Ukubeka i "Beech": iifoto, ukudubula kuluhlu. Ezona mpawu zokusebenza SAM "Buk"

Namhlanje siza kuqwalasela izixhobo ezifana njengoko iinkqubo enomjukujelwa "Buk". Eli nqaku akunanto yakwenza nezopolitiko, ngoko siza kuqwalasela icala nje zobugcisa umba. Makhe zama ukuqonda kancinane oko okwenza Army esingazihambeliyo enomjukujelwa inkqubo anti-moya, aqhelane iimpawu zayo Committe kunye nobugcisa, ukudubula uluhlu, ngamafutshane, kuquka onke amandla alo. Ngoko ke, siyityale "Buk".

imbali

Okokuqala kufuneka wenze isigqibo malunga indawo ye ufakelo. Yeyona ukutshatyalaliswa ekujoliswe ashukimisayo ezibhabhayo eliphakathi kunye eliphantsi yokuphakama kwi ngesantya ukuya kwi 830 m / umzuzwana, wajika kunye nomthwalo single-12 kwaye kumgama ozikilometa eziyi-30. Ngokuhambelana kunye nezigqibo ze-USSR kwaye i CPSU Committee Central ngoJanuwari 13, 1972 waza waqalisa lwalo lokukhawulelana nophuhliso. Wazibandakanya kule adibeneyo abaphuhlisi kunye nabenzi, abathatha inxaxheba ekudalweni ngaphambili SAM "Cube". Ngelo xesha nye bamiselwa ukuba ukuphuhlisa isakhiwo M-22, ebizwa "iNkanyamba" kuba Navy, esebenzisa imijukujelwa, isebenzisane ngokupheleleyo i "Buk".

Developers

Njengoko ababhekisi ziye zachongwa: Research Institute of Instrumentation kunye noPhando and Design Association, leyo igama "Fazotron". Rastov A. A. wamiselwa umyili oyintloko ezintsonkothileyo. ufakelo Pre-ukulayisha wadalwa engineering KB "Qala", apho nkokeli Yaskin A. I. qha, nobunye ukuba koomatshini ezintsonkothileyo, yavelisa Mytishchi sisityalo umatshini-isakhiwo, eyayikhokelwa imijukujelwa Astrov N. A. 9M38 umsebenzi wokuqulunqa Sverdlovsk ICD "ngumsunguli". station bangabonwa kunye, Kakade ke, siya kujoliswa "Dome" wadalwa kwi-Institute of yokulinganisa kunye nezixhobo ngqo yesiPhathiswa Radio. Ukuze ukuba "Buk" ingaba ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo, iye iphuhlise iphakheji kwamaziko kunye nenkxaso yobugcisa kwisisu semoto. Ukugqitywa kwisigaba samalungiselelo sele izicwangciso kwikota yesibini ka-1975.

ukutshintsha izicwangciso

Ngesisombululo USSR kunye CPSU Central Committee of 22 Meyi 1974, ngenxa imfuneko elikhawulezayo ukomelezwa umoya yokhuselo iyantlukwano vehicles nokonyuka kwithala "Cube", nto leyo eyinxalenye ye candelo, wayalela ukuba ukudala "Beech" ezintsonkothileyo ngokwamanqanaba amabini. Okokuqala kwafuneka ukuba ngokukhawuleza a izikhali anti-moya elawulwa nomlilo self-ngokwaso oluxandileyo, uphelelwa 9M38 imijukujelwa, kwakunye 3M9M3 complex ekhoyo 'Kub-M3 ". Ke kule rhoqo thina ukudala i "Buk" - inkqubo enomjukujelwa ngayo kwisizukulwana esitsha. Yaye ngoSeptemba 1974 ukuqinisekisa ukuthatha inxaxheba kwayo iimvavanyo ezimanyeneyo. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuba eli, ixesha elimisiweyo ngaphambili ziyathotyelwa ngokupheleleyo.

