Types of mijikelo. Inqanaba kunye nexesha le mijikelo

Yintoni esiyaziyo lemijikelo? Njengoko le ngcamango kunxulumene ebomini bethu kwaye yintoni indima onayo bume yethu? Kakade ke, sonke siyazi ukuba yintoni na. Kodwa ezi ntlobo ze imijikelo na, lo ngumbuzo umdla ngakumbi.

Yintoni na umjikelo

Le yingcamango jikelele eye ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu. Cycle - oku ikakhulu uthotho lokwenzekayo.

Ukuba bakuchaza ibe ligama, yinto efanayo ogqityiweyo macandelo eziphathekayo zobugcisa injongosenzi okanye isiganeko kwisithuba kunye nexesha. Yinto uhlobo isangqa iziganeko ezithile ezinokuthi kuphindwa ngamaxesha athile okanye ngaphandle kwayo.

Ukuze ufumanise okungakumbi ngalo mbono, kuba kubalulekile ukuqwalasela iintlobo ezisisiseko mijikelo. Eli gama lisetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi neteknoloji. Umzekelo, ingafunyanwa zemathematika, ezoqoqosho, kweenkqubo, physics, ibhayoloji, ukuma, uncwadi kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Yintoni le mijikelo

Namhlanje, oku kulandelayo kungathiwa:

1. ukonga:

- nokucwangciswa lomjikelo wobomi;

- umjikelo wobomi kwemveliso;

- production;

- zokusebenza;

- mali;

- Technology;

2. Imbali.

3. umjikelezo uhlelo.

4. Math.

5. Thermodynamic.

6. Life.

7. sexesheni.

8. Demographic.

9. Musical.

10. amabali Cycle.

11. Cycle umatshini.

12. Uqeqesho.

13. Geographic (solar, inyanga, imijikelo ludaka).

Makhe sihlolisise uhlobo ngalunye iinkcukacha.

Yintoni na umjikelo woqoqosho

Iimpawu ezininzi zoqoqosho ziyatshintsha-. Andisoze yimani kwaye isoloko itshintsha. Phakathi kwezinye kubo ingabonwa nokungazinzi koqoqosho, okt ngoko zikhula, lothini na ukungawi kwakhona. Ezi nokunyuka zibizwa ngokuba imijikelo kwezoqoqosho.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba uqoqosho nokungazinzi koqoqosho kulo naliphi ilizwe, apho ikhona kwi uhlobo rhwebo.

Ngenxa yoko, umjikelo wezoqoqosho - yinto ukuhla ababesoloko iintlobo-ntlobo zoqoqosho, nto leyo xa lulonke ukunika ezineqondo ethile kunye nokuthetha umsebenzi wezoqoqosho yothuba elithile. Ngamanye amaxesha le xesha kuthiwa "ishishini".

Umjikelo kwezoqoqosho luphawulwa uqoqosho eyodwa imveliso, isixeko, ilizwe, okanye ngokungacwangciswanga iingingqi zehlabathi ekhethiweyo.

Qikelela uya kuhamba, kunzima ngandlela ithile (inkqubela okanye ukuhlehla), kuba iphenjelelwa yimiba ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Eguquguqukayo kuvame ezitenxileyo ezinokwenzeka.

Umjikelo woqoqosho isigaba

Kukho into enje njengoko ixesha komjikelo kwezoqoqosho. Eli binzana kungenxa ubude bexesha phakathi izigaba ezimbili (izigaba) yemisebenzi yoqoqosho mxholo kuqoqosho.

amanyathelo ezine ezisisiseko wokusungula loop epheleleyo.

Ngoko ke, isigaba sokuqala umjikelo woqoqosho kuya kuvuka. Lubonakala ukuvuselelwa zonke iinkqubo. Xa kufikwa apho uqoqosho lwesizwe, ngeli xesha lentengo eliphantsi, abathengi bakholisa ukwenza ukuthenga ukuba kuhlehliswe ngexesha lentlekele.

