Ubume intaka iqanda: nkqubo, ingakumbi

Oocytes (amaqanda) idla uhlobo osandul wesilwanyana okanye iqanda. Funda nezahlulo zabo oology - icandelo elikhethekileyo zezilwanyana.

ulwazi jikelele

nobukhulu yabo ibe ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, kwi ubukhulu kweqanda mouse malunga 0,06 mm, kodwa ubukhulu kwefom osandul le yenciniba Afrika ungakwazi ukufikelela iisentimitha 15-18. Le fom nayo eyahlukileyo. Kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo namaqanda ungqukuva okanye okweqanda imilo. Ezinye izinto eziphilayo, zinokuba lume, laphela, ezifana nakoondlebende nentlanzi, hagfish okanye izinambuzane. Kuxhomekeka iqondo kunye nokusasazwa izondlo ngaphakathi kweqanda umiselwa ubungakanani kunye nezinye iimpawu. Ukuqhubeka sac (ukwimo) okanye ezenzelwe enobunzima eqinileyo, okanye ifomu pellet. Ngokuxhomekeka oku, iingcali ukwabelana oocytes iintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Inkqubo ibizwa oluqhutywa kwinxalenye engentla oviduct. Ekuhambeni edlula umjelo lwenzeka kweqanda kakhulu isandla. Le nqubo wabe ngokohlobo akakhethi discoid. Ngenxa yokuba ngokukhanywa kuthatha ndawo sele ekuqaleni oviduct kwi iintaka iqanda elityazisiweyo nekude uyakwazi kuhlala kwelinye manqanaba yokuwela (ezifana njengehobe) ukuya gastrulation (njengokuba inkuku).

iqanda ntaka

Abasetyhini zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana ezinamaphiko babeke oocytes. iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ukubeka amaqanda iimilo ezahlukeneyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba indawo apho uya ngokubekwa. Umzekelo, ukuba indawo yokubeka yahlulahlulwe amaqula okanye wemihadi, amaqanda ezingeenxa. Xa iintaka, ogama wamatye kubekwe phezu promontory elulwalwa, i oocytes ziya kuba lume. Ngokubanzi, ubukhulu intaka, kokukhona ubukhulu amaqanda. Kodwa lo mthetho kukho ukuxolelwa. Umzekelo, inzala kweentlobo nzalandini eqhele nangoko self-ibele, ukubeka amaqanda ezinkulu (xa kuthelekiswa umzimba obhinqileyo) ngaphandle kwezo amantshontsho abazelwe nto leyo ebonakala ukuzenzela nto. Umlinganiselo ubunzima kweqanda ukuya ubunzima bomzimba kwiintlobo ezincinane ngokufuthi ngaphezu koko kwezi ntlobo ezinkulu. Kukholelwa ukuba iqanda mkhulu ibeka zenciniba Afrika. Relative ezibunzima umzimba kweqanda elimele ngeentlobo kuba yi-1% of ubunzima bomzimba. Kodwa ubunzima iqanda Ingcungcu yi-6% ye ubunzima zeentaka.

Ezinye iimpawu noshowo amaqanda zeenkukhu

Xa intaka abahlala kwimimandla yeentaba, i oocytes aba "iimbambo" like stiffeners. Iyimfuneko ukuze alondoloze ingqibelelo iqanda, ngoko ke ayohlulwanga xa iintaka umhlaba kwi yentaka, nto leyo eye indawo encinci. Kufuneka Mezhuyev ngokuzenzekelayo, ziphawuleka ukuba le ngohlangothi liyakwazi ukumelana uxinzelelo ezimalunga nama-40 kg / macala onke. cm, kwaye icala apho angekhoyo - hayi ngaphezulu kwe-2 kg / macala onke. cm. Umphezulu iqanda isonka okanye agudileyo, limenyezelayo okanye Mat. Umbala inokuba yiyo nayiphi lophawu, qwa ukuya eluhlaza emnyama purple. Umphezulu lamaqanda zezinye iintlobo igutyungelwe speckles, kwezinye iimeko ezenza ngeenxa blunt edge siqhuqha. Umbala iya kuxhomekeka umfanekiso kunye yokwakha sites. Ngoko ke, iintaka ezininzi ngasese iqanda-ngokubekwa kunye neentaka zasekhaya iqokobhe emhlophe. Xa abantu mnye akanazifo elele phantsi emhlabeni, umbala uba iimeko ezifanayo yokusingqongileyo: zidibana ngamatye okanye izityalo ilaphu ukuba imigca kwindlwane. iqanda Umbala ufumana esinye basetyhini lomsele wokuzalwa. Umzekelo, biliverdin (mbala) ngokusebenzisana ne-zinc inika umbala oluhlaza okanye oluhlaza kumphezulu yeqanda. Ngenxa protoporphyrin ajike umbala obomvu okanye mdaka, okanye indawo enomthunzi. Okulandelayo, makhe siqwalasele ngokweenkcukacha isakhiwo yangaphakathi intaka yeqanda.

