Indlela ukufumanisa ezichaseneyo le unxulumano? Forward and wokwephuka reverse

Sifumanisa ukuba namhlanje ukuba bahlole ezichaseneyo yokuqhagamshelwa yaye kutheni kufuneka khona. Achaze intsingiselo ebonakalayo yobuninzi.

Chemistry Physics

Xa zonke iinkalo eyayinikelwe isifundo zehlabathi, bamanyene ngokwenkcazelo mnye. Kwaye izazi kunye abenzi bamachiza, kunye zebhayoloji baba zobulumko. Kodwa ngoku kukho ukwahlulwa engqongqo zezahlulo yenzululwazi kunye neeyunivesithi ezinkulu bayazi kakuhle into ekufuneka uyazi ukuba zezibalo, nokuba - ngeelwimi. Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko chemistry yemvelo akukho umda ecacileyo. Ngokufuthi bevumelene ukungena omnye komnye, yaye ngamanye amaxesha ukuba izifundo ngaxeshanye. Ngokukodwa, into leyo edala uqhagamshelo wokwephuka. Singenza njani ukuqinisekisa kule ndawo ulwazi physics okanye chemistry? On zizathu olusesikweni - zeNzululwazi yesibini: Ngoku abafundi bafunde ingqiqo njengenxalenye ye-chemistry, kodwa abanako ukwenza ngaphandle ulwazi physics.

isakhiwo se-atom

Ukuze uqonde ukuba ukujonga indlela ezichaseneyo yokuqhagamshelwa, kufuneka kuqala ukukhumbula indlela atom. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba kwakusaziwa ukuba yonke atom akukho cala xa iyonke, kodwa iqulethe iimeko ezahlukeneyo, ngezityholo ezahlukeneyo. Rezerfod wafumanisa ukuba kumbindi atom nganye sinzima, ngokuqinisekileyo icala ngumongo. Nesigxina ngumongo atom sisoloko lenani, oko kukuthi, +1,-phinde ngo 2, njalo njalo. Ehlabathini olungundoqo imali elingana ukukhanya elektroni kakubi ityala, inani kufanekisela ngokungqongqo isigxina ngumongo. Oko kukuthi, ukuba intlawulo zenyukliya +32, ngoko ngeenxa kufuneka zibekwe electron amathathu anesibini. Bona abanezikhundla ezithile ehlabathini ngumongo. electron ngamnye ngokungathi "basasaze" ehlabathini ngumongo kwi orbitals yayo. ukwakheka kwalo, indawo, kunye nomgama ukuya ngumongo zimiselwa amanani amane quantum.

Kungani wokwephuka kwenzeka

I-atom cala ibekwe kude kwezinye amasuntswana (umz, kwisithuba enzulu, i Galaxy), bonke isihlobo iziko macala Orbital. Nangona imilo entsonkothileyo noko abathile kubo, naziphi orbitals ezimbini elektroni musani phambana kwindawo atom enye. Ke ukuba ingaphezulu zethu zathathwa ngokwahlukeneyo vacuo sihlangane indlela yabo kwenye (umz, angene ilifu gas) ngoko ufuna sithethe naye, orbitals Valence le electron engaphandle kwicala tsala kwi-atom ekufutshane, hlanganisa nayo. Kuya kubakho electron ilifu jikelele, kukho imichiza compound entsha, yaye, ke ngoko, bond wokwephuka. Indlela ukufumanisa atom leyo yayiza kufumana inxalenye enkulu lilonke electron efini, sichaza ngezantsi.

Zeziphi ibhondi yemichiza

Ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo iimolekyuli lokunxibelelana, umahluko phakathi kwezo zityholo eziba zabo kunye nemikhosi ezivela umtsalane, kukho ezi ndidi zilandelayo neentambo chemical:

• elektroni elilodwa;
• metal;
• covalent;
• ion;
• van der Waals;
• hydrogen;
• electron ezimbini trohtsentrovaya.

Ukuze ubuze malunga ukujonga udibaniso wokwephuka le compound, kufuneka ube covalent okanye ionic (ezifana, ngokomzekelo, iityuwa of NaCl). Ngokubanzi, ezi ndidi zimbini zonxibelelwano zahluke kuphela indlela lihamba electron ilifu kwicala elinye atom. Ukuba ibhondi covalent akuxhomekekanga lisekwa athom ezimbini (umz, O _2), usoloko ngamaza kancinci. Iqhina ionic neyalo ngakumbi. Kukholelwa ukuba umanyano ionic kukhokelela ukuyilwa ion, njengenye athom "ithatha" electron kwezinye.

Kodwa enyanisweni, ngokupheleleyo iikhompawundi polar musa ayisekho: omnye ion kuphela etsala kakhulu electron ilifu iyonke. Kangangokuba imali eseleyo intwana nazo zingananzwa. Ngoko ke, ngethemba, kwaye kwacaca ukuba ukujonga ezichaseneyo ye iqhina covalent angaba, ezichaseneyo kwe iqhina ionic akwenzi ngqiqo ukuchaza. Nangona kule meko umahluko phakathi kwezi ntlobo zimbini ze unxibelelwano - nguwo indlela imodeli kunokuba isenzeko lokwenyaniso emzimbeni.