Isigaba sesibini - peak. Ngethuba lesigaba sokuqala kukho ukukhula ngokukhawuleza nencopho ubonakalise nqanaba liphezulu msebenzi ishishini. Kuba lesizwe izikhombisi uqoqosho lokubeka emgangathweni kwezoqoqosho ngumphakamo eliphantsi ngqesho, ukusebenza isebenzayo kwamashishini, ishishini siyakhula nokwandisa capital wayo yokubolekisa ngemali. Emva kwincopho lulandelayo ngoko nangoko ukwehla.

Isigaba sesithathu - ukuhla. Eli nqanaba apho uqoqosho kwenzeka ukuhla msebenzi, a recession. Komthamo imveliso yempahla kunye neenkonzo lehla izinga Kuna zotyalo-mali. Ngenxa yezi zinto iqala ekuphakamiseni izinga lentswelo ngqesho olukhulayo mali kwempahla, imfuno apho akakho, kukho ukuwa kwamaxabiso, kutheni imivuzo abawayo, imfuno liqhubeka lincipha. A ixesha elide lwelovane of yokudodobala kwezoqoqosho kuthiwa ukudakumba.

Isigaba sesine - emazantsi. Esiphelo sesokuba esibi kunazo kwentshukumo yezoqoqosho. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, izinga lentswela lelona liphezulu, umgangatho zemveliso lincinane. Kukho ukuhamba kwempahla kwemfuneko eziye zaveliswa kumaxesha angaphambili. Amaxabiso engasekho abawayo, ngokuthe ngcembe uqalisa ukwandisa umthamo kwimveliso. Esi sigaba idla ezidlulayo msinyane, kuba kufuneka avuke. Kodwa imbali i umzekelo, xa ezantsi koqoqosho iqhube kangangeminyaka eli-10 (i-Great Depression ngo-1929-1939, ngokulandelelanayo).

Iintlobo yemijikelo zoqoqosho

Kule ncwadi zobunzululwazi kuvunywe khona yokuhlela ngokuvumelana ubude babo rhoqo. Ngokubanzi, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iintlobo imijikelo kwezoqoqosho, kukho iiyunithi ezingaphezulu kwama-1380.

Cinga yokuhlela kakhulu ethandwa:

1. imijikelo Short Dzhozefa Kitchina. Ubude - kwiminyaka emi-2 ukuya kwemi-4. Oosonzululwazi zichaza oku yinto yokuba oovimba yehlabathi zegolide utshintshe lonke ixesha. Oku kwakunjalo xa 20 zenkulungwane yama-20. Namhlanje izazinzulu lokuchaza ixesha ngokufutshane loo umjikelo woqoqosho, ubukho kokulibaziseka kwexesha (LAGs) ukufumana imveliso ye data eyimfuneko imisebenzi yorhwebo. Imizekelo Ukwanda yokurhweba ngempahla ezithile. Manufacturing wafumana ulwazi kade, kutheni kukho hormone kweempahla kunye eveliswa phezu impahla yayo.
2. Mid Clement Juglar umjikelo. ixesha Cycle - ukususela kwiminyaka esi-7 ukuya kweli-10. Ndavula yale mijikelo Economist French. Ukwanda kwexesha kumjikelo kubangelwa nje kuphela ixesha libe lisalele ulwazi imveliso, kodwa ukulibaziseka izigqibo zotyalo-mali. Ekubeni zibe umthwalo kwinqanaba lweshishini kunye nomthamo kweempahla Juglar ukuzalisa theory yi kukuba kuluhlu kunye nomthamo lotyalo-mali izinto ezingahambiyo lweshishini, leyo ngako kwandisa ixesha lekhefu.
3. Cycle Simon Farrier (izingqisho). yezoqoqosho yaseMelika Nobel Prize, wafumanisa ezi yemijikelo 1930. Ngokutsho umjikelo imodeli wobomi, ubude ithuba leminyaka 15-20. Le ingcaciso ubude iphiko umjikelo, iimpembelelo kwiinkqubo demographic (wokufika rhoqo kwamanye amazwe), kwakunye utshintsho kwicandelo lokwakha. Ngenxa yale ujingi Kuznets ikwabizwa ngokuba "demographic" okanye "wokwakha" mijikelo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ngaphezulu kwama Kuznets imijikelo babonwa "ubuchwepheshe", njengoko inxulumene ngqo ezintsha rhoqo kwinkalo lobuchwepheshe.
4. imijikelo exesha elide Nikolaya Kondrateva (engama-40 ukuya kuma-60 ukusuka). Kukho iye yavulwa kweli 20 kwinkulungwane yama-20. Zibizwa ngokuba K-yomtshangatshangiso, okanye K-mijikelo. Ezinxulumene izinto ezibalulekileyo ezifana injini umphunga, zikaloliwe, umbane, injini yokuvutha kwangaphakathi, ubuchwepheshe bee-computer, kwaye ngaphezulu. Ifuthe umjikelo thuba kunokuba inguqu enkulu kubume imveliso yempahla.