self-ngokwaso umlilo gun 9A38

Kuye zixhonywe isisu semoto ye-GM-569, yaye oko zaphambana idibanisa imisebenzi self-ngokwaso Pu I Surnov esetyenziswa kwi "Kub-M3". ufakelo Created 9A38 Ukubonelela search kwicandelo elithile, owenza ekufunyanweni kunye capture koko iithagethi umkhondo oluzenzekelayo. kwakhona elisombulula ingxaki phambi kokuqala, qala kunye imijukujelwa ezintathu homing, apho ibekwe phezu kwayo, kunye nezinye imijukujelwa ezintathu 3M9M3-ekhokelwa ekubeni zisukele naye 2P25M3 DB. izixhobo mlilo ingasetyenziswa nokuba Surnov kunye azo odwa. ubunzima bayo - iitoni 34. Kwakugcwele SAM "Buk" of: Radar 9s35; inkqubo yekhompyutha Digital; reticle umabonakude optically; Starter ngamandla servo drives; wayendincina emhlabeni radar, osebenza kwi "Password"; izixhobo kunye SPU and Surnov; a yegesi generator; yoqhelwaniso izixhobo, iankile ubume bendalo kunye navigation; iinkqubo ubomi inkxaso.

Umsebenzi radar 9S35

Ukuchaza ixesha inkqubela enkulu kweli nokudalwa zwi kunye mechanical lokucoca sele kufikelelwe, izixhobo microwave, oomatshini computing digital, leyo kuvunyelwa radar 9S35, inxalenye zakhiwo "Beech", ukudibanisa imisebenzi izikhululo ukhanyiso, ucupho kunye tracking target. Yayisebenzisa zidlulisele ezimbini - ukubetha kwentliziyo wave ngokuqhubekayo, yena wayesebenza kuluhlu isentimitha ombala. Enye samaza ukubona umkhondo kwithagethi, omnye - iinjongo backlit kwaye ilawulwe imijukujelwa anti-moya. inkqubo Uthi uyazingxoka amacandelo Imiqondiso electromechanical ezifunyenwe phambili eyenziwa central computer. 9S35 lotshintsho xesha, inxalenye SAM "Buk" ukusuka kwimo yokulinda mu lupwa yaba imizuzwana ngaphantsi kwe mabini. iinjongo Velocity wayezimisele kunye an ukuchaneka 10 -20 m / s, oko kuqinisekisa ukhetho lwabo ukwimeko ezihambayo. .. Imposiso: RMS njengoko kulinganiswa emboxo nokulungelelanisa kwaba 0.5 g kwi ubuninzi ekululuhlu - 175 leemitha. Isikhululo iye esikhuselwe zonke esebenzayo, ezidibeneyo kunye icocekile.

Anti-moya imizili 9M38

Le rocket, eyinxenye ye SAM "Buck" lalibhekisela injini eqinileyo-ezimbini-mode. Ngenxa yobunzima kokombiwa bamshiya ukusetyenziswa yemvu. Ukongeza, ukuba siyakwazi ukumelana eliphezulu kwabanye, iindawo ikakhulu angenzi isikhokelo kunye engile eliphezulu yokuhlasela ezingazinzanga msebenzi. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, indalo ubomi uphazanyiswe SAM "Cube". scheme enomjukujelwa waba eziqhelekileyo, umgangatho, X-emile, ukuba umba ephantsi ratio iphiko. Xa uqala bembonakalo yayo yayifana yenqanawa imijukujelwa anti-moya iintsapho "tartar" yaye "Standard" yenziwe i-USA ngokuthobela ngokupheleleyo kunye imiqathango yobungakanani eSoviet Navy. Xa phambi 9M38 ibekwe izixhobo yayizihambela, semiactive GMN, warhead nesondlo. Kwakungekho ndawo rocket, ukwahlula zibhabha, ubude balo - 5.5 yeemitha, ubukhulu - 400 mm, esungulayo engacimekiyo - 860 iimilimitha. Kwagqitywa mayixhotyiswe intloko homing, nto leyo yaba inkqubo yolawulo edityaniswe ukusetyenziswa navigation umlinganiselo. "Beech" - inkqubo enomjukujelwa ukuba rocket ezinjalo - ukuba hit ekujoliswe flying undizela ukusuka 25 eemitha ukuya ku-20 000 kunye noluhlu emithathu enesiqingatha ukuya 32 km, ngesantya - 1000 m / s. Umjukujelwa waba ezinobunzima 685 kg, kuquka-70 kg warhead.

test ufakelo "Beech"

