Yamandulo Greek lwezakhiwo: izakhi neempawu

Yamandulo izakhiwo Greek baba negalelo kakhulu kwi sokuyilwa asemaphakadeni ezilandelayo. imiqondo yalo esisiseko kunye nefilosofi esixhaswa ngokusisigxina izithethe Europe. Yintoni umdla malunga nakubugcisa yamandulo isiGrike? inkqubo Order, imigaqo yocwangciso lwedolophu nokudalwa zemiboniso zichazwe kamva kweli nqaku.

ngqi zophuhliso

Yamandulo Greece - yimpucuko yamandulo, olu sapho lwaluquka saa abaninzi isixeko-States. Iquka nentshona yonxweme Asia Minor, emazantsi Balkan Peninsula, iziqithi weAegean, kwakunye emazantsi eItali, eSisili kunye yoLwandle Black.

Le sesakhiwo Greece yamandulo zavelisa eninzi isimbo waza waba sisiseko kwi sokuyilwa le Renaissance. Nakule yophuhliso lwayo ngokuqhelekileyo ukwahlula zigaba eziliqela.

• ixesha Homeric (mid XII - embindini VIII BC ngenkulungwane ...) - iindlela ezintsha kunye neempawu ezisekelwe izithethe zangaphambili zohlobo. Izakhiwo eziphambili izindlu kunye iitempile yokuqala, zenziwe ngodongwe, Adobe kunye neenkuni. Kwakukho zokuqala yodongwe kwi lokubhalela.
• Lwakudala (VIII - V ekuqaleni, 480 th BCE ....). Ekumisweni kwemigaqo-nkqubo, izakhiwo ezitsha zoluntu. Itempile kunye indawo ephambi yaba liziko lobomi basedolophini. Ukwakhiwa ilitye isetyenziswa kakhulu rhoqo: lekalika, nezemarmore, ubumba khazi. Kukho iintlobo-ntlobo amabandla. Doric siyema.
• Classic (480 - 330 BCE ...) - ikhula. Zonke iindidi yemiyalelo lwezakhiwo zamaGrike abaphuhlisa ngamandla yaye enxulumene compositionally omnye nomnye. Kukho nakumaqonga yokuqala kunye namaholo umculo (odeyony), izindlu kunye porticoes. Bakha theory kwezitalato kunye neebhloko nobeko.
• Hellenism (330 - 180 BCE ...). zemidlalo bakha kunye nezakhiwo zoluntu. style yesiGrike Architecture zincediswe izinto yaseMpuma. Esilawulwa zokuhombisa, obutofotofo kunye nokuceba. Amaninzi kusetyenziswa ukuze laseKorinte.

Ngowe-180, Greece wayephantsi kweempembelelo eRoma. Empire bamazwe baya izazinzulu ikomkhulu wakhe phezulu baziinkosi zabo zobugcisa, abolekwe amaGrike, ezinye izithethe namasiko. Ngoko ke, lo yamaGrike yamandulo kunye nobugcisa bokwakha yamaRoma zifana ezininzi, ezifana ekwakheni izindlu okanye kwinkqubo odolo.

Philosophy bokwakha

Nakweyiphi na inkalo yobomi amaGrike amandulo wafuna kakuhle kanjani. Ideas ngayo abazange engacacanga theoretical component. E Greece yamandulo, ukuvumelana leyo ichazwe indibaniselwano siswele tuned.

Bona zasetyenziselwa emzimbeni womntu. UBeauty nje kuphela kulinganiswa "yi iliso", kodwa manani eziphathekayo. Ngoko ke, nomkroli Polycleitus e wakhe othi "The Canon" zinikwe ngokucacileyo parameters indoda efanelekileyo kunye nomfazi. Ubuhle inxulumene ngqo kwimpilo yomzimba kwaye zokomoya isidima ngamnye.

Umzimba womntu lajongwa njengoko iinkcukacha kuyilo ngokugqibeleleyo ilingane omnye komnye. izakhiwo zamandulo zamaGrike yaye imikrolo, ngenye indlela, afuna ukuba kakhulu ngokuvisisana ngegalelo ngokuvumelana.

Ubukhulu kunye iimilo bahambelana imilonde ingcamango yomzimba "ekunene" kunye iparameters yayo. Ngenxa eqingqiweyo zidla ngokutyalwa umntu ofanelekileyo: ngokomoya, ezempilo kunye nemidlalo. Le sesakhiwo anthropomorphism wabonakaliswa amagama izenzo (engqinibeni, isandla) kunye zobukhulu eziye zathathwa olinganise mzobo.

imephu Human i column. isiseko okanye isiseko ezichongiweyo ngonyawo, lo buti - kunye isiqu, eyinkunzi - intloko yakhe. Le vee nkqo, okanye Yimbande phezu kwemiqadi eyayixhaswa ziintsika ze isiqu emphethweni yokunxiba.