Ungakwazi ukucofa imijikelo nangaphezulu iintlobo ezifana:

1. umjikelezo Forrester. Ubude bexesha engama-200 kwaye ngenxa yokuba kutshintsha xa kusenziwa izinto kunye imithombo yamandla.
2. Toffler umjikelo. Ngokutsho kule modeli umjikelo wobomi, ixesha ixesha 1-2 iminyaka eliwaka. Uchaza ukuba sisazinzulu umjikelo lomgadi uphuhliso impucuko kunye nokuqaliswa izinto ezintsha izazinzulu zombini ithiyori kwaye practice.

Umjikelo wobomi mbutho

Oko ichaza eli gama? It is a ishishini oluntsonkothileyo izigaba ezithile yophuhliso kwixesha ikhona.

Izigaba ezingundoqo umjikelo wobomi yombutho:

1. Ukuba. Kwesi sigaba, kukho lokusekwa umjikelo wobomi imveliso (ngakumbi ngaloo kamva), iinjongo yombutho, ukufuna amahlakani kunye nezimvo ekulungiseleleni ukuphunyezwa, iseti kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo ngokukodwa, kwakunye nokukhululwa ngumthwalo kuqala kwetyala. Kweli nqanaba, intloko yakha iqhinga kwishishini - amandla (amandla aphezulu), okulungisekayo (iimfuno ezithile umthengi) okanye niche (ithuba elingcono kwezinye iinkampani sphere ethile imveliso yempahla kunye neenkonzo). Bala ubude komjikelo wemveliso
2. Inqanaba lesibini - ukukhula. Kweli nqanaba, uphuhliso yenkampani, ulawulo oluphuculweyo, abasebenzi landa, yaqalisa iintlobo zenkuthazo kunye emgangathweni lomsebenzi lwenziwa ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza zabasebenzi kunye nemveliso. Kananjalo apha uhlahlelo kobudlelwane zombutho kunye nokusingqongileyo, ulungelelwaniso iinjongo zalo eziphambili.
3. Ukukhula. Kweli nqanaba umjikelo wobomi uzinziso yokukhula yombutho kwenzeka. Ngeli xesha le nkampani lifumane indawo ekhokelayo kwimarike, iyaqhubeka ukwandisa uluhlu yayo imveliso, iphucula ubume bombutho. Ukuba inkampani lifikelele nqanaba lokukhula, ngoko uyakwazi ukugcina isikhundla isitali emarikeni uyakwazi ukubeka ngumzekelo imibutho "abaselula".
4. Yinkalo yokugqibela umjikelo wobomi ke ukwehla. Kweli nqanaba, kukho ukwehla kwemfuno iimveliso, nengeniso ephantsi. Imbonakalo okhuphisana angqongqo kwizinto kwimarike, okanye imfuneko mveliso nje shwaka. Ulwazi kunye namava elaye kule minyaka zempilo inkampani, akusekho nako lilungiswe ngokuchanekileyo kwindlela ngokuqinileyo ngayo izimvo. Kutheni amava azifani ngoku ifumana.

umjikelezo Product

Oku, imfuno ngexesha elinye okanye elinye imveliso kwi emarikeni. Olu phando market, ezijolise ikakhulu kwimarike umthengi. Isiseko kuba oko ukuqondwa lomjikelo wobomi - yonke into ixesha layo ikhona kwimarike, yaye kungekudala ukubuyisela imveliso omnye uza entsha, phambili ngakumbi okanye zexabiso eliphantsi.