Ukubeka i "Buk" ukususela ngo-Agasti 1975 ukuya ekupheleni kuka-Oktobha olandelayo, ngo-1976, wegqitha iimvavanyo karhulumente. Wabakhapha Bimbash PS, baza bathwalwa phezu kummandla Emba wepoligoni. Njengoko ubona, ukufakelwa "Buk" (ifoto yakhe zimelwe kwisaveyi) liqulethe: Surnov 1S91M3, ufakelo lomlilo 9A38, umphezulu-to-air enomjukujelwa 3M9M3 kunye 9M38, nokuzeyisa ngokwaso DB 2P25M3 nolondolozo noomatshini. Ngenxa yoko, ezinye izilungiso lwenziwe: uluhlu-ntaka ubhaqo yaba iikhilomitha 21-35 undizela ephantsi, lo moya - 32-41 km. Ixesha enomjukujelwa sungula ukususela kwixesha Ubhaqo babeqwalaselwe imizuzwana 24-27. Ukutshaja ixesha nokudubula - imizuzu ezisithoba. moya Hlula enomjukujelwa 9M38 banikwa: kumgama 3,5-20,5 km - kwintaba ephakame kwama-3000 kweemitha, 5-15,5 km - nomphakamo oziimitha ezingama-30. Le ndawo ochaphazelekayo kwi ikhosi parameter yaba 18.5 km ngobude - ukususela-30 m ukuya kwi-14.5 km. Amathuba kukonakaliswa ngumlilo - 0,70-0,93 xa uqalisa imoto. Ngowe-1978, isityalo "Buk-1" ( "Cube-M4") wafakwa inkonzo.

Iimpawu "Buck", iposi umyalelo

Ngoku siyazi iinkcukacha ezininzi malunga abaxhobileyo ingqalelo. Lifikile ixesha lokuba iqela le isisiseko kwindawo enye. Ngoko ke, siya kuba "Beech" ezintsonkothileyo. Iimpawu yokulwa impahla yayo zilandelayo. 9S470 - post umyalelo zixhonywe GM-579 - inika umboniso, ulwamkelo kunye nokulungiswa yonke idatha izikhululo ezijolise kunye ubhaqo, kwakunye 9A310 ezintandathu - iiyunithi self-esingazihambeliyo umlilo. Yena inika ukhetho iithagethi ezifanelekileyo ezinobungozi kunye nokusasazwa yazo efanelekileyo ngeendlela manual yaye automatic phakathi ukudubula ziiyunithi-ngokwaso, babesenza umsebenzi ukuba amacandelo anoxanduva kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Complex "Beech", enkosi ncwadana, isebenza kakuhle xa usebenzisa imijukujelwa nxamnye radar kanye ukuphazamiseka. into Team 46 singaqhubekeka iithagethi kwintaba ephakame yeemitha 20,000 kwindawo yokothula ukuba owela ngaphakathi kwama-100 000 m. Ukuze ezibonisa ezintandathu ekujoliswe ezikhutshiweyo station ngokutsha kumjikelo ngamnye. 28 iitoni - Ubunzima P., anikwe yalila abathandathu.

zokukhomba kunye Ubhaqo station "Dome"

Siyaqhubeka ukuthetha ngento isityalo "Buk". Iimpawu "Dome" - isigaba esilandelayo ingqalelo yayo. Le siteshi i umqadi ayisuse ukuphakama icandelo degrees 30-40 kunye kujikelezo ngomatshini ye-eriyali ukuba azimuth elinikiweyo. Injongo 9S18 - ucupho kunye nokuchongwa kwiithagethi emoyeni kwintaba ephakame yeemitha-30 ukuya 45.5 km, kumgama ozikilometa eziyi-120. Emva koko, le meko ulwazi emoyeni le nto idluliselwe 9S470 gearbox. Kuxhomekeka uphazamiso iseti-candelo kunye nokufumaneka ireyithi ukubukela ngokulinganayo imizuzwana 5-18 kwi ngokutsha circumferential kunye nemizuzwana 2.5-4.5 xa ngokutsha icandelo degrees 30. Igciwane umgca ulwazi telecode efunyenwe ngexesha ngokutsha, eyi 4.5,-mali ka-75 amanqaku. Uyilelwe kunye nokukhuselwa nempembelelo, impendulo, ukuphazamiseka ukubetha emgudu munye. Kwakhona, nokuba kukho ingxolo yokhuselo ukuba ibhaqa emi endaweni ka-5000 iimitha ukulwa. "Dome", inxalenye kwisakhiwo anti-moya "Beech", nayo, kwakuba rotator, isikhululo eriyali, umkhondo-eriyali yefowuni, a kwisixhobo eso siwamkelayo umyalezo, icebo yokusasaza kunye nezinye iinkqubo. Xa kwindawo efakwe sikhululo imizuzu emihlanu selengasekho kweli abasuka umsebenzi - ngemizuzwana engama-20.

