Ukulandelelanisa - ukulandelelanisa is ... Sanger

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba zofuzo zesintu ibandakanya "oonobumba" ezine. Bona ke ngokuqhelekileyo obizwa ngokuba A, C, G kunye T. Ngamanye amagama, zofuzo zesintu wenziwe ngokupheleleyo ntlobo ezine iimolekyuli - adenine, cytosine, guanine kunye thymine. Inani elikhulu zofuzo zofuzo abukho ubungqina lophuhliso enkulu. Ithi kuphela malunga nenani yosongo uyothuka, apho wakwazi ukufumana ukuya iintlobo ezithile eziphilayo. Yiyiphi inkcazelo uqulathwe ku DNA, yaye waba yintoni iindlela kunokwenzeka ukuba izakhi imixholo zofuzo zabantu?

Nbsp kuphando lwemfuzo

ukulandelelanisa ufuzo epheleleyo ikuvumela ukuba ufunde wonke ukulandelelana kwezi "oonobumba". It ikuvumela ukuba zofuzo engaziwayo kwaye wenze unyango nezin- ngempumelelo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Yiyo loo nto enye ukhathalelo lwempilo ithandwayo (Kakade ke, phakathi kwabo bakwaziyo ukufikelela kuyo) yi nolandelelwano. Isifo seswekile, umhlaza kunye nesifo sentliziyo - yofuzo ukuya kwezi zifo kwenza kube lula ukubona inkqubo DNA kokuhlaziya. Ngokusekelwe kwezi uqikelelo, umntu uyakwazi ukunyenyisa indlela yakho ukunciphisa izinto engentle yokusingqongileyo. Ngoko ke, abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba yokulandelelanisa ufuzo epheleleyo kufuneka zibandakanywe iseti uphando mandatory lweentsana.

Imbali yeprojekthi

project kokuhlaziya ufuzo laphehlelelwa 90 ekuqaleni. Ukwenzela ukugqiba genome yenzekile, kwathabatha malunga neminyaka kweshumi enesiqingatha. Le projekthi yophando ndawonye macala ngokwayo abaphengululi abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo - China, eJamani, France kunye Japan. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane entsha, uBill Clinton kunye Toni Bler baziswa ngokomthetho ukuba i "uyilo" zofuzo kugqityiwe. Ngowe-2006, Nature Publishing ishicilele ulwazi leyo ifunyenwe ngokulandelelana yokugqibela chromosome. Kwakhona emarikeni kwakukho yemfuza iinkonzo exome yokulandelelelanisa - inkqubo yokuchonga iindawo ezonakeleyo kwi molecule DNA. Inkampani iqwalasela ukuba kukho embundwini womnyango wendlu ixesha elitsha.

Yintoni ulandelelwaniso?

Ukulandelelanisa - oku ke isigaba sokugqibela uhlahlelo zofuzo zabantu. Kokuba la manyathelo: izinto zokufunda ezikhethiweyo kanye Enguzenzele. Kananjalo kwenzeka kummandla DNA iindlela zahlolwa lula. Ukulandelelanisa - ukuzimisela sokugqibela nucleotide uthotho kwemolekyuli DNA. Xa iyonke kukho iindlela ezimbini kuphando lwemfuzo: kuqala, usebenzisa indlela Maxam-Gilbert. Oku kusekelwe phezu iindlela kokusasaza molecule DNA emhlabeni enye. Kukho indlela elula, leyo mayenziwe esetyenziswa rhoqo. Oku njalo-ebizwa ndlela dideoxy, okanye Sanger nolandelelwano.

Inqanaba zokucazulula ufuzo Sanger

Indlela yokugqibela siqulathe isigaba zilandelayo isifundo:

• Isiqwenga wafunda kwemolekyuli iDNA hybridizes nge primer;
• Oku kwenzeka ezwi enzymatic kwemolekyuli;
• kwi inyathelo elilandelayo umbandela phantsi electrophoresis;
• kanti ekugqibeleni, lo iziphumo zihlahlelwe olwenziwe ngabenzi bophando, zemfuza e autoradiograph.