Njengoko kwimeko lemibutho, kukho into enje njengoko ibakala umjikelo wobomi imveliso. Kukho izinto ezine:

1. ukuqaliswa Step. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le nkampani uphuhlisa yemarike imveliso entsha, ukuqwalasela imfuno elizayo ukuba imveliso ethile. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngeli xesha kukho yokuthengisa ukukhula ephantsi, kungenzeka ilahleko. Iindleko ze ubuncinane uphando kwimarike, umgangatho wokhuphiswano kakuhle.
2. Stage Growth. Kweli nqanaba, uyakwazi ukubona ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwemfuneko iimveliso. Ukunyusa ukuthengiswa kunye kwingeniso lomenzi wayo. Ukuba imfuno eqalisa kuwa, impahla egcinwe warehouses njengoko ziyagcwala iqalisa ukuba ehlise ixabiso leempahla ukuthengiswa kwayo ekhawulezileyo.
3. Isigaba sivuthiwe kanye saturation. Uninzi ufuna iimpahla sele kwenziwe oko, kutheni alinyanzele ukukhula ukuba nomdla ngokukhawuleza imveliso leyo ilahlekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, izinga imfuno ufikelela incopho kwaye buwela, umiselwe ube kwindawo ethile.
4. Step ukuhla. Xa imarike kuyinto drop ngcembe imfuno, ingeniso ukusuka kwiintengiso zeempahla kunye nemiqulu wokuphunyezwa kwayo, ngoko ke mbutho kwinqanaba komjikelo 'ukuhla' ubomi imveliso. Kulo mzekelo, siqinise inikeza iindlela ezine aphume meko: ukuphuculwa kwenkqubo lwezentengiso, uhlaziye imveliso utshintsho kuyilo kwindawo yayo emarikeni okanye yokurhoxiswa imveliso imveliso ethile.

Umjikelo wemveliso

Le isethi nezenzo aseti eziphathekayo yangoku (asethi ezinokususwa lenkampani - ii-asethi zityalwe imali kunye nokuba nako Mababuye umva sibe yimali ngomjikelo). Oko kukuthi, umjikelo wemveliso - ixesha elithile phakathi ukuthenga izinto imveliso ukuya kwimveliso ogqityiweyo.

Ubude umjikelo yemveliso kwifektri nganye eyahlukileyo. konke kuxhomekeke kubunzima kwe inkqubo yokuvelisa imveliso, ubonelelo izinto, izixhobo kunye kakhulu ngakumbi.

Idatha ezilandelayo ziya kufuneka ukubala umjikelo:

- ixesha umjikelo yomsebenzi;

- ixesha lilonke kophazamiseko (zombini izizathu zeziko kunye nezobugcisa bawaphule njengako inkampani ishedyuli operation);

- iinkqubo zendalo ixesha.

Ubude bexesha inkqubo - ixesha apho umntu hazela ngokungqalileyo okanye ngokungangqalanga izinto yabasebenzi (izinto malunga nokuveliswa kwempahla). Oko kukuthi, ukwenziwa ngqo kwimveliso (Umjikelo wemveliso zeteknoloji). Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuba uthathe ingqalelo kuphela ixesha elichithwa, engaquki kuqhutywa kunye kumjikelo inkqubo. Ngaloo ndlela, wongezelela onke yamaxesha ikhankanywe ngasentla, sifumana ubude mjikelo wemveliso.