Eyona engundoqo imiyalelo izakhiwo yamandulo Greek

Malunga impumelelo enkulu ingcamango zobunjineli akakwazi ukuthetha Greece yamandulo. Uyilo Complex kunye nezisombululo hayi isetyenzisiwe. Temple of the ixesha azinakulinganiswa megaliths, oluba umqadi ube mnye ilitye inkxaso ngamatye. Ubukhulu izakhiwo zamandulo zamaGrike kunye neempawu na, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, xa ubuhle balo pops up.

Nobuciko nefilosofi wesakhiwo wancedisa ukuguqulela ilungiselelo lakhe umyalelo okanye post-and-nomqadi izakhi sisimbo ethile kunye nendlela. Kukho iindidi ezintathu ezisisiseko yemiyalelo bokwakha Greek:

• Doric;
• Ionic;
• LaseKorinte.

Bonke aba isethi eqhelekileyo lweziqalelo, kodwa hlukile kwindawo yabo, imilo kunye yokuhombisa. Ngenxa yoko, ngendlela Greek ebhalisele stereobate, entablature stylobate kunye lwesakhiwo. Stereobate amelwe inyathelo ngaphezu isiseko isiseko. Emva koko kulandele stilobat okanye umhlathi.

Entablature okuyiphatha inxalenye ibekwe phezu kwemiqadi eyayixhaswa ziintsika. Le umqadi elisezantsi apho waphumla lonke entablature kuthiwa, iyimithi. Kwagqitywa sayifumana owawukuDonga - umyinge intwana zokuhombisa. Inxalenye nakumphezulu entablature - uphahla, yena vu phezu kwezinye iinxalenye.

Ekuqaleni izinto izakhiwo zamaGrike hayi ngoku zidibene. Ionic entablature waya kuphela ziintsika Ionic, aseKorinte - baseKorinte. Enye indlela - kwisakhiwo esinye. Emva ulwakhiwo Iktinos Callicrates kunye eParthenon BC ngenkulungwane V. e. Imiyalelo baqala ukuxuba uyibeke phezu kwezinye. Oku kwenziwa ngendlela ethile: kuqala, i Doric, Ionic uze, uze eKorinte.

ukuze Doric

Doric and Ionic ukuze ZesiGrike bokwakha aba engundoqo. inkqubo UDorian owawugquba ngakumbi nomsinga kuye ilifa inkcubeko zohlobo. Lubonakala yi omkhulukazi kwaza ngumsina. Imbonakalo kwemvume ubonisa yokuba ezolileyo koomofu.

column low Doric. Alinasiseko, kwaye isiqu olomeleleyo ayebekwa phezulu. Abaca, iminqwazi ephezulu, ngokumila seChi kwaye amanga chweba setyhula (Ehin). Imbande, njengokuba umthetho, wayeneminyaka engamashumi amabini. Lomhleli Vitruvius kuthelekiswa ntsika yalo myalelo nendoda - eyomeleleyo, ndazibamba.

Xa entablature Ukuze soloko baya iyimithi; owawukuDonga kunye lwesakhiwo. Freese wahluka evela kwithala kunye iyimithi yakhiwa triglyphs - side iingxande kunye imbande ukuba ezinye kunye metopes - ingontsi kancinane iipleyiti isikwere kunye okanye ngaphandle eqingqiweyo kubo. Friezes of nezinye ii-odolo waba triglyphs kunye metopes.

On triglyphs iphini zemisebenzi pfunaka. Abaphandi bathi ukuba wayemela iziphelo imiqadi ilele phezu kweendonga engcweleni. Wayekade ibalwe ngokungqongqo parameters kwaye ixhasa uphahla kunye nophahla. Kwezinye izakhiwo zindala isithuba phakathi iziphelo triglyphs metopes ezingazaliswanga kwaye sihlale elambatha.

ukuze Ionic

inkqubo ukuze Ionic sandiswa ukuya kunxweme Asia Minor, e zaseAttica, kwaye kwezi ziqithi. Impembelelo kuwo ukuba kwelaseFenike wasePersi ahemedinskaya. Umzekelo ocacileyo yale isimbo yaba indlu ka-Artemis e-Efese itempile zekhompyutha e Samos.