Iiyantlukwano ukudubula Ufakelo 9A310 kunye 9A38

ufakelo yokuqala yesibini ( "Beech-1"), Eboniswe ukuba ukunxibelelana imigca telecode azikho esingazihlabeliyo DB 2P25M3 Surnov 1S91M3, yaye ROM 9A39 nasemva umyalelo 9S470. 9A310 naye ezine 9M38 elawulwa imijukujelwa anti-moya isixhobo layo lokuqalisa, kunokuba ezintathu. abize lwayo lwaqhutywa imizuzu 12 enesiqingatha ukusuka ROM kunye imizuzu-16 - ukususela kulungiselelo lothutho imoto. Weight - iitoni ezingama 32.4, kuquka abantu abane ekulweni crew. Ububanzi esingazihambeliyo umlilo - 3.25 yeemitha, ubude - 9.3 m, ukuphakama - 3.8 yeemitha. Makhe sibone ngakumbi eyenza umgaqo isakhiwo "Beech". Kule ifoto, siya kuthi, njengangaphambili.

ufakelo ukuqala-ukulayisha - 9A39

Le ROM sele ifakiwe kwi kwisisu semoto ye-GM-577. injongo yawo - ukugcinwa kunye nokuthuthwa ezilawulwa imijukujelwa anti-moya - iziqwenga ezisibhozo, abane kubo baba phezu housings ezisisigxina, ezine - kwisixhobo yokuqala. Kwakhona oku kwenzelwa xa bekusungulwa imijukujelwa ezine, nokuzeyisa bewakhwelisa kunye lodgements ngakumbi, emva self-icala imijukujelwa ezisibhozo esivela kwilungiselelo lezothutho imoto. Ngaloo ndlela, "Beech" - inkqubo enomjukujelwa, leyo idibanisa imisebenzi DB ROM self-ngokwaso complex ngaphambili "Cube" kunye TPM. Wawuhlanganisa: kwaqala Isixhobo actuator yokulandelela, lodgements, thinta computing wedijithali izixhobo umatshini telecode yonxibelelwano, inqanawa, isimo siyabophelela, iiyunithi amandla kunye nonikezelo namandla. Unit ubunzima - iitoni 35.5, kuquka ukubala amathathu, imilinganiselo: ububanzi - iimitha 3.316, ubude - leemitha 9,96, nokuphakama - 3.8 yeemitha.

Amathuba SAM "Buk"

Le complex waba yokulwa ephezulu, bangaphandle kunye komsebenzi xa kuthelekiswa 'cube-M4 "yaye" Cube-M3 "nezakhiwo. Ukuba nje ukujonga into ufakelo "Buck" ifoto iingalo zakhe, nabani na uya kuqonda onke amandla alo, owawusiza:

1. ukuthembeka target ubhaqo Good ngenxa yokuba laququzelela ngokutsha kunye isithuba engqongileyo kunye badubula ezintandathu esingazihlabeliyo ezijolise kunye station ubhaqo.
2. Ngokuhambelana kunye kwiinjongo ezintandathu, ukudubula nomkhosi, kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, kwaye asetyenziswe ngokuzimeleyo ziiyunithi-ngokwaso umlilo - yokusebenza ukuya kwimisebenzi ezintandathu yokulwa elizimeleyo.
3. ukhuselo Strong ekuphazanyisweni ngokuthi kusetyenziswe ekwinqwelo intloko homing ikhompyutha kunye umqondiso okhethekileyo uhlobo ukhanyiso.
4. Ngenxa amandla nokunyuka SAM (warhead layo) - ukusebenza eliphezulu kakhulu ukutshatyalaliswa ekujoliswe eziphaphazelayo.

isiphelo

Ngu nokunikwa zovavanyo iziphumo, kwakugqitywa kwelokuba setting uhla sokudubula "Buck" - ukusuka km-3 ukuya 25 nomphakamo ukuya ku-18 km nokukhawulezisa ku 800 m / s. Kule meko inika ngokomgangatho ekujoliswe nohlaselo abayi uqhubela. Amathuba yokwehlulwa yaba 0.7-0.8 xa zokudubula i enomjukujelwa ekhokelwa kwaye ikhosi setting kwi-18 km. Ukuba injongo ukujika, linokuba ukusibulala ngu 0.6. Kwiingalo moya imikhosi yokhuselo complex "Beech" yamkelwa ngo-1980. Ukususela ngoko, amaxesha amaninzi lwenziwe maxesha wayo, ukuphucula kulwa ubunakho kunye nokhuseleko.