Icebo le kweqanda

Ubume egg nkukhu ingqinelana ukuya kuyo. Iqulethe yonke into eyimfuneko ukuze lokuqulunqa nokuphuhlisa kumzimba abatsha. Xa egg umbungu Esukelana iikhompawundi afumaneka sac. Le ubunzima imelwe kwiintlobo ezimbini - ezimhlophe kunye ebengezelayo. Bona ezicwangciswe nokuxuba zikhabane concentric. Le sac kukuba vitellinovoy ndizayo. Oku singqongwe kwiproteni. Kumanqanaba okuqala zophuhliso kwamaqanda weqokobhe weenkuku azalisekise imisebenzi yesondlo. Protein, ukongeza, ikhusela kumzimba entsha adibane nabanye iqokobhe. Umxholo kakhulu iqanda singqongwe iileya ezimbini podskorlupovymi: lwangaphandle nangaphakathi. Ukuqwalasela isakhiwo intaka iqanda, kuyimfuneko kukuthi amagama ambalwa malunga iqokobhe kakhulu. Le ibandakanya ubukhulu becala ngecalcium carbonate. Esesiphelweni Ukuhl iqanda emva ngokubekwa lwegumbi umoya abunjwe ngokuthe ngcembe.

sac

Ukuqwalasela isakhiwo intaka iqanda, ogama scheme siboniswa apha ngezantsi, kufuneka kuthiwe deytoplazma (sac) yinxenye ngokuqulathwe angaphakathi kweqanda. Ubunzima sac iqulathe zonke izinto eziyimfuneko ezibonelela amandla kunye nophuhliso eqhelekileyo eziphilayo. Deytoplazma ibonakele iqanda iintaka nje kuphela, kodwa ezinye izilwanyana (kunye nabantu), kwaye yingqokelela iirekhodi nentlabathi, kwezinye iimeko, ukuhlanganisa ulwazi ibe enobunzima esiqinileyo. Imali sac, ngokunjalo ukusasazwa yayo inokuba nomahluko. Xa imali encinane deytoplazmy okuziinkozo okanye iipleyiti asasazwa ngokufanayo xa kukho icytoplasm. Kule meko sithetha "izoletsitalnyh" amaqanda. Njengoko inani elikhulu kumacandelo sac okanye yande kummandla usembindini kukho icytoplasm - okanye ejikeleza ngumongo kwindawo kwezityalo ye kweqanda. Kwimeko yokuqala sithetha tsentroletsitalnyh, ngoxa yesibini - amaqanda telolecithal. Ukungqinelana umthamo kunye iqondo ukusasazwa ubunzima sac umiselwe kunye nohlobo yokuwela oocytes. Ubume chemical intaka yeqanda ubonelela iintlobo ezintathu deytoplazmy. Sac abe carbohydrate, otyebileyo okanye ziiprotein. Kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo, uninzi lwabantu sac amaqela aquka, ngaphandle iikhompawundi ngasentla, iiminerali, zombala, ribonucleic acid, ukuba wenjenjalo isakhiwo imichiza entsonkothileyo. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, xa entanjeni ukukhula chicken kweqanda uqulathwe ku sac amanqatha cala-23%, iiproteins - 16%, 1.5% cholesterol, phospholipids - 11%, kunye 3% iikhompawundi kwizimbiwa. Le ezwi kunye nokwanda kwe candelo sac na inxaxheba organelles ezahlukeneyo: i-mitochondria, reticulum endoplasmic, Golgi complex. Le Yindibanisela sac protein isakhiwo licandelo izilwanyana ezininzi lwenzeka ngaphandle isizalo. Yi protein pinocytosis candelo lingena singene iqanda asakhulayo.

Ezinye izinto Isakhiwo kweqanda

Zonke imifinya abakukhusela ekusasazeni, ngetshaneli kunye umonakalo eqandeni. Kodwa aluboneleli ukufuma ayimfuneko omzimba ekhulayo. Oku wenza izitho extraembryonic. Ngokukodwa, ezi ziquka amanzi (okanye fluid) iqokobhe. Ngenxa amnion kwisisu yayo ngokwaneleyo, uzaliswe ulwelo, apho, enyanisweni, ukuphuhlisa ephilayo. Kunye ngamanzi akhiwa maleko ezimbini: olujikeleza kunye serosal (okanye allantois). Xa iintaka ezirhubuluzayo, lo maleko na ulwabiwo organ kunye nokuphefumla. Ukususela iqanda ukuya imiphetho yaba buthuntu, usiko amaqanda kumka chalaza - protein ashinyeneyo imicu ezijijekileyo. Bathi zinika indawo kubakho undoqo, esithintelayo usuka kwindawo ephakathi.

shell

Ukufunda ubume amaqanda le ntaka, kufuneka ukucacisa zomaleko olungqonge ngumongo. Umaleko kakhulu zangaphandle iqokobhe nzima. Kuyinto exineneyo yenza umsebenzi ngokukhuselwa umonakalo kunye nefuthe elibi ngenxa yemeko ezisingqongileyo. Phantsi langoku istili podskorlupovye iqokobhe. Ekupheleni yaba buthuntu ukuba diverge kwaye enze egumbini umoya. Iqulethe mpilo, kuyimfuneko ukuphefumla ephilayo entsha.

oocytes trophic

Kukho uhlobo amaqanda, ezo ziqhutywa kwindawo imisebenzi inyanda yokupheka zenzalo. Ngenxa umthetho, bona neoplodotvoreny, ukubonakala kwazo phantse akukho ezahlukeneyo ukusuka njengesiqhelo. namankazana abo ukubeka ezinye iimbovane neentubi wesibeleko de kube lelo xesha elo butho liqala ukuvelisa ukutya okwaneleyo. inyama oocytes Unfertilized neqanda iinkukhu kunye namaqanda iintlobo kwezinye iimeko ngempazamo obizwa ngokuba trophic, kuba asetyenziswa ukutya hayi iintaka, kunye nabantu ngamanye amaxesha izilwanyana.