Ionica ezinxulumene nomfanekiso yabafazi. Ukuze umyalelo lalidume zokuhombisa, ndandifeketha na kanti ahlukahlukeneyo. osemqoka olona elikomkhulu, zakhiwe ekwimo volute - symmetrically amalungiselelo curls. Abacus kunye echinus ezihonjiswe imikrolo.

imiqolo Ionic kakhulu ngomzimba ukubhitya kwaye ngaphezu kokuba Doric. noseko lwalo waphumla epleyitini isikwere kunye ihonjiswe iziqalelo khaxa kwaye phakathi yemizamo zokuhomba. Ngamanye amaxesha wenqwelwana ibekwe kwi igubu ezihonjiswe eqingqiweyo. Umgama phakathi iikholam Ionic elide, nto leyo eyandisa yesandi nondiliseko sakhiwo.

Entablature akwazi kuquka iyimithi kunye lwesakhiwo (style Asia Minor) okanye ezintathu, njengoko kwi Doric (style ophezulu). Iyimithi yahlulwe ifascia - emaweni tye. Phakathi kuyo kunye lwesakhiwo uye cloves ezincinane. Indawo engenanto kwi lwesakhiwo zazihonjiswe izivatho.

ukuze laseKorinte

AseKorinte lunqabe uthathwa ukuba uzimele, ivame ichazwa ukutshintshwa kwe Ionic. Kukho iinguqulelo ezimbini, ingxelo imvelaphi yalo myalelo. Okunye nikhetha ukuthetha ngayo ngokuboleka iikholam isimbo umYiputa, ezibe ezihonjiswe amagqabi kwemitholo. Ngokutsho kwenye inkolelo, umyalelo okudalwe nomkroli ukusuka eKorinte. Yokuba iphefumlelwe kubo wabonwa engobozini, apho kwakukho amagqabi acanthus.

Ukusuka Ionic eyahluke kakhulu ngoonobumba ehonjisiweyo ukuphakama kwaye, apho ezihonjiswe amagqabi acanthus isitayile. imikrozo emibini amagqabi ukumilisa isakhelo nakumphezulu kwesazinge mhlathi. Amaqela Abaca phakathi kwaye ezihonjiswe curls ezinkulu nezincinane zikhula.

AseKorinte kugcwale ngaphezu decor kunezinye umyalelo ZesiGrike bokwakha. Iindlela ngeendlela ezintathu ethathwa njengokuba yeyona eqaqambileyo, ezintle natyebileyo. isisa sakhe Ukuntsonkotha ezinxulumene umfanekiso intombazana eselula, kunye namagqabi acanthus baba ngathi curls. "Girlish" lidla ngokuba ngenxa lo myalelo.

iitempile yamandulo

Le tempile isakhiwo ephambili ebaluleke Greece yamandulo. nesithomo sakhe yayilula, kwaba ngere- ukuba isikwere indlu yokuhlala. Le sesakhiwo kwitempile yamandulo zamaGrike ngcembe yaba nzima kakhulu kuthi yongezwe iziqalelo ezintsha logama nje yena ezikhuphile ngokumila ngeenxa zonke. Ngokuqhelekileyo ezinjalo izimbo ekwanti:

• distillate;
• prostyle;
• amphiprostyle;
• peripter;
• dipter;
• psevdodipter;
• Tholos.

Temple e Greece wamandulo kungekho zifestile. Ngaphandle umhlathi wayo ingqongwe leyo yabekwa phezu kophahla gable kunye nemiqadi. Ngaphakathi engcwele kwaku oqingqiweyo ka kuthandazwe kuye kokuba iTempile inikelwe.

Ezinye izakhiwo kufuneka abekwe igumbi lokunxibela elincinane - pronaos. Ezomva yeetempile ezinkulu lalibekwe igumbi enye ngaphezulu. It wayigcina ngeminikelo zabahlali, izixhobo ezingcwele kunye novimba umzi.

Uhlobo lokuqala ecaweni - distillate - wayebunjwa yengcwele, phambi loggia esijikeleze iindonga kunye Por. Le loge kwaku enezintlu ezimbini. Ngenxa yokwanda ukuntsonkotha inani iikholam styles landa. Xa prostyle yazo ezine amphiprostyle - ezine ngasemva kunye olungaphambili ngaphambili.

Kwiitempile, peripetrah ukuba zingqonge isakhiwo macala onke. Ukuba imihlathi zilungiselelwe kujikelezo imikrozo emibini, eli style dipter. Indlela yamva, Tolosa kwakhona wacebisa ntsika okusingqongileyo, kodwa iperimitha yaba imilo zezindlu. Ngexesha uBukhosi baseRoma yaguquka yaba uhlobo tholos sokwakha "Rotunda".

imigaqo device

Greek isixeko-States zakhiwa becala ngaselwandle. Baye yaguquka yayi lwesininzi zorhwebo. Ubomi loluntu kunye nezopolitiko yesixeko yazinyaswa ngabo bonke abemi yazo efanelekileyo. Oku kukhokelela ekubeni sokuyilwa of Greece yamandulo asahlumayo kuphela kwicala iindawo zonqulo, kodwa kwizakhiwo zikarhulumente.