Ukumiselwa kwe ezichaseneyo

Ngethemba, le umfundi uqonde ukuba ezichaseneyo neentambo kwemichiza - unxaxho lonikezelo kwisithuba bebonke electron ilifu lizama. Kwaye ke distribution lizama ikhona kwi-atom ekwanti.

iindlela wokwephuka womlinganiselo

Indlela ukufumanisa ezichaseneyo le unxulumano? Lo mbuzo kude ayintsonkothanga. Okokuqala, ndimele ndithi ukuba ukususela wolingano electron ilifu atom ngamaza yahlukile kuleyo cala, kwaye X-ray spectrum utshintsho. Ngenxa yoko, ukubana wezintlu kwi spectrum ziya kunika ufifi oko ezichaseneyo wombane. Kwaye ukuba ufuna ukuqonda ukuba ukujonga indlela ezichaseneyo le yonxibelelwano molecule ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi, kuyimfuneko ukwazi nje kuphela lwaseNtshona Koloni ziba ukukhutshwa okanye ukufunxeka. Ndandifuna ukwazi ukuba:

• zobukhulu ezibandakanyekayo ngenxa atom;
• uyala nuclei zabo;
• apho ngendibaniso asekwa i-atom phambi ukuvela kwalo;
• zonke izinto yintoni isakhiwo;
• Ukuba isakhiwo ngumkhenkce, apho iziphene ezikhoyo kulo, nendlela ezichaphazela zonke izinto.

Ezichaseneyo kokudityaniswa ubizwa ngokuba ngumqondiso eliphezulu zilandelayo: 0,17+ okanye 0.3. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba uhlobo olufanayo-athom kuya kuba uxhulumaniso ayifani wokwephuka kubanjiswene kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, kwi oxide BeO oksijini kwi 0,35 wokwephuka, kunye MgO - 0,42-.

Ezichaseneyo ye atom

Umfundi unakho sakuwubuza lo mbuzo: "? Indlela ukujonga ezichaseneyo ye iqhina kwemichiza, ukuba izinto ezininzi kangaka" Impendulo ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo. amanyathelo ubungakanani wokwephuka zichazwa nendleko eyiyo athom. Eli xabiso ngumahluko phakathi isigxina kummandla engundoqo electron kwaye ehambisana i zibekwe kwindawo ethile. Ngokubanzi, oku ubungakanani kulungile ngokwaneleyo ubonisa abanye ilifu electron yezi ukuba kwenzeka ngexesha lokusekwa iqhina kwemichiza. Ubunzima siyifumana yokuba ukuba yeyiphi indawo yokufumana noku bobabo electron (ingakumbi iimolekyuli leqela) nzima. Ngoko ke, njengoko kunjalo kwimeko ukungcola Iimbophelelo kwemichiza kwi ionic kunye covalent, izazinzulu babhenele simplifications kunye nemizekelo. Ngelo xesha bazitshitshisela izinto kunye neenqobo ezichaphazela iziphumo kakhulu.

Le ngokoqobo kokudityaniswa wokwephuka

Iyintoni na intsingiselo ebonakalayo amaxabiso ezichaseneyo? Cinga nje ngomzekelo omnye. H hydrogen ingaphezulu ibandakanyiwe njengoko മണ്ഡലം ifildi (HF), kunye ityuwa (HCl). wokwephuka yalo 0,40+ HF e HCl - 0,18+. Oku kuthetha ukuba electron ilifu zizonke kakhulu ngakumbi baphambuke ukuya fluorine ngaphezu kwicala chlorine. Kwaye oko kuthetha ukuba electronegativity ye atom fluorine yi electronegativity babomelele ye atom chlorine.

athom wokwephuka molecule nganye

Kodwa umfundi abacingayo baya kukhumbula ukuba, ukongeza iikhompawundi elula apho athom ezimbini abakhoyo, kukho intsonkothe ngaphezulu. Umzekelo, ukuba sibe molecule sulphuric acid (H ₂ SO ₄₎ ifuna athom ezimbini hydrogen, omnye - isalfure, yaye baninzi kangangesine oksijini. Emva koko omnye umbuzo: ukujonga udibaniso wokwephuka mkhulu molecule? Okokuqala, kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba nayiphi na Ukuxhuma isakhiwo ethile. Oko kukuthi, i-sulphuric acid - ingaba efumba zonke atom, abe mfumba-nye enkulu, kunye nesakhiwo. Ukuze i-atom sulphur engundoqo uncediswa athom ezine ioksijini, ekusekeni uhlobo kwasemnqamlezweni. Kuphuma kumacala amabini ahlukeneyo athom oxygen eqhotyoshelwe nesalfure iibhondi kabini. Kwi asele kumacala amabini athom oxygen eqhotyoshelwe nesalfure iibhondi abangatshatanga kunye "babambelela" Kwelinye icala malunga hydrogen. Ngenxa yoko, xa molecule sulphuric acid, ezi zilandelayo unxibelelwano:

• OH;
• SO;
• S = O.

