Indlela yoqheliso ubuhlakani

Induction - yindlela yokugqiba, apho isikhundla eqhelekileyo ivela abucala. yokuqiqa ezinjalo nge ntetho zemathematika, ngokwasengqondweni ngezinto ezibehleleyo eman 'kunye ngumba eziliqela. Le ndlela isekelwe kwinkolelo yokuba ubume zonke nesenzeko ngokupheleleyo ezizimeleyo omnye komnye.

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala elithi "induction" nangoku yenzeka e uSocrates, kodwa ixabiso layo yahluke kakhulu ukusuka mihla. Yena ingqalelo ukuba uthelekiso kukho iimeko ezithile ezimbalwa, ngaphandle wamanga, likuvumela ukuba ukunika inkcazo jikelele le mbono. Aristotle waya ngokuqhubekayo: uye walatha umahluko phakathi yoqheliso epheleleyo kunye engaphelelanga, kodwa noko nako ukuchaza umthetho kunye iziseko yokugqibela. Wayekholelwa olu hlobo nokuqiqa ngqo malunga syllogism.

Xa zobulumko le Renaissance waqalisa ukuba ngenkuthalo bagwilika iimbono Aristotle, isaziso indlela induction ngempumelelo kuphela zenzululwazi zendalo. Waqalisa umahluko kakhulu indlela syllogistic sobulumko yamandulo yamaGrike.

Kukholelwa ukuba indlela yoqheliso cishe kwifomu apho ukuba yamkelwe kwinzululwazi mihla, yena batyunjwa uFrancis Bacon. Nangona okunene sele waba ababengaphambi ezifana uLeonardo da Vinci nabanye abefundisi. Xa amazwi, Bacon abangazange baqhoboshele nayiphi syllogism ngokubaluleka. Kodwa kusenziwa ngaphandle yoqheliso kolu luvo. Bacon wayekholelwa ukuba gabalala kufuneka kancane athathele ingqalelo le mithetho mithathu, ingqalelo kubonisa kwipropati ethile macala omathathu:

1) Ukuhlolwa amatyala ezimbi;

2) Uphengululo kwamatyala emihle;

3) uphengululo amatyala apho ipropati kuboniswa ngamaqondo ahlukahlukeneyo, ngamandla ezahlukeneyo. Kwaye ukuqala yonke le nto, kusenokwenzeka ukuba baphethe i gabalala.

Ngoko ke, ngokutsho Bacon Icacili phandle ukuba ngaphandle syllogism, oko kukuthi, ngaphandle eshwankathela isifundo zivavanywayo, phantsi ukutsalwa jikelele awukwazi, ndihlisa sicelo entsha. Oku kuthetha ukuba oosonzululwazi ukuphikisa ngokupheleleyo ezenza indlela kwalo, ngubani phambili Descartes. Kodwa Bacon zange ayeke khona. Eqonda ukuba indlela wakhe kuneengxaki zawo, wacebisa iindlela libeyise. Ngokomzekelo, wayekholelwa ukuba uhlobo probabilistic yale nkqubo, uya kuba nako ngokuthe ukoyisa incompleteness ulwazi eziyintlanganisela ngabantu abaphila ezininzi zobomi.

indlela induction unokuba kweentlobo ezimbini: a epheleleyo kwaye zingagqibeki. Kwimeko yokuqala, naliphi na ibango liya yaba kwimeko ekhethekileyo yokugqibela okwangoku azisebenzise zonke iindlela. Isiphelo wafumana kakhulu ebalulekileyo. Le ndlela ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo. Ukongeza, yandise ulwazi lwabantu ngombandela othile.

indlela engaphelelanga yokuqhelaniswa, phezu koko, ukwakhelwa kwiimeko ezithile, ngamnye kukhokelela hypothesis oko kukuthi ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuze kube. Ukusuka kwinqanaba umbono ekuqiqeni ngayo inikeza iingxoxo ngokwaneleyo, isiphelo ukubeka phambili nayo, kunokuba ziyalahlekisa. Le ndlela yoqheliso enikusweleyo ubungqina, njengoko probabilistic ngokwendalo. Nangona kunjalo, iimpazamo zinokwenzeka kuzo zombini ezi meko. Ukuba kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba uphando, nto leyo kwenza, ngokwenza uphando, uyakwazi ukufumana izizathu ezininzi kakhulu, nto leyo, kananjalo, zingangqamana yamaxesha ahlukeneyo.

Iimbono ezininzi ogqibeleleyo yoqheliso lwezenzululwazi induction. Elokuphetha yakhe malunga neempawu zezinto akwi kwiklasi enye, oko lenziwe emva kokuba uphando moya lwabo lwangaphakathi. Oku kucwangcisa kuyo ngaphandle induction eqhelekileyo, apho iimpawu into efundwayo zithathwa zidityaniswe, zazivelela.

Hi ndlela leyi, indlela yokwenza intelekelelo uphawu kuphela ekuqiqeni. Indlela yezenzululwazi yoqheliso eziqhelekileyo bulumko, physics, amayeza, ezoqoqosho kunye nomthetho.