Yintoni unobangela ibhastile ukungachumi interspecific? Imizekelo nzalo interspecific

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, abantu simangaliswa ubuhle kunye neyantlukwano kwizityalo ezingqongileyo, ngokukodwa iintyatyambo. incasa kunye nesisa yonke iminyaka ziye isimntwiso sothando, ubunyulu, ebonisa iimvakalelo. Ngokuthe ngcembe, le ndoda waqonda ukuba akakwazi nje ukonwabela iifomu sele ekhoyo ezi zidalwa ezintle, kodwa kwakhona ukuthatha inxaxheba nokudaleka. Ngaloo ndlela kwaqalisa ixesha izityalo lokuzala, ekhokelela ukuvelisa iintlobo ezintsha kunye iimpawu luncedo yaye kubaluleke ngakumbi genotypes kunye phenotypes. inzululwazi ezimbini, ukusebenza kunye kulo mba, wakwazi oko kude ukuphumeza isiphumo fantastic - kuba yemfuza kunye Botany.

Injongo yokufunda of Botany

Botany - isayensi esifunda yonke malunga nezityalo. Oko kukuthi, bathi:

• morphology;
• genetics;
• zomzimba;
• komzimba;
• systematics.

Olu qeqesho kubandakanya zonke iinkalo ubomi enezityalo, ukusukela inkqubo internal yefotosinthesis ukuzala, ziphethe ezahlukeneyo iimpawu phenotypic lwangaphandle.

Le yenye zenzululwazi zindala, owayebonakele kunye nophuhliso lomntu. Ukukhulisa umdla izidalwa ngeenxa zonke kuye, ngoko ahombise kwindawo ezingqongileyo, yaba ngumntu njalo. Ngaphezu koko, ukongeza ubuhle, bekusoloko kukho umthombo onamandla kakhulu ukutya, izithako amayeza, izinto zokwakha. Ngoko Botany - kukufunda eziphilayo kakhulu, kubaluleke, ukwahluka-hlukana nobunzima kwiplanethi yethu - izityalo.

plant yokuzalela

Ngokuhamba kwexesha kunye nokwanda kolwazi theoretical malunga nesakhiwo ezi zidalwa ngaphakathi, indlela yabo yokuphila kunye neenkqubo zisenzeka kuzo, waba ekhoyo kunye nokuqonda ukulawula ukukhula nophuhliso zabo. Bahlanganisana yemfuza isayensi amandla, nto leyo evumela ukuba chromosomal ukufunda izinto ezahlukeneyo ukuwela kuzo kunye nabanye ufumana iziphumo, okulungileyo nokubi, khetha i inzuzo kunye kuyimfuneko. Oku kwenziwe imibulelo ukuba lo mfanekiso uqingqiweyo ilandelayo.

1. kwezichumiso Double izityalo.
2. Ivula inkqubo mitosis kunye meiosis.
3. Uphuhliso Ubuchule cross-zizalele.
4. Heterosis, yokuzalisana kunye outbreeding.
5. Ziqonde ikhowudi yezofuzo kwezityalo.
6. izifundo Biomolecular ye ubume izicwili kunye neeseli.
7. Discoveries entsimini cytology kunye histology.

Kakade ke, yiloo nto yonke imiqathango, leyo laba sisiqalo intshukumo enamandla kunye nophuhliso iindlela zokhetho asebenza apha ezityalweni.

Hybridization kunye neempawu zayo

Elinye igama inkqubo yokuwela - hybridization. Indlela yokusebenzisa le nto kuthiwa hybridological. Kwakhe isicelo amalinge bakhe, Gregor Mendel kuqala. amalinge yakhe edumileyo ertyisi zonke schoolchild uyazi.

Umongo yonke le nkqubo bawela phakathi fom umzali ukuvelisa inzala heterozygous ngezizathu eziya kubizwa ngokuba hybridomas. Kule lokukhwela iintlobo eziphuhliswe ezahlukeneyo. Bona ezikhethiweyo zisekelwe iimpawu ngamnye eyahlukahlukeneyo, iintlobo okanye uhlobo. Xa zizonke, kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili iinkqubo ezinjalo.

1. Outbreeding, okanye outbreeding. Libonisa ukuba iifom zokuqala lwabazali ndingenguye zohlobo olufanayo, uhlobo okanye udidi. Oko akuthethi ukuba nayiphi nomini. Lo ekuweleni yenye ithandwa kakhulu kwaye kaninzi kukhokelela heterosis kwi ukufuya imigca ehlambulukileyo.
2. Yokuzalisana okanye yokuzalisana - hybridization ngokusondeleyo iintlobo akwi zohlobo olufanayo okanye udidi lwazo, udidi ezinxulumene. Indlela esetyenzisiweyo ukukhusela abemi kuyo nayiphi na imiqondiso luncedo, kuquka phenotypic. Xa wenziwe kakuhle yokuzalisana ngokuphindaphindayo ukufumana imigca imizila yemfuza yezityalo ecocekileyo.

Ezi ntlobo zikhwela iimazi yaye sezineentlobo mpawu zingasentla ngaphakathi. Ngokomzekelo, omnye uhlobo outbreeding ingqalelo kweenkomo - hybridization phakathi esiXhoseni.

Ukongeza iintlobo zabantu, kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo iminqamlezo. Baye kuchazwe iinkcukacha wafunda nkqu Mendel, Morgan Thomas kunye nezinye ezidlulileyo eminyaka zemfuza.

iintlobo ziyazalana

Chonga iintlobo ezisisiseko abantu hybridization.

1. Monohybrid okanye elula. Luthatha iimilo lokukhwela abazali ukwenza inzala yokuqala ikhutshwa phandle kanye.
2. -Gqith ezimbini - elithathwa ngokuba njengesiseko abazali zahluke ngababini ezimbini iimpawu.
3. Buyela - hybrid zeminqamlezo sizukulwana sokuqala kunye nabantu umzali yokuqala.
4. Poligibridnoe, okanye kabini - isizukulwane sokuqala abantu baqhubeka hybridize komnye nomnye, kwaye ulandele-up kunye nezinye iintlobo kunye neentlobo.

Onke amacandelo eziphawulwe zezinto eziphilayo ixabiso kwimeko ethile nganye. Oko kukuthi, ukuba ezinye izityalo yokuwela kunokuba elula ukufumana isiphumo oyifunayo. Kodwa abanye ifuna esimbaxa poligibridnaya ngokwezigaba hybridisation ukufumana kwento efunekayo, kwaye ikhuselekile kubemi ngokubanzi.

Kwaqanjwa kwizizukulwana ezahlukeneyo

Ngenxa yoko, nayiphi ukusukelwa okanye ngenye wabumba inzala. Zobuntu ukuba wathabatha abazali bayakwazi ukuba ubonakala shiyana.

Umzekelo, iimpawu ngxilimbela sizukulwana sokuqala phenotypically kusoloko uniform, njengoko oko kungqinwa ngomthetho Mendel (lokuqala) kunye amalinge akhe phezu ertyisi. Kaninzi ukuze ufumane isiphumo esifanayo ukuba ufuna kwangoko onke, sebenzisa oko monohybrid uhlobo hybridization.

Ngaphezu koko, zonke iisampulu ezilandelayo sele ukudibanisa iimpawu, ngoko kukho lwahlukane e ngawona ezithile. recessives Bonakalisa aphazamisane iinkqubo mutational. Ngoko ke, eyona nto ibalulekileyo nemisebenzi yabantu mveliso, ezolimo yayo, nguye owokuqala ukufumana izityalo ngezizukulwana.

Umzekelo lohlobo: ukuba injongo kukufumana iitumato tyheli kuphela ngenxa yokuba ixesha lonyaka, umnqamlezo kufuneka ube tyheli kwaye ebomvu yetumato ebomvu kodwa kufuneka ifunyanwe ngaphambili kumzali ebengezelayo. Kulo mzekelo, isizukulwana wokuqala uya kuba uniform - iziqhamo yellow yetumato.

ngxilimbela Interspecific: uphawu

ngxilimbela Interspecific zezo zifunyanwa outbreeding okanye zibuko qelele. Oko kubangelwa ukusukelwa abantu bale iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, ukwenzela ukuba afumane entsha ezineempawu kwangaphambili kunye neepropati.