Kokuba kuchaziwe phantsi weefayili wokwephuka nganye kwezi links, unako ukufumana ngoyena mkhulu. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ekupheleni nomxokelelwane elide-athom kufuneka element kakhulu electronegative, kusenokuba "utsalo" amafu electron iibhondi angabamelwane, ukwandisa wokwephuka zabo. Xa complex ngaphezu kokuba umxokelelwane, isakhiwo kakhulu kunokwenzeka ukuba ezinye neziphumo.

Ezichaseneyo le molekyuli yahlukile ezichaseneyo le unxulumano?

Indlela ukufumanisa ezichaseneyo uxhulumano, sixelelwa. Iyintoni na intsingiselo ebonakalayo kwezi mbono, sibe zityhileke. Kodwa la mazwi afumaneka kwezinye amabinzana ezifanelekileyo kweli candelo of chemistry. Ngokuqinisekileyo abafundi abanomdla indlela basebenzisane imixokelelwane imichiza kunye wokwephuka eziphilayo. Impendulo: la magama azikhethe iyavumelana kwaye akwenzeki ngokwahlukeneyo. Oku kuya luboniswa a umzekelo ezaziwa amanzi.

Xa molecule ye H ₂ O amabini uxhulumaniso twatse komeho. Phakathi kwabo-engile degrees 104,45. Ngoko ke isakhiwo molecule yamanzi into efana ifolokhwe esintlu-mbini kunye hydrogen shinyi. Umoya - i-atom electronegative ngakumbi, isiginci amafu electron kwezi hydrogens ezimbini. Ngoko, xa amazinyo jikelele electroneutrality ifolokhwe ifunyenwe kancinane omhle kakhulu, noseko - negative kancinane. Ucazulule iziphumo ukuba molecule amanzi nezibonda. Oku kubizwa ngokuba molecule polar. Ngoko ke, amanzi - kuphela olungileyo, umahluko kwi izityholo ivumela iimolekyuli yokulibazisa kancinci amafu electron kwezinye izinto wahlukanisa ziikristale kwi molecule, kwaye molecule - on atom.

Ukuze siqonde ukuba kutheni molecule e kungekho ntlawulo wokwephuka sikhona, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba kubalulekile nje wokubala eekhemikhali iziyobisi kodwa isakhiwo kwemolekyuli, iintlobo kunye neendidi zamakhonkco avele kuso, umahluko electronegativity-athom alo.

Wafaka umoya okanye anyanzeliswe wokwephuka

Ukongezelela wokwephuka yayo, kwaye kukho uyacengeka okanye okubangelwa zizinto zangaphandle. Ukuba molecule wenza intsimi lwangaphandle umoya, nto leyo esele kakhulu ngaphakathi imikhosi molecule, ukuba uyakwazi ukutshintsha uqwalaselo zamafu electron. Oko kukuthi, ukuba kwemolekyuli oxygen siyakrazula amafu hydrogen H ₂ Owu, intsimi langaphandle codirectional ngale ntshukumo, kuyanda nokwehlukana. Ukuba endle njengoko sithintela ioksijini, ezichaseneyo iqhina liyehla kancinci. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imfuneko yokwenza umkhosi ngokwaneleyo elikhulu ubunokwazi kuchaphazela ezichaseneyo ezi molekyuli, kwaye nkqu nangaphezulu - ukuphembelela ezichaseneyo ye iqhina kwemichiza. Le isiphumo kwenziwa kuphela elebhu kunye neenkqubo yesiqalo. microwave yesiqhelo kwandisa kuphela awo of intlokoma atomic amanzi kunye namanqatha. Kodwa ke oku akuthethi kuchaphazela ezichaseneyo udibaniso.

Kukowuphi umzekelo apho iyavakala ulwalathiso ezichaseneyo

Ngokuphathelele eli gama, egqalwa sithi, ukuba ukukhankanya ukuba ngqo loo wokwephuka kunye umva. Xa kufikwa molekyuli ezichaseneyo na umqondiso "dibanisa" okanye "thabatha". Oku kuthetha ukuba i-atom okanye anike up ilifu yayo electron nto ibe kancinane ngakumbi entle, okanye ngokugqwethekileyo, ilifu siyakrazula phezu kwaye unenxaxheba ityala elibi. A ulwalathiso wokwephuka iyavakala kuphela xa uhamba isigxina, oko kukuthi, xa umqhubi iyasetyenziswa na. Njengoko waziwa kakuhle, electron afuduke umthombo wabo (kakubi wamwisela) ukuya kwindawo yomtsalane (kakuhle icala). Kuya wakhumbula ukuba kukho ingcamango yokuba electron okunene lihamba kwelinye icala ukusuka elihle umthombo ezimbi. Kodwa ngokubanzi akunamsebenzi, kubaluleke kuphela isibakala kweentshukumo zabo. Ngoko ke, kwezinye iinkqubo, ezifana welding amalungu yesinyithi, kubalulekile apho encamathele kuyo nayiphi na ipali. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuba ukwazi ukuqhagamshela indlela ezichaseneyo nokuba ngqo okanye icala. Kwezinye izixhobo, nkqu indlu, nayo ibalulekile.