UDeng Xiaoping kunye nokuguqulwa kwezoqoqosho

UDeng Xiaoping ungomnye wabantu abavelele kakhulu kwezopolitiko kwiChina yamaKomanisi. Nguye oye wahlangabezana nemiphumo emibi yomgaqo-nkqubo kaMao Zedong kunye "neenguquko zenkcubeko" eyenziwa yiqela "elidumileyo" (aba bahlobo bakhe). Kwiminyaka elishumi (ukususela ngo-1966 ukuya ku-1976), kwacaca ukuba ilizwe alizange lilindele "ukugqithisa okukhulu", ngoko ke abaxhasayo beendlela zokuguqulwa kwamashishini bathatyathwa yi-pragmatists. U-Deng Xiaoping ubhekisele kuye ngokwakhe, imigaqo yakhe ibhalwe ngokuhambelana kunye nomnqweno wokuvuselela iChina, ukugcina iziseko zayo kunye nobunikazi. Kule nqaku ndifuna ukutyhila ubunzulu beenguqu ezenziwa phantsi kolawulo lomntu, kunye nokuqonda intsingiselo kunye nokubaluleka kwazo.

Ukuza kumandla

U-Deng Xiaoping unqobile umkhondo wamathambo ngaphambi kokuba abe yinkokeli engekho phantsi kweCCP. Sekudlulileyo ngo-1956, wamiselwa isikhundla soNobhala Jikelele weKomidi Ephambili yeKomiti yamaKhomanisi eChina. Nangona kunjalo, wasuswa kwisithuba sakhe emva kweminyaka elishumi yenkonzo ngokumalunga nokuqala "kweenguquko zenkcubeko", okubonelela ukucocwa okukhulu kwababini kunye nabahlali. Emva kokufa kukaMao Zedong kunye nokubanjwa kwabahlobo bakhe, abadumileyo bahlaziywa, kwaye sele sele bekhona kwi-plenum yesithathu kwintlanganiso yeshumi elinanye, ukulungiswa kweDeng Xiaoping eChina kuphuhliswa kwaye kuphunyezwa.

Imigaqo yePolisi

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba akangekho nayiphi indlela eyalahla inzululwazi, kuphela iindlela zokwakha zayo zatshintshiweyo, kwaye kwavela umnqweno wokunikezela okukhethekileyo, isiCashin kwinkqubo yezopolitiko kweli lizwe. Ngendlela, iimpazamo zobuqu kunye neentlondi ze-Mao Zedong azizange zipapashwe - ityala liye lehla kakhulu kwi-"gang gang".

Uguquko oludumileyo lwesiTshayina lweDeng Xiaoping lwalusekelwe "kumgaqo-nkqubo wee-modern moderations": kwimboni, umkhosi, ezolimo kunye nesayensi. Isiphumo salo sokugqibela kwakuwukubuyisela nokuphucula umnotho welizwe. Into ekhethekileyo yenkqubo yale nkokeli yezopolitiko yayikulungele ukuqhagamshelana nehlabathi, ngenxa yokokuba abatyali-mali bamanye amazwe, abatsha-shishini baqala ukubonisa umdla kuMbindi woBukumkani. Yatsalwa kukuba ilizwe linomsebenzi ongezantsi: abasebenzi beendawo ezisemaphandleni babelungele ukusebenza kancinci, kodwa kunye nemveliso ephezulu, ukunyusa iintsapho zabo. I-China nayo yayinomthombo wesisityebi esinezityebi, ngoko ke kwakunexesha elifunekayo kwiimithombo zorhulumente.

Igrarian sphere

Okokuqala, uDeng Xiaoping kwakudingeka enze ukulungiswa kwidolophana yaseTshayina, kuba kwakubalulekile kuye ukuba axhasane nabantu ukuze badibanise amandla akhe. Ukuba phantsi kwe-Mao Tse-tung ugxininiso lubekwe ekuphuhliseni ishishini elinzima kunye ne-industrial-industrial complex, inkokheli entsha, ngokuchaseneyo, yamemezela ukuguqulwa, ukwandiswa kwemveliso yabathengi, ukwenzela ukubuyisela imfuno ekhaya.

Ii-communes zabantu zapheliswa, apho abantu babalingana, babengenalo ithuba lokuphucula imeko yabo. Baye bathatyathwa yi-brigades kunye namakhaya-oko kuthiwa izivumelwano zentsapho. Inzuzo yeendlela ezinjalo zentlangano yabasebenzi kukuba abantu abatsha abahlanganiselweyo bavunyelwe ukushiya iimveliso ezingaphezulu kwempahla, oko kukuthi, ukugqithiswa kwempahla kungenziwa kwiimarike ezikhulayo eChina kunye nokufumana inzuzo kuyo. Ukongeza, inkululeko inikwe ngokubeka amaxabiso kwimveliso yezolimo. Ngokumalunga nelizwe abalimi abalimi, baqeshiselwa kubo, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwavakaliswa ipropati yabo.

Imiphumo yokuguqulwa kwezolimo

Ezi ntsha zenze igalelo ekuphuculeni okukhulu kwimilinganiselo yokuhlala kwidolophana. Ukongezelela, ukuphuhliswa kweemarike kwanikezelwa amandla, kwaye amagunya ekusebenzeni aqinisekiswa ukuba isinyathelo somntu siqu kunye nezinto ezikhuthazayo zomsebenzi zivelisa ngakumbi kunecebo. Oku kuboniswe yimiphumo yenguqu: kwiminyaka embalwa ubuninzi bezityalo ezikhuliswe ngabasimili bephantse phinda kabini, ngo-1990 I-China yayisakuba ngowokuqala ukuvuna inyama kunye nekotoni, kwaye izikhombisi zokuvelisa abasebenzi ziye zanda .

Ukuphela kokuzimela kwamanye amazwe

Ukuba uyayichaza ingcamango "yokuvuleka", kuyafaneleka ukuba uqonde ukuba iDeng Xiaoping yayichasene nokuguqulwa okubukhali kwintengiso yangaphandle. Kwacetywayo ukuphucula ngokufanelekileyo ubudlelwane bezoqoqosho kunye nehlabathi, ukungena ngokuthe ngcembe kweemarike kwisininzi solawulo lwelo lizwe. Enye into ebalulekileyo kukuba yonke inguqu yavanywa kuqala kwingingqi encinci, kwaye ukuba iphumelele, yaziswa kakade kwizinga likazwelonke.

Ngoko, umzekelo, sele uvele ngo-1978-1979. Kwimimandla yonxweme yaseFujian ne-Guangdong, ii-SEZ zavulwa - indawo ezikhethekileyo zoqoqosho, ezimele iimarike ezithile kwimveliso yasemaphandleni, kunye nemibutho yamashishini kunye nabatyalo-mali basuka kwamanye amazwe basungulwa. Babizwa ngokuba "ziqithi ezinkulu", kwaye inani labo likhula ngokukhawuleza, nangona uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lukarhulumente. Yayiyilungu elincinci lemimandla ekwakhiweni kworhwebo lwangaphandle olungavumelekanga iChina ukuba lilahlekelwe isabelo seengonyama zezinto ezibonakalayo, ezinokuthengiswa ngokukhawuleza ngexabiso eliphezulu kakhulu ngemilinganiselo yaseTshayina. Kwakhona, ukuveliswa kwemveliso yasekhaya, ukubeka ingozi ekukhutshweni kwempahla engenayo kunye nexabiso elincinci, ayizange ihlupheke. Izibophelelo ezilungileyo kunye namazwe ahlukahlukeneyo zakhokelela ekusungulweni nasekufakweni kwezobuchwepheshe zanamhlanje, oomatshini, izixhobo zombane. AmaTshayina amaninzi aya kumazwe aphesheya ukuba afunde kwiinkampani zabo zaseNtshona. Kukho utshintsho lwezoqoqosho lweChina namanye amazwe, ukwanelisa iimfuno zombini.

Utshintsho kulawulo loshishino

Njengoko uyazi, ngaphambi kokuba uDeng Xiaoping akhethwe njengenkokeli engabonakaliyo yeCCP yaseChina, ezo zinguqu zengxelo zezoqoqosho ezenza iChina amandla amakhulu, onke amabhizinisi ayengaphantsi kwesi cwangciso, ulawulo oluqinileyo lombuso. Inkokheli entsha yezopolitiko yelizwe yaqaphela ukungaphumeleli kwenkqubo leyo kwaye yabonisa isidingo sokuhlaziywa kwayo. Kule ndlela, kuphakanyisiwe indlela yokuphucula intlawulo ngokukhawuleza . Kwixesha elidlulileyo, bekucetywayo ukushiya indlela ehleliweyo kunye nokuhlelwa kokudala udidi oluxubileyo lokulawula ubutyebi belizwe kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba enkulu kwilizwe. Ngenxa yoko, ngo-1993 izicwangciso zancinciwe, ukulawulwa kombuso kwehle, kwaye ubudlelwane beemarike buzuze. Ngaloo ndlela, kwakukho inkqubo "yeendlela ezimbini zokulawula ubutyebi belizwe, ezenzeka eChina kuze kube namhlanje.

Ukuqinisekiswa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zobunini

Ukuthatha enye emva kokunye ukuguqulwa okutshintsha iChina, uDeng Xiaoping wabhekana nengxaki yobunini. Inyani kukuba ukutshintsha kwintlangano yezolimo kwilizwe laseChina kwakuvumela ukuba amakhaya asandul 'ukwenziwa ukuba athathe imali, kwaye i-capital capital yanda ukuba ivule ishishini labo. Ukongeza, abantu bezentengiselwano belizwe langaphandle bafuna ukuvula amagatsha abo aseChina. Ezi zinto zikhokelela ekuqulunqweni kwamacandelo, omasipala, ngabanye, kwamanye amazwe kunye nezinye iifom zobunini.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuba amagunya awazange acwangcise ukuzisa olo hlobo. Isizathu sokubonakala kwayo sibhekiselele kwisicwangciso somntu wendawo, esinezimali zayo, ukuvula kunye nokwandisa amabhizinisi akhiwe ngokuzimeleyo. Abantu abazange banomdla wokubambisa ipropati yomhlaba, babefuna ukuqala ishishini labo ukususela ekuqaleni. Abaguquleli, bebona amandla abo kuzo, banquma ukulungisa ngokusemthethweni abemi ukuba babe nepropati yangasese, ukukhokelela umntu osomashishini. Nangona kunjalo, inkunzi-mali yangaphandle yafumana inkxaso ephezulu evela phezulu: abatyalo-mali basemzini banikezwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo xa bevula ishishini labo kwintsimi yaseRiphabhlikhi yaseChina. Ngokumalunga namashishini karhulumente, ukwenzela ukuba bangabavumeli ukuba baqhube ukujongana nelo nqanaba eliphezulu lokhuphiswano, icebo lahlala, kodwa lancitshiswa ngaphezu kweminyaka, kwaye kwaqinisekiswa nokuncitshiswa kweerhafu, iintlawulo kunye neengxowa-mboleko ezixhamlayo.

Nentsingiselo

Akunakwenzeka ukuphika ukuba u-Deng Xiaoping wachithe umsebenzi omningi nabantu abafana nomntu ekuxothweni kweli lizwe kwiimeko ezinzima zezoqoqosho. Ngenxa yenguqu yabo, iChina inomlinganiselo obalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho lwehlabathi kwaye, ngenxa yoko, kwezopolitiko. Ili lizwe "liyingcamango ekhethekileyo yokuphuhlisa uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho," ukudibanisa iinqonga zokulawula kunye nokuthengisa izinto ngokufanelekileyo. Iinqununu ezintsha zeenkommunist ziqhubeka zicinga ngeDeng Xiaoping. Ngokomzekelo, urhulumente ngoku ubeke phambili iinjongo zokwakha "uluntu oluphambili" ngo-2050 nokuphelisa ukungalingani.