Ngale ndlela, abantu kushishino, izityalo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kwezolimo kunye zokuhomba ziye zafunyanwa, kunye nokukhethwa izilwanyana yabola iintlobo ezininzi ezintsha zezilwanyana.

Imizekelo eziphilayo ezinjalo

Imizekelo ngxilimbela interspecific phakathi izityalo:

• ingqolowa zernokormovaya;
• nerorho - ingqolowa nespelete;
• Rye, ezimile wheatgrass;
• ingqolowa-elimusnye;
• iintlobo ezininzi icuba kunye nabanye.

Xa sincokola ngayo izilwanyana, njengabameli abaninzi baya- ngumzekelo:

• neemeyile (ihashe ne-esile);
• liger - ingonyama kunye tigress;
• rackelhahn - icula emnyama capercaillie, kunye nabanye.

Ingxaki ephambili ezinjalo hybridizations ukuba inzala okanye abawaziyo okanye non-ebonakalayo. Yiloo nto abantu wadala yaye liphuhlise oluninzi iindlela zokoyisa ezi zinto. Ngapha koko, ukuba ubani afumane oko akufunayo ifunyenwe, kubaluleke kakhulu nje ukuba ukulungisa, kodwa kananjalo ukwazisa ngofumana eziphilayo ezinjalo.

Yintoni unobangela ibhastile ukungachumi interspecific?

Izizathu ezi ngxaki zimilile kwiinkqubo meiosis kunye mitosis, elileli: anaphase xa zofuzo ndikuchithachithe kwiipali esiseleni. Kweli nqanaba, ngamnye kubo befuna isibini yayo homologous. Ekubeni ukwakha yonke chromosome kunye chromatid kuphuhlisa karyotype eziqhelekileyo ephilayo.

Kodwa abo bantu babe fusion Ehamba ukusuka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo lwabazali, kungenzeka yokuhlangana izakhiwo ezinjalo ncinci okanye akunakwenzeka. Kungenxa yoko le nto kukho indibanisela random zabalinganiswa kwaye abantu ngenxa babe ngabantu abawaziyo okanye non-ebonakalayo. Oko kukuthi, zofuzo, enyanisweni, babe ezingahambelaniyo.

Xa sijonga kwinqanaba eziphilayo ukufumanisa ukuba yintoni unobangela inzalo ka ngxilimbela interspecific, impendulo kukuba amacandelo engahambelani DNA ukusuka isiqalo iiseli kunye mitochondria. Ngenxa yoko, akukho conjugation zofuzo kwinkqubo meiotic.

Oku kukhokelela kwiziphumo eliyingozi yezityalo lokuzala, kwaye kwiintlobo bewela zizalele nakuzo kunye neentlobo ezintsha. Ngakumbi rhoqo kwenzeka kwi izihluma. Ngoko ke, ukufumana isivuno zezityalo hybrid kunokwenzeka kube kanye kuphela, nto leyo kakubi kakhulu sokuphuhlisa kwezolimo.

Xa kwacaca ukuba izazinzulu, isizathu sokuba inzalo ka ngxilimbela interspecific, umsebenzi esebenzayo ukufumana iindlela zokulungisa ezi zinto. Oku kukhokelele ekuyilweni kweendlela ezininzi ukuphelisa abantu inzalo.

Iindlela yokungabi nenzalo ekoyiseni

Eyona ndlela elichongwe ukusombulula iingxaki eziphilayo, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Xa step chromosome meiotic diverge xa izibonda iseli, ifakwe into ekhethekileyo - colchicine. Ukhuthaza edibanise ukuchithwa kwayo (kwiziko cell). Ngenxa zonke zofuzo bahlale iseli enye, kunokuba kweyela ezahlukeneyo. ekhoyo ngoku conjugation mahala phakathi ngababini homologous, ngoko, oko yinkqubo eqhelekileyo meiosis kwixesha elizayo.

Ngenxa yoko, inzala ochumileyo kuba lula yaye fruiting apha e iminqamlezo ngeemilo ezahlukeneyo. Amaninzi, le ndlela isetyenziswa oko yezityalo lokuzala, uye wabiza polyploidy. Ekuqaleni isicelo izazinzulu zethu Karpechenkovym. Ngoko wavuka ke hybrid khaphetshu yokuqala otyebileyo kunye isithombo.