Inxalenye nakumphezulu sixeko Acropolis. Njengomgaqo, kwaba phezu kwentaba yaye enqatyisiweyo kakuhle ukugcina utshaba ukuhlaselwa ukumangala. ibekwe yayo phakathi ezindlwini zoothixo owakhusela umzi.

iziko Lower yomzi yemarike - ndawo rhwebo apho urhwebo wire, ukusombulula imiba ebalulekileyo yentlalo nezopolitiko. It wagcinwa esikolweni, ukwakhiwa yeBhunga Badala, nebheyizile, ukwakha umgidi neentlanganiso, ngokunjalo iitempile. Kunye kujikelezo yemarike kukuba maxa wambi imifanekiso eqingqiweyo.

Ukususela ekuqaleni, nakubugcisa yamandulo yamaGrike Kuthathwa ukuba izakhiwo ibekwe ngaphakathi nkqubo ekhoyo. ukubekwa labo belisondliwa ngengingqi yasekuhlaleni. Kwinkulungwane V BC Hippodamus ziqhuba revolution kucwangciso ezidolophini. Wanikela enemingxuma ecacileyo kwezitalato isakhiwo yahlula izitena zibe iingxande okanye izikwere.

Zonke izakhiwo kunye nezibonelelo, kubandakanywa i agora, ibekwe ngaphakathi iiseli zekota, hayi kunzima uphuma izinga iyonke. Le Ubeko yenza kube lula ukugqiba ukwakhiwa kwamacandelo amatsha mgaqo-nkqubo, ngaphandle kokunikezela ngesidima kunye nemvisiswano. Ngokutsho projekthi zakhiwa Hippodamus eMileto, ngaseKinido, eAso, njalo njalo. D. Kodwa eAthene, umzekelo, wahlala kwi endala ifomu 'umbhodamo ".

yokuhlala

Izindlu Mandulo Greece eyahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeke kubudala kunye nengeniso bemikhosi. Chonga iintlobo ezisisiseko zezindlu:

• Megaron;
• apsidal;
• pastadny;
• peristyle.

Enye yeentlobo yokuqala zokuhlala - megaron. icebo lakhe yaba kwase ukuba iitempile zokuqala sexesha Homeric. Kwasendlwini le imilo yoxande kwi inxalenye ekupheleni apho kukho isithuba esivulekileyo nge nesezindlu. Passage okantovyvayut ntsika zimbini, kwaye eveleleyo nodonga. Ngaphakathi, kwakukho igumbi elinye kuphela eziko embindini kunye umngxuma uphahla umsi.

indlu Apsidal nayo yakhelwe kwixesha lokuqala. Kwaba uxande inxenye ngohlangothi ajikelezayo, ekuthiwa apse. Kamva, kwakukho peristyle pastadnye kunye iintlobo zezakhiwo. Iindonga yangaphandle kubo baba abazizithulu, kunye noyilo kwezakhiwo - ivaliwe.

Pastada waba indima embindini wenkundla. On top of wayifulela kwaye zixhaswe iintsika ngamaplanga. Kwinkulungwane IV BC waba peristyle ethandwayo. Igcina ubeko omdala, kodwa sicatshulwa pastadny luthathelwa imiqolo ezigqunyiweyo kwi kujikelezo okulala.

Kwicala izitalato kuphela kweendonga agudileyo zezindlu. Ngaphakathi kwakukho intendelezo, nalapho zibekwe zonke kwizakhiwo zendlu. ayidli ngakuba apho Windows, umthombo ukukhanya inkundla. Ukuba iifestile kwaye emva koko zaye zabekwa kumgangatho wesibini. Interior umhombiso waba olahlwa ubukhulu elula yaqala ukubonakala kuphela ubudala lamaGrike.

Indlu yahlulwe ngokucacileyo zibe esobukhomokazi (ginekeev) kunye abangamadoda (sorriso) isiqingatha. Xa la madoda saba iindwendwe kwaye amalungiselelo isidlo. Fumana kwicala labo bafazi kwaba kuphela kunokwenzeka ngalo. Kwicala Hynek umnyango ukuya egadini. Izindlu besityebi kwakukho ikhitshi, yokugquma kunye yokubhaka. Umgangatho wesibini sidla kudlule.

