Iilwimi ezisemthethweni zeZizwe eziManyeneyo. Ziziphi iilwimi ezisemthethweni kwi-UN?

IZizwe eziManyeneyo zinamazwe amaninzi. Nangona kunjalo, intetho yezoshishino kunye neenkcukacha zale ntlangano zenziwa kuphela kwiilwimi ezithile. Iilwimi ezisemthethweni ze-UN, uludwe lwaso oluncinci, lukhethiweyo lungakhethi ngengozi. Bayiyiphumo leendlela ezicwangcisiweyo kunye nokulinganisela.

Iilwimi ezintandathu

Iilwimi zehlabathi ezimbalwa kuphela zibonwa njengeelwimi ezisemthethweni ze-UN. Zininzi izinto ezathonya ukukhetha kwabo, kuquka ukusabalalisa. Kuzo zonke iilwimi ezisemthethweni ezisisemthethweni zeZizwe eziManyeneyo. Ezi ziquka, eqinisweni, ulwimi lwesiRashiya. Ukhetho olucacileyo malunga nenkcubeko yesiNgesi kunye nesiTshayina - kwezi ntetho, bathetha abantu abaninzi emhlabeni jikelele. Ukongezelela kwezi zinto, ulwimi lweelwimi olusemthethweni lwaseArabhu, iSpanish kunye nesiFrentshi. Zonke ezi ilwimi zikarhulumente kumazwe angaphezu kwekhulu lehlabathi, abantu abangaphezu kwezi-2,800 abantu bathetha nabo.

Iimbali zembali

Imbali yeelwimi ezisemthethweni zeZizwe eziManyeneyo zaqala emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. I-UN Charter, ephethwe eUnited States ngoJuni 26, 1945, yayisayinwe kwangaphambili ngeenguqulelo zeelwimi ezintlanu. Phakathi kwabo kwakungekho isiArabhu. Oku kuboniswa yiCandelo 111 lale catshulwa, elifunda kwakhona ukuba zonke iikopi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziphi ulwimi lokuhlanganiswa, ziyiyo.

Ngomhla we-1946, iNdibano yesiGqeba ivume iMithetho ngokubhekiselele kuyo ekufuneka iphathe zonke iilwimi ngokulinganayo, kwaye ezo ziilwimi ezintlanu kufuneka zisetyenziswe kuzo zonke izitho ezingaphantsi kwe-UN. Kule meko, iilwimi zaseburhulumenteni ezisetyenzisiweyo zeZizwe eziManyeneyo zibhekwa njengesigqeba, kwaye abasebenzi baseNgesi nabaFrentshi. Ngomnyaka kamva, umbutho wawususe imfuno yokuba iilwimi zaseburhulumenteni ze-UN, uluhlu lwaloo nto lube nezikhundla ezihlanu kuphela, kufuneka zibe nenqanaba elifanayo kwenye imibutho.

Ngowe-1968, isimo somsebenzi salufumana ulwimi lwesiRashiya, olunye lweelwimi ezisemthethweni zeZizwe eziManyeneyo.

Ngomnyaka we-1973, ulwimi olusebenzayo lwalubizwa ngokubanzi njengesiTshayina. Kwakhona kwongezwa njengelwimi olusemthethweni lwesiArabhu, lwaba ngolwimi olusebenzayo lwe-General Assembly. Ngaloo ndlela zonke iilwimi zaseburhulumenteni zaze zakuba ngabasebenzi.

Ngowe-1983, zonke iilwimi ezisemthethweni ezisisemthethweni zeZizwe eziManyeneyo zaqatshelwa yiBhunga loKhuseleko. Kule ntlangano, nabo baba zombini zombini kwaye, ngexesha elinye, abasebenzi.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba bonke ababhali beeNobhala be-UN babenolwazi olunolwazi lwesiNgesi nesiFrentshi.

Ukusebenzisa iilwimi

Iilwimi ezisemthethweni ze-UN zisetyenziswe kuzo zonke iintlobo zeentlanganiso kunye neentlanganiso zale ntlangano enkulu kakhulu ngobukhulu bayo. Ngokukodwa, zisetyenziselwa ukuziphatha kweNdibano Jikelele kunye nentlanganiso yeenhloko zamalungu eBhunga lezoKhuseleko. Iilwimi ezichazwe ngasentla zisebenza kwakhona kwiBhunga lezoQoqosho neNtlalo.

Injongo yalo meko kukuba nayiphi na ilungu le-UN linelungelo lokuthetha naziphi na ezi zelwimi ezisemthethweni. Nangona kunjalo, oku akunakunciphisa ilungelo lokusebenzisa olunye ulwimi. Ukuba ummeli weliphi na ilizwe akayi kuthetha ulwimi olusemthethweni, abaguquleli bexesha elifanayo baya kuguqulela ulwimi olusemthethweni. Ukongezelela, umsebenzi wabaguquleli bexesha elifanayo ukuguqula ukusuka kolunye ulwimi olusemthethweni ukuya kwezinye ezihlanu.