Yintoni unobangela inzalo ka ngxilimbela interspecific, sele kufunyenwe. Ukwazi uhlobo ingxaki, kube yinto enokwenzeka ukudala iindlela ezimbini ngaphezulu zokusombulula kuyo.

1. Izityalo ezimvumvuzelwa ne umungu ukusuka ngumzali omnye kuphela. Le ndlela ivumela izizukulwana ezininzi ngabantu hybrid, otyebileyo. Kodwa ke ungena kunjalo imbuyekezo, kunye nabantu kwakhona babe ngabantu abawaziyo.
2. Uvuvuzelo of kwaqanjwa kwi umungu abazali isizukulwana kuqala.

Okwangoku, iindlela ezininzi yomzabalazo abadalelwanga, kodwa umsebenzi kweli cala iyenziwa.

Iinyibiba kwaqanjwa zabo

Uphawu msulwa nobunyulu, iintyatyambo bentlungu intlungu ngenxa abasishiyayo, abameli ngobunono kwaye ayelele kulo lily - weenyibiba. Ezi zityalo zixatyiswa kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi ngomgca ngumntu. Ngeli xesha, kuphela ezinye iintlobo ziye iye ayasekwa! Ngokuqhelekileyo, le ziyazalana them kakhulu.

Isiphumo yaba ukuphelisa ngamaqela asithoba kwiintlobo hybrid leyo Usigxadazelise ubuhle uphawu phenotypic! Phakathi kwazo indawo ekhethekileyo nekuhlala ezimbini omele kakhulu engaqhelekanga kwaye ethandwa:

• nzalo Oriental;
• Lily OT-nzalo.

Cinga iimpawu amaqela amabini kwaye ubanike inkcazelo.

nzalo Oriental

Yeyona inkulu ivelayo hybrid intyatyambo. biology yabo ayahlukanga kuleyo amanye amalungu. Imilinganiselo cups ezikhulayo uyakwazi ukufikelela 31 cm ububanzi, kwaye imibala eyahlukileyo. iintlobo ezintle kakhulu Nippon, nto leyo eye iintyatyambo ezimhlophe ngombala enkulu epinki. Zalo ziye crimped.

data Plant ukuphakama yahluka ukuya ku-1,2 m. Oku kwenza ukuba umhlaba kumgama 20-25 cm ukusuka kwenye kwaye enze xitsunga elihle liqhuma. Onke amalungu eli qela nomfi incasa kakhulu kunene.

Orienpity

Le RT-lily ibhastile shunqulelo oluthi luqokelelane yi igama elipheleleyo: imilo oriental-tubular. Zibizwa kwakhona imithi lily ukuba inani eliphezulu kakhulu lwesityalo kunye neentyatyambo ezinkulu. Kwenye stem ku-2.5 yeemitha ubude ukuze kuyilwa phezu (30 cm) iintyatyambo 25 esikhulu anemibala eqaqambileyo kwaye yobulawu.

Oku kuvumela eli qela ibhastile ukuba ithandwe kakhulu phakathi begadi, nangona wonke umntu unako ukumelana zizalele. Kuthatha care kakuhle kakhulu kwaye kokwehla eyiyo ukuba iifom ezinjalo sizakhele futhi sizale.

UJongilanga kwaqanjwa yayo

ibhastile jongilanga zahluke ngokwemiqathango nokwanda yembewu. Ngoko ke, ukukhululwa:

• esivuthiweyo (zingaphelanga iintsuku ezingama-90);
• ekuqaleni-ivuthwa (iintsuku 100);
• Oye- (iintsuku ukuya ku-110).

imbewu hybrid kwakhona ukunika ukungalingani. isiqulatho Oil and isivuno yahlukile kwaye kuxhomekeke ixesha nokwanda. Okukhona isityalo emhlabeni, kungona umgangatho kwesityalo. Kukho ezininzi ixhaphakileyo kwihlabathi kwaqanjwa esi sityalo, eyona afuna kwezolimo.

1. TUNKA.
2. Bosphorus.
3. Rocky.
4. PR64A15.
5. Jason.
6. Phambili.

Phakathi ngani eziphambili:

• nokunyamezela imbalela;
• izifo nezinambuzane;
• isivuno;
• imbewu kwizinga eliphezulu;
• fruiting elungileyo.