Uninzi lwezi zixhobo unganokuqonda ukuya bands 300 molecule ye DNA.

Inkqubo khowudi yasiwa kumbhalo DNA Sanger

Indlela yokuqala yokulandelelanisa izazinzulu ezino kusetyenziswa ukuqhubekekisa kwigenome, waye ezilandelelaniswa yi Sanger (Sanger nolandelelwano). umongo wayo koku kulandelayo: I-DNA amawele, ngoko umxube yahlaliswa zahlulo ezine. Ngamnye kubo ibekwe isisombululo okhethekileyo, nto leyo iqulethe izithako zilandelayo:

• polymerase DNA;
• kwenziwa ukuba kube lula inkqubo ukuphindaphindeka;
• umxube wazo nucleotides ezine iikopi;
• yazo ngamnye yalo nucleotides.

Ngoko ke, lo genome Sanger twatse DNA inkqubo yitherapeutic yabantu. Ezi nkqubo kwahluka kuphela ukuba mixed elabelwa izifundo zobuxoki nucleotides.

inkqubo ubuyiselo namhlanje

Ngoku ke indlela Sanger yokulandelelelanisa into ezenzekelayo ngokupheleleyo. Kuliwa usebenzisa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo - ezi matshini kuthiwa sequence. ekudibaneni kwemichiza ukuthatha indawo kwityhubhu enye. Iziphumo ezifunyenwe zokucazulula Sanger lahlaziya usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe computer. Modern sequencers angabona 'read' ulwazi ukuya 600-1000 nucleotides ngaxeshanye. Xa automating inkqubo yokulandelelanisa kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kunangaphambili.

iya kufumaneka?

Ngoku amazwe phambili avelisa DNA yokulandelelelanisa, ezi China nase-United States. Ba kwimeko yokhuphiswano - win ilizwe libe kwi khowudi lo ufuzo sokuqala, kuchithwa ngaphantsi kwekhulu eerandi. inkampani uphando waseMelika obizwa Ilumina - engundoqo lutshaba China ngokuphathelele kulo mba. oosonzululwazi base-China ngo-2010 kwathengwa izixhobo lokuqala-class, elathi ukuba luthathe yonke le minyaka indawo ephambili kurhwebo zeenkonzo ufuzo nolandelelwano. Kodwa, kuqala, ezi zixhobo ziya entla yalupheleyo, yaye, okwesibini, inkonzo phezu kulungiswa DNA liya lisiba cheap ngakumbi. Ngoku China akafuni ukuchitha imali sele ayikho yezixhobo evela phesheya - izazinzulu bagqiba ukuphuhlisa iintsimbi zalo. Ngubani ukuwina edabini phambili - ixesha ndikuxelele. Kodwa namhlanje ufuzo kokuhlaziya kwezinye iimeko ezixabisa ngaphantsi kwe $ 600.

Ngaba gene yombhalo eluncedo?

Noko ke, izinto kunjalo elula kulo mbandela. Abanye abaphandi bathi gene yokulandelelelanisa engazisi nenzuzo, umonakalo kangakanani. Ngaba le nkqubo yinto ukuba umntu omnye okanye igalelo kwinzululwazi? Kutheni ezinye iingcali ezinxulumene ezama DNA ye ngaphezu amanqam?

Into yokuba ubuchule yokulandelelanisa, ngenxa yabo, nto nje lwesimo ngendlela super-mihla. Lijongene yokufumana ulwazi malunga ufuzo lwabo umntu uthwala ngokwakhe. neenjongo ezahlukeneyo ukutyhala abantu ukuba baphendule imibuzo malunga DNA wabo. Umntu ofuna ngaloo ukwazi kwabo. Umntu uzama azikhusele izifo - kwaye wenza konke ukuze sikhuseleke. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ingaba mibi kakhulu.