Le sesakhiwo yokubonela yamandulo Greek

Theatre of Ancient Greece babemanyene kuphela umba zokuzonwabisa, kodwa zonqulo. ukuvela kwakhe linxulunyaniswa ihlelo leivy. Le midlalo zokuqala wokubonelwa zaye zabanjwa ukuze imbeko lo thixo. Malunga imvelaphi iingcamango zonqulo yamandulo yeqonga izakhiwo zamaGrike embhoxo a ubukho ubuncinane isibingelelo, abekuyo orhestre.

Eqongeni, kwakukho kwimibhiyozo, imidlalo kunye nemidlalo. Xa BC ngenkulungwane IV, babengayeki ihlobene unqulo. Imisebenzi neziveliso ulawulo baxoxa Archon. Imisebenzi engundoqo edlalwa ezona abantu abathathu, amabhinqa udlalwa ngamadoda. Drama ebidlalwe kukhuphiswano apho iimbongi banikane lichaze umsebenzi wabo.

Notyekelo zinkundla yokuqala yayilula. Xa iziko yaba orhestra - emhlabeni ngeenxa zonke, nto leyo kwaku beekwayara. Emva kwazo kungasayi egumbini apho abadlali abanxibe (Skene). Auditorium (Theatron) eyayinkulu elikhulu yaye eyamisa phezu kwentaba, kwisangqa ezigudle lo mfanekiso.

Onke amaqonga babekwa ngqo phantsi kwezulu evulekileyo. Ekuqaleni, baba okwethutyana. On zonke holiday kumaqonga yeplanga ezakhiwayo ngokutsha. Kwinkulungwane V izihlalo BC ukuba ababukeli baqalisa nangokukrola nangamatye ekunene kwi entabeni. Ngoko ke kudala Nefaneli echanekileyo zendalo, ekukhuthazeni umsindo elungileyo. Ukuze kuphuculwe iimpahla ezikhethekileyo livakale isandi ibekwe kufuphi ngababukeli.

Ngcono yemidlalo zisakhiwa intsonkothile. inxalenye yawo ngaphambili yayibandakanya columns kunye olungaphambili waxelisa iitempile ngaphambili. On the macala flat - paraskenii. Benza izixhobo ubuhle kunye eqongeni. EAthene, le nkundla elikhulu yeqonga leivy.

Agora Museum

Ezinye ezikhumbuzo zakhiwo yamandulo Greek kungabonakala namhlanje. Enye izakhiwo ezininzi elipheleleyo esekhona, i Acropolis baseAthene. Kubhaliwe ibekwe kwi Pyrgos entabeni kwintaba ephakame kweemitha-156. Nazi Theatre leivy, itempile yothixokazi Athena yiParthenon, Sanctuary kaZeyus, uArtemis, Nike kunye nezinye izakhiwo dumeke.

Kuba iintlafuno Acropolis of Athens iphawulwa indibanisela zontathu yesigunyaziso-systems. Ukudibana banezimbo nyangweni iParthenon. Oku kwakhiwa eziluhlobo peripetra Doric, lo owawukuDonga yangaphakathi leyo indlela Ionic.

Xa iziko le oqingqiweyo ka-Athena singqongwe kwimiqolo. Kwi Acropolis babelwa indima ebalulekileyo yezopolitiko. imbonakalo yakhe ukugxininisa kubungangamsha lomzi, kunye nokwakhiwa kuyo itempile iParthenon wayeza ukuba bacule uloyiso yedemokhrasi phezu ukuze yeengcungcu.

Okulandelayo kwisakhiwo izukileyo bamakhazikhazi kuyo itempile iParthenon nguye Erechtheion. Oku ngokupheleleyo senziwe ukuze Ionic. Ngokungafaniyo 'ummelwane' wakhe, ucula zeendumiso ubabalo kunye nobuhle. Itempile lunikezelwa oothixo ababini - to Poseidon kunye Athena, kwaye ibekwe kwisiza apho, ngokutsho legend, ephikisana yenzekile.

Ngenxa yobume isicwangciso Erechtheion uncedo yezi zinto. It has ezingcwele ezimbini - Zell zokungena ezimbini. In emazantsi itempile nesezindlu leyo ayixhaswa yi kwikholam naziiperile caryatides (eqingqiweyo obhinqileyo).

Ukongeza, i Acropolis Propylaea walondoloza - umnyango omkhulu, engqongwe kwimiqolo kunye porticos, engontsini leyo yayimi apho ebhotwe kunye ipaki ezintsonkothileyo. Entabeni kwakhona iye Arrephorion - ndlu for girls, impahla Athens Imidlalo imicu.