Umjikelo yokusebenza

Le yingcamango, ukususela, ukongeza kumjikelo yemveliso, nangoku iquka ngexesha intlawulo imveliso ogqityiweyo. Kwimeko ukuba inkampani esebenza ngayo intlawulo, ekupheleni komjikelo yokusebenza iya kuba lixesha ekuthunyelweni kwempahla, hayi intlawulo.

Kakade ke, ngethuba lokuqhubeka komjikelo yokusebenza iza kuba ixesha ngaphezu mjikelo wemveliso. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ephambuka ezimfutshane sele kumbutho, ukuba kuyingozi oko kuya kusebenza, kwaye iqondo kulondolozo lwempahla yangoku ngezantsi. Kulo mzekelo, ukuba umjikelezo elide kakhulu, zibiza ngakumbi iya kuba inkampani ngenxa imfuno yokuba imithombo eyongezelelweyo mali.

Bala umjikelezo imisebenzi lweshishini kulula. Imida alandelayo ngokwaneleyo ukuze ukwazi:

- ubude mjikelo wemveliso;

- bokudlala ezifunyenweyo (ERA);

Umdibaniso sithuba somjikelo yemveliso bokudlala ukulwa kuyo, kwaye iya kuba ixesha umjikelo yokusebenza lweshishini ngayo.

Ukuze ubale bokudlala ezifunyanwayo, imali eyimfuneko kuye - ngaphandle iintlawulo kwangaphambili - lahlulwe yengeniso (net). Isixa iziphumo kufuneka iphindaphindwe iintsuku ezingama-365.

Ezinye iindidi mijikelo

Ubomi - yinto ukulandelelana nezigaba zokukhula apho zonke iintlobo eziphilayo kule nkqubo ontogenesis.

Umjikelo Historical - isangqa ethile wenzululwazi zembali, ukufunda iziganeko ezidlulileyo; ezinye izazinzulu-mbali bakholelwa ukuba yonke into Zijika, ngendlela efanayo kwimbali kufumaniseka ukuba aba lolu kukho iziganeko ezithile nokungazinzi koqoqosho.

Cycle senkqubo - ulandelelwano oluthile izenzo ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Le yinxalenye ethile ikhowudi inkqubo ezisebenza umsebenzi. Umzekelo, ukuba ubhale inkqubo uphumayo-1 ukuya ku-1000, kuye kufuneka ubhale iziporo zikaloliwe phinde it.

Mathematical - indlela okuvala ezi eziphezulu ze igrafu (iseti eziphezulu kunye imigca, abaqhagamshelwe ngokuyinxalenye ngokupheleleyo okanye), apho kubaluleke chain.

Umjikelo Thermodynamic - ukulandelelana iinkqubo thermodynamic, apho uguqulo ubushushu olwenzeka ngayo umsebenzi (umjikelo Carnot).

Exesheni - ixesha xa uhlelo zokuzala kwabasetyhini iyatshintsha kwaye elungiselela ukukhulelwa kunokwenzeka. Ukuphinda ngamathuba kwenyanga.

Umjikelo kubahlali bendawo - inkqubo yokuzala zabasebenzi (ngokwemimiselo yezoqoqosho).

Umculo - ingqokelela imisebenzi ezizimeleyo, Simanywe ingcamango enye. Umzekelo, umjikelo "amaxesha", nto leyo luchazwa abaqambi amathathu - Antonio Vivaldi, Petrom Ilichom Chaykovskim kunye Astor Piazzolla.

Umjikelo wembali - kukwayinto entle yingqokelela imisebenzi, Simanywe ingcamango enye. Kwakhona olubizwa umjikelo "zoncwadi".

Umjikelo kumatshini - ixesha elithile ngalo kuyo umatshini uphinda efanayo, kuquka ixesha imisebenzi abancedisayo.

Umjikelo yenyanga - ixesha apho kwenyanga kudlule zonke izigaba zayo kwaye ibuyisela kwisigaba sokuqala i "New kwenyanga."