Umzekelo, abantu bayazi ukuba emngciphekweni wokuhlaselwa Oncology elizayo uqala ukuba wehlelwe kukudakumba kakhulu kwaye akukho isiphelo ukubaleka koogqirha. Kwaye nangona into yokuba nkqu epheleleyo izivuno yokulandelelanisa iziphumo ukuqikelela uphuhliso izifo ezoyikekayo kunye ingozi ye-50%. Noko ke, phakathi kubathengi ezi nkonzo liqhele otshangatshangiswayo babesaba. Konke oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni abanye abasemagunyeni, ezifana eUnited States, nzulu lathembisa ukuba anciphise imisebenzi zeenkampani zonyango.

Le yokundwendwela yemfuza - ewe okanye hayi?

Kwimeko-bume zasekhaya kubonisa kuthandwa "yokundwendwela yemfuza". Kodwa ke, njengoko kudla kunjalo, inzululwazi ivele yonke imiphumo impumelelo yabo. Emva zokucazulula of "oonobumba" nangoku akuqinisekisi ukuba kuya kuqondwa kubhalwa ngokuchanekileyo "lizwi." Umzekelo, imfuza abanakukwazi ngokucacileyo ukuphendula umbuzo zingaphi genes equlethwe zofuzo zesintu. Kuqala kwakukholelwa ukuba esi sixa isusela ukusuka 10 lamawaka 40 amawaka. Ngoku, abaphandi baye phambili kwinkolelo yokuba le nombolo kwi uluhlu-10 - 25 amawaka. Okunye kanye oko akunakwenzeka. KUNYE kulandelelwano genome yenye umzekelo nje indlela izinto zesayensi uba unobangela imibuzo ngakumbi engaphendulekiyo.

Indleko genome yokulandelelelanisa ngoku ngokomyalelo 1 eliwaka. Eerandi. Kodwa ke, ukufunda zofuzo abaninzi ngumthombo kuphela woxinezeleko olongezelelweyo. Kuba abathengi imali ukufumana iziphumo ezinjalo, hayi ke kulala kuyo ebusuku. Ukulandelelanisa - esi sifundo, equka ulwazi zofuzo ezahlukeneyo. Kufakwe "genetic yokundwendwela" iquka izakhi abandakanyeka kuphuhliso ezahlukeneyo izifo - iswekile, ukutyeba ngokugqithiseleyo, sentliziyo isifo. Akukho mfuneko yokuba ube zofuzo lwe class ukuqonda ukuba ezi zifo abe imvelaphi yemfuza, kunjalo, kunye nendlela yokuphila zomnye umntu ukuba badlale indima ebalulekileyo.

iimpazamo engaba zikhona

Ngoku, izazinzulu ezininzi ezichaza yokuba inkqubo yokulandelelanisa amaxesha kuba nzima ukuba aphephe iimpazamo. Ngaphezu koko, amathuba kwabo akuxhomekekanga nezahlulo kunye ekhulwini yonke. imvelaphi yabo edibene iteknoloji iimpawu khowudi yasiwa kumbhalo. Ukulandelelanisa - inkqubo onokuthelekiswa ukwenza iikopi zale ubude movie omkhulu amawaka aliqela lezakhelo. Ngelo efanayo ixesha bavunyelwe ukwenza iikopi zazo kuya kuba ngaphezu 20 izakhelo. Ukuba ngokuchaneke kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ukuba asuswe "ne reserve" ukuze ziqwempu eyongezelelweyo ezilala phezu kwezinye. Ngenxa izakhi zofuzo zesintu kusenzima - ngenxa yobude chromosome bomntu amashumi amakhulu ezigidi iileta. Task kukuqokelela zofuzo ungumntu kakhulu ukuvelela kumazwe amaninzi. Noko ke, kumqukumbelo Kuphela kwenziwe omnye - sofuzo ibandla osuka kumzi iimpazamo. Mhlawumbi kwixesha elizayo, izazinzulu ziya kubanako ukufaka iinkcukacha ngokuchane ngakumbi. Ke ngoku kufuneka abulawe kunye nale meko.