Imiqulu kwi-UN

Umsebenzi we-Ofisi kumbutho uqhutyelwa kuzo zonke iilwimi ezintandathu. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba uxwebhu luguqulelwe, umzekelo, ngeelwimi ezine kuphela, kwaye ezimbini eziseleyo aziguqulelwe, ngoko loo mqulu awuyi kukhutshwa ngaphandle kwengcaciso kuzo zonke iilwimi ezisemthethweni. Igunya leetekisi kulo mzekelo lifanayo - kungakhathaliseki ukuba luphi ulwimi lwentetho yakhe.

Ubunye beelwimi

Ngesinye isikhathi, ulawulo lwe-UN lwalugxeka ukuba lukwazi ukusebenzisa isiNgesi, kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, ngokungqalelo ngokwaneleyo kwezinye iilwimi ezisemthethweni. Amazwe amalungu ilungu le-UN, abemi balo abathetha isiSpanish, ngo-2001 baphakamise le ngxaki ngoNobhala-Jikelele uKofi Annan. Ngaloo xesha, uK. Annan wachaza ukungalingani phakathi kweelwimi ezintandathu ngenxa yokuba uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwentlangano aluvumeli ukuba luqwalasele ngokufanelekileyo zonke iingqiqo kunye nemigangatho yokuguqulela kolwimi ngalunye. Nangona kunjalo, waqaphela esi sibheno waza wathetha ukuba imeko kufuneka ilungiswe, ingqalelo ukusetyenziswa okwaneleyo kolwimi ngalunye lwaseburhulumenteni.

Lo mzuzu wongxamisekileyo wanyulwa ngo-2008-2009, xa i-General Assembly yamkele isisombululo ngokubhekiselele kulokuba uNobhala-mali unikwe umsebenzi wokugcina ubumbano phakathi kwazo zonke iilwimi ezisemthethweni. Kufuneka kuqwalaselwa ngokukodwa ukuhlawula ukuguqulwa kwengcaciso phantsi kokusabalaliswa koluntu.

NgoJuni 8, 2007, iZizwe eziManyeneyo zanikezela isigqibo malunga nokulawulwa kwezibonelelo zabasebenzi ezisebenza kuyo. Ngelo xesha, uxwebhu lugxininisa ngokubaluleka kakhulu ukubaluleka kokulingana kwabo bonke, ngaphandle kokungabikho, iilwimi ezisemthethweni ezi-6.

Ngo-Oktobha 4, 2010, uNobhala Jikelele walungiselela ingxelo ngeelwimi ezininzi, kwaye malunga nesiqingatha seminyaka kamva uMbutho-jikelele wamcela ukuba aqinisekise ukuba zonke iilwimi ezisemthethweni nezisebenzayo zeZizwe eziManyeneyo ziza kulingana ngamalungelo, ukuba ziza kwenza izimo eziyimfuneko ngokusebenza kwazo ngokuqhelekileyo. Ngexesha elifanayo, uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe lwamkela isisombululo, esiye saqaphela ukuba uphuhliso lwe-website ye-UN esemthethweni (ukusuka kwicala lobuninzi beelwimi) luqhuba ngokukhawuleza kunokuba kukhangelwe ngaphambili.

Ii-arhente ezizodwa zeZizwe eziManyeneyo

Kuyaziwa ukuba i-UN inemibutho emele okanye amaziko aqhuba imisebenzi yawo ngokuzimela. Amasebe anjalo afaka, umzekelo, i-UNESCO, i-Universal Union Union kunye nabanye. Kuphawuleka ukuba ezinye iilwimi zinokuqwalaselwa ngeelwimi ezisemthethweni kule mizi emele i-UN. Ngoko, kwi-Universal Postal Union kuphela isiFrentshi isetyenziswe, yilwimi kuphela olusemthethweni. Kwi-UNESCO, ngokuchaseneyo, iilwimi ezilisithoba ziyabonwa ngokusemthethweni, phakathi kwabo isiPutukezi nesiTaliyane, kunye nesiHindi. I-International Fund yezoPhuhliso lwezoLimo ineelwimi ezine kuphela ezisetyenziswe ngamalungu ayo kwinqanaba elisemthethweni. Le yiArabhu, iSpanish, isiFrentshi nesiNgesi.

UMququzeleli weeLwimi

Ngethuba le-1999, i-General Assembly yathintela uNobhala-Jikelele ngokuthatha isisombululo sokucela ukusekwa nokuqeshwa kwegosa eliphezulu leNobhala. Eli gosa lijongene nokulungelelanisa yonke imiba enxulumene neelwimi ezininzi.

NgoDisemba 6, 2000, uFilierico Riesco waseChile wamiselwa kuqala kule post. Umququzeleli weelwimi ezininzi olandelayo waba nguMiles Stobi waseGuyana, owamiselwa kwisithuba ngoSeptemba 6, 2001.

UShashi Terur wamiselwa kwisikhundla somququzeleli ngo-2003 ngu Kofi Annan. Ngelo xesha, wayebandakanyeka njengeSekela likaNobhala-Jikelele ojongene noqhagamshelwano kunye nemiba yolwazi yoluntu.

Njengamanje, uKiyo Akasaka waseJapan ungumxhumanisi weelwimi ezininzi. NjengoShashi Terur, udibanisa umsebenzi wakhe kunye nesimo senhloko yeSebe loLwazi loLuntu.

Iintsuku zoLwimi

Ukususela ngo-2010, i-UN ibhiyozele imihla ebizwa ngokuba yimihla yolwimi, elowo lusetyenziselwe enye yeelwimi ezintandathu ezisemthethweni zeZizwe eziManyeneyo. Eli nyathelo lixhaswa liSebe leNkcukacha zoLuntu ukuze kugubhide ukuhlukahluka kweelwimi kwintlangano, kunye nokufumana ulwazi kunye nolwazi malunga nokubaluleka koqhagamshelwano lwezentlalo. Nsuku zonke ulwimi oluthile lunxulumene nesiganeko esibalulekileyo senzeke kweli lizwe.

• IsiArabhu - Disemba 18 - umhla wokuchazwa kolwimi lwesiArabhu njengelwimi olusemthethweni lweZizwe eziManyeneyo.
• IsiRashiya - Juni 6 - A.S. Pushkin.
• IsiNgesi - Aprili 23 - umhla wokuzalwa kaShakespeare.
• ISpanish - Oktobha 12 - ithathwa njengesiSpain njenge "iColumbus Day".
• IsiTshayina - uEpreli 20 - ngokuhlonipha uTang Jie.
• IsiFrentshi - Matshi 20 - usuku lokudalwa kwe-International.

Ngokufanayo neYurophu Yomanyano

IYurophu Yenyaniso enye enye inkulu yemibutho elineelwimi ezininzi ezibandakanya amazwe amaninzi. Ngamanye amazwe, ngokwenene, unelwimi lwawo. Ngako oko, kule mbambano kukho umgaqo oyintloko ukuba zonke iilwimi zamazwe athathe inxaxheba zilingana. Wonke amaxwebhu kunye nolawulo lwamarekhodi kufuneka aqhutywe kwezi lwimi, kwaye kufuneka kwenziwe iinguqulelo ezifanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko iNyunyana ikhula kunye nezinye iindawo (amazwe aseNyakatho yaseScandinavia nakumaMpuma Yurophu ahlangene nayo), abathathi-nxaxheba abatsha abazange bafune i-European Union ukuba inike iilwimi zabo iimeko ezisemthethweni, zilungele ngolwazi lwaluphi na ulwimi oluphambili. Eyo manyano yiNgesi, isiJamani, isiNtaliyane, isiFrentshi neSpanish. Enyanisweni, le ndawo yamalungu amatsha ombutho iqinisekiswa kukuba phantse bonke abadibanimli banolwazi olufanelekileyo ubuncinane kwiilwimi ezibhaliweyo. Abaninzi abathathi-nxaxheba bathetha ukuthetha ngesiNgesi. Ukongezelela, kufuneka kuphawulwe ukuba kwi-European Union abaphakamileyo abameli beelwimi ezininzi baseFrentshi.

Ukusetyenziswa kweelwimi ezisemthethweni kwamanye amazwe

Eminye imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, umzekelo, ukuchwethelwa kwezorhwebo, kwimidlalo kunye nabanye bathambekele ekusebenziseni isiNgesi, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo kusetyenziswa rhoqo ulwimi lwesiFrentshi, kwiindawo ezininzi ezisemthethweni.

Imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe enomlinganiselo wesithili isebenzisa ulwimi oluphawu lwesakhiwo sabo sobuhlanga okanye inkolo. Ngaloo ndlela, kwimibutho yamaSilamsi iArabhu isetyenziswe, kwaye inxalenye enkulu ye-Afrika engewona ongumSilamsi, nokuba isiFrentshi okanye isiNgesi isetyenziswe njengelwimi lwaseburhulumenteni (i-colonial past past yashiya ithonya elikhulu).

Umnqweno wezinye iilwimi ukufumana imeko esemthethweni kwi-UN

Ngoku nje, ezinye iilwimi ezininzi ziye zaba yiilwimi ezisemthethweni zehlabathi zeZizwe eziManyeneyo. Amazwe amaninzi alwela eli lungelo. Ngoko ke, kula mazwe unokuthi uqaphele iTurkey, iPortugal, Indiya kunye nabanye. Ngo-2009, njengelwimi olusemthethweni, uBengali wanikezelwa, ophakathi kweyesisixhenxe phakathi kweelwimi ezikhankanywe kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, uNdunankulu waseBangladesh uthetha.

Nangona inani elikhulu labantu lithetha isiHindi, umnqweno wobukhokheli baseNdiya ukusekwa olu lwimi njengelwimi lwaseburhulumenteni aluvunyelwanga. Oku kwachazwa ngento yokuba i-Hindi incinci kakhulu isasazwa ngehlabathi, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo bonke abantu abakuthethayo bajoliswe kummandla kweli lizwe.

Kwakukho isiphakamiso sokukhetha njengolwimi olusemthethweni oluseburhulumenteni - i-Esperanto, eya kutshintsha zonke iilwimi ezisebenzayo, ngaloo ndlela zinciphise iindleko zohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, ukugcina kwiinguqulelo.