Types of amathambo. Anatomy Human: amathambo

Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo musculoskeletal womntu - amathambo eliquka amathambo ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini ezahlukeneyo. Oku kwenza abantu ukuba ukuhamba, ixhasa amalungu zangaphakathi. Ukongeza, amathambo abantu na yoxinaniso kwezimbiwa, kwakunye imvulophu apho umongo uqulathwe.

umsebenzi skeletal

Iintlobo ngeentlobo amathambo ezakha amathambo lomntu, okokuqala zonke isenzo njengendlela yenkxaso, kunye nokuxhasa umzimba. Abanye babo bakhonza njengoko kwisihlalo amanye amalungu lwangaphakathi njengoko ingqondo, nto leyo ibekwe emathanjeni lukakayi, imiphunga kunye nentliziyo, ibekwe isifuba, kunye nabanye.

Ukukwazi ukwenza iintshukumo ezahlukeneyo ukuhambahamba, nathi kufuneka ukuba babe elimele. Ngaphezu koko, ithambo anokuqulatha ukuya kwi 99% ye-calcium ekhoyo eziphilayo. Kubaluleke kakhulu ebomini bomntu wamathambo ebomvu. Le ise lukakayi, emqolo, kwentamo, collarbone kunye nezinye amathambo. Xa wamathambo nucleate iiseli ezibomvu igazi: iiseli ezibomvu, neeplatelets kunye iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi.

Ubume wethambo

komzimba ithambo iipropati engaqhelekanga ezibonakalisa ihlala wayo. Amathambo kufuneka ukumelana nomthwalo 60-70 kg - kukho ubunzima avareji lomntu. Ukongeza, amathambo komboko omzimba enza njengoko zokuxhathisa ukuba ukuvumela ukwenza iintshukumo ze enze iintshukumo ezahlukeneyo. Oku kufezekiswe ngesicwangciso abasebenzi babo emangalisayo.

Amathambo iqanjwa engumgquba (ukuya kwi-35%), kunye nezingaphiliyo (65%) kwezinto. I yangaphambili ziquka protein, kukhethwa collagen olumisela nokuzimaseka kunye luthambe izicwili. Ngokuba lukhuni kuvumelana izinto ezingaphiliyo - calcium phosphorus. Indibaniselwano yezi zinto inika amandla ekhethekileyo ithambo enokuthelekiseka, umzekelo, intsimbi. Ukuze baqhubeke kakuhle iminyaka emininzi, njengoko kuboniswa iziphumo kwimingxuma eyahlukeneyo. izinto eziphilayo kungaphela ngenxa izicwili calcination kwakunye xa zibethwa sulphuric acid. Mineral mbandela exhathisayo kakhulu kwiimpembelelo yangaphandle.

amathambo abangabantu ukungena yi misele ezizodