. BC. E., Yaye ifumaneka kwezinye izinto ekhaya ngexesha ngabembi: oko phina imibhalo izitya ukuba izinto ezixabisekileyo engcwabeni.

Owona mzekelo epheleleyo-alfabhethi Kwathi xa kwafunyanwa tablet Marsiliany de Albegna ngexesha bemba a necropolis (ngoku Archaeological Museum of Florence). Lenzelwe zeendlovu, ubungakanani 5x9 cm kwaye igutyungelwe yokutyiwa njengomthwebeba kunye iileta Izihloko. It kungabonakala 22 iincwadi LwamaFenike (Middle East) no-4 oonobumba Greek ekupheleni, 21 yeleta kunye izikhamiso-5. Le ncwadi yokuqala alfabhethi - unobumba "A" - phezu ekunene.

Phantsi nokucingela labaphandi ipleyiti waba primer umntu lowo ndafunda ukubhala. Ukuhlola oku, izazinzulu ziye zagqiba zamagama marsiliansky zivela kwisiGrike. Ifonti oonobumba ifana kakhulu eChalcis.

Enye isiqinisekiso se-alfabhethi yi ubukho ivazi yayo, eyafunyanwa Formello, yaye omnye eyafunyanwa engcwabeni kwi Cerveteri (ngoku kwiimyuziyam eRoma). Zombini ezi zinto zibhalwe umhla kwiinkulungwane 7-6. BC. e. Umbhalo omnye kubo inoluhlu samalunga (sillabary).

Uphuhliso lwe-alfabhethi

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, ukutshintsha indlela oonobumba Etruscan, ukuba imiqondiso emininzi ezazilapho isiqalo ukuba inani wazo utshintshiwe kamva, kuyimfuneko ukufumana i "ebonisa ukufunda 'abaphengululi akubufumana ezichazwe.

Xa kamva ezifunyanisiweyo zakudala ixesha (kwi 5-3 cc. BC. E.), Itshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe, leyo kungabonwa ngokuthelekisa iisampuli macwecwe Viterbo, Collet et al., Njengokuba kwakunye nobumba ka Ruzell kunye Bomarzo.

Xa BC ngenkulungwane 5. e. alphabet Etruscan uye waba iileta-23, t. To. Abanye babo akadla ngaphezulu. Ngo-400 BC. e. Wabumba alfabhethi "Classic" ezibandakanya iileta 20 kakade:

• 4 izikhamiso: unobumba A, aze emva koko E, mna, mna;
• 16 consonants: G, U-digamma, C, H, Th, L, T, N, P, S (i), R, S, T, Ph, Kh, F (ezisibhozo).

Imibhalo Pozdneetrusskie kakade kunjalo, emva indlela "ekunene" lisetyenziswa boustrophedon kwixesha elizayo phantsi kwempembelelo ulwimi Latin indlela esetyenziswayo ye 'ekhohlo ukuya ekunene ". Ngoko kukho imibhalo-2 iilwimi (Latin Etruscan +), yaye ezinye iincwadi Etruscan ziyafana Latin.

alphabet Novoetrussky isetyenziswa amakhulu eminyaka, pronunciation kwayo abachaphazelekayo iziyelelane Tuscan e-Italy.

Amanani kwe kwi alphabet Etruscan

Chonga amanani Etruscan nako kwaba nzima. Inyathelo lokuqala ekumiseleni amanani waba oyinto kwi Tuscany ngenkulungwane ye-19. ezimbini idayisi ne ubuso nge-5 mazwi: izibalo, thu, huth, ci , sa. Ukuzama ukutshatisa iilebhile kunye nezinye amathambo ukuba ebusweni ngongoma, abaphengululi baye lingakwaziyo ukufumanisa nantoni na, t. To. La magama zilandelayo zazivelela.

Baza baqala ukuba bahlole amangcwaba, leyo azinakuqulatha amanani, kunye ekupheleni kwenzeka ukuba Etruscans babhala amanani usebenzisa summation zamashumi nabantwana, yaye maxa wambi waluthabatha amanani amancinane ukusuka elikhulu (20-2 = 18).

Isazinzulu esivela Germany Gerhard Stoltenberg wenza systematization zemibhalo elaa litye kwaye wafumanisa ukuba inani "50" umiselwa muvalch ngelizwi, kwaye '5 »- Ahisamaki. Ngokufanayo iisimboli ngamazwi 6 no-60 afunyanwa kunye t. D.

Ngenxa yoko, Stoltenberg wagqiba ukuba oonobumba Etruscan wakhonza prototype Amanani baseRoma.

Izixwexwe Pyrgi

Ngowe-1964, phakathi amacwecwe itempile kufuphi kwizibuko yamandulo Pyrgi esiphathelene Etruscan isixeko abembi Perret efumaneka kwamacwecwe 3 6-5. BC. e. zegolide ngemibhalo, enye yazo kulwimi yaseFenike, 2 - i Etruscan. kanye ukuba khona kwezi tablets kubonisa uqhagamshelo lwe Carthage, kunye nedolophu Etruscan ka Pyrgi. Ekuqaleni, izazinzulu wathabatha intliziyo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ezimbini (efana okubhaliweyo ngeelwimi 2), kwaye baya kuba nako ukufunda mibhalo Etruscan. Kodwa yeha ... Iitekisi akunyanzelekanga ukuba zakha zaba zinye.

Emva uzama ukubhala la macwecwe izazinzulu ezaziwayo ezimbini Pallotino Garbin, oko kwagqitywa ukuba umbhalo kwenziwa yothixokazi eqingqiweyo Uni-uAshtoreti okanye itempile. Kodwa epleyitini ezincinane ekulo izikhombisi kwi Teferi Velinasa kwaye uchaze imibingelelo lokuhlambulula. Kwacaca ukuba zombini iitekisi Etruscan babe kwindawo efanayo, kodwa khowudi yasiwa kumbhalo epheleleyo nako ukwenza kubo.

Iinzame States izicatshulwa kwi la macwecwe kwenziwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo zizazinzulu kumazwe amaninzi, kodwa sihlandlo ngasinye intsingiselo yetekisi izichazi ezahlukileyo.

Unxibelelwano ulwimi Etruscan osi-Middle Mpuma

Enye engaziqhelanga ze-alfabhethi Etruscan na ukusetyenziswa mncinane kakhulu, yaye ngamanye amaxesha ukungabikho izikhamiso. Ngokutsho ukumila oonobumba uzakuqhaphela ukuba oonobumba efanayo Etruscan aseFenike.

Yamandulo Literature yakuMbindi Mpuma iyafana kakhulu kwi "LwamaFenike" kwaye zenziwe ngolwimi eyayisetyenziswa Etruscans. Ukususela ngoko siyakwazi ukubona ukuba kwixesha ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-13. kwaye kangangeenkulungwane 3-2. BC. e. ulwimi ebhalwe eItali, nonxweme kuMbindi Mpuma, emntla Africa, waye nalowo kuphela efanayo Etruscan.

Ekuqaleni era mbhalo yethu Etruscan kwezi ndawo iphela, athathelwa indawo IsiGrike nesiAramiki. Kungenzeka, oku kubangelwe yayilixesha elithile elizibalula ngeziganeko zembali yokuqinisa amandla uBukhosi baseRoma.

"I-Book of the Mama" kunye nezinye izicatshulwa

Enye iitekisi ezinkulu Etruscan eyafunyanwa ngenkulungwane ye-19. Kwabakhenkethi Croatian kwaziswa Zagreb woman zidumbu eYiputa. Kamva, yena unwound evela mibhalo ngezithandelo, oosonzululwazi baye bafumanisa, leyo kamva zachongwa Etruscan. Incwadi ilinen luqulathe amaqhosha 12 amalaphu, edibanisa bamkela ubude umsongo 13,75 m. Okubhaliweyo iquka kwimiqolo 12 afundwayo ukusuka ekunene ukuya ekhohlo.

Emva kweminyaka uphando ngayo Kwagqitywa ukuba "Book of the Mama" le khalenda, nefunwa ikhomishini kwinjoli ezahlukeneyo zenkolo.

Enye itekisi efanayo Etruscan enkulu eyafunyanwa ngethuba umsebenzi wokwakha kwisixeko Cortona, leyo ngaphambili yayisesinye sezixeko eziphambili Etruria. Cortona umbhalo wancinwa ngeelwimi V.Ivanov eyaziwa owayeze kwisigqibo sokuba nomini Etruscan kunye North abaseAfrika iilwimi.

Enye izigqibo nzulu yaba imvume impembelelo enamandla lwenkcubeko Etruscan noluncwadi baseRoma, Latin.

Uthelekiso the Etruscans kunye Lezgin

Enye inguqulelo imvelaphi kunye nokufunda ulwimi Etruscan yapapashwa ngowe-2013, abaphandi, iingcali zeelwimi Yaraliev J. kunye N. Osmanov ebizwa ngokuba 'History of the Lezgins. Etruscans ". Babanga ukuba baye bakwazi ukuwuqonda oonobumba Etruscan, kwaye okona kubalulekileyo ukwenza inguqulelo umbhalo, esebenzisa Lezgi, omnye lweelwimi mihla kwisebe Dagestan.

Bakwazi ukufunda zonke iitekisi ezikhoyo Etruscan, xa t. Ch. Kwiphepha 12 "Book of the Mama" wumbi macwecwe 320 ngezicatshulwa Etruscan. I-lwazi ezithathwe, bathi, uyakwazi ukuchaza ubuhlobo yamandulo zembali phakathi kuMbindi Mpuma kunye eCaucasus.

"Slavyanskaya" imfundiso imvelaphi i Etruscans

Abaxhasi Proto-Slavic imvelaphi Etruscans ayekholelwa ukuba Etruscans ababezibiza "Rasen" okanye "Rosen", oko kukuthi nobona elithi "eRashiya". Akhokelela nezinye ubungqina kufutshane ezi iinkcubeko kunye lwimi.

amacwecwe ziqonde evela Pyrgi kwatsala ingqalelo abaxhasi theory Slavic ngemvelaphi ulwimi Etruscan. Omnye abaphandi abanomdla ekubhaleni Etruscan, wayengusosayensi Russian Osipov. Wenza iinzame ubhale okubhaliweyo Etruscan oonobumba njengesiqhelo Russian kwicala eqhelekileyo (ekhohlo-ekunene), kwaye yahlulwe ngamazwi. Ndaza ... inkcazo kwisiko yamandulo inkanuko iindywala Solstice.

Osipov uzoba izifaniso kunye Slavic holiday ka Ivan Kupala. Emva Umqala wamantla ayo, ISAZINZULU wathumela okubhaliweyo yaguqulelwa isuka Pyrgi neengcaciso zabo izazi zemibhalo Etruscan kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Kamva, wenza inguqulelo emashumini ezimbalwa zemibhalo indlela yakhe, kodwa izazinzulu kangaka ngokude hayi uye wasabela impumelelo enjalo kuphando.

Enye ingcali yenzululwazi Russian Vladimir Shcherbakov phambili ingcamango ukuba Etruscans ukubhala khowudi yasiwa kumbhalo ingasetyenziswa nezipili zobhedu, ababezisondezile Bamisa engcwabeni. Ukusebenzisa nezipili, okubhaliweyo ezinokufundwa kumacala ahlukeneyo, kwaye ezinye iincwadi nga wakhona.

Ababhali-mbali bathi oku into yokuba inkosi owenza mibhalo musa ukuba babe diploma, baze bazikhuphelele ileta evela nezipili, kwaye oonobumba umfanekiso nezibuko zijikeleziswe okanye wenze. Ngokushukumisa esipilini, Scherbakov wenza eyakhe yakhe yonke ezama isicatshulwa.

Uphando Z. Maiani kunye nezinye

Imizamo ukufunda ukuguqulela iimpawu Etruscan ngokuthelekisa oonobumba Etruscan kunye staroalbansky, wenza nzulu French Z. Maiani, owathi ngo-2003 wapapasha incwadi "The Etruscans baqale ukuthetha," zaye zasasazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Uchithe 300 etymological izichazi uthelekiso phakathi kwezi lwimi (Etruscan kwaye Illyrian), kodwa akazange wafumana inkxaso iingcali ngeelwimi.

Ukubhala ngeziphumo abaphandi ezichongiweyo Iintlobo ezininzi pozdneetrusskih ezazibhalwa, eziquka amagama severnoetrussky kunye Alpine, kunye Rutsky Venetic. Sele iyinto eyaziwayo ukuba oonobumba ekuqaleni Etruscan wakhonza njengesiseko kubo. Kwaye zonke ezi mibhalo zisetyenziswe ngabahlali Tuscany kunye Italy kwi ekuqaleni BC Ngenkulungwane yoku-1. e., emva yokuduka sokuqala Etruscan. Xa abantu bayakwazi ukuqonda ulwimi Etruscan, kwaye igcina ingaziwa zeminyaka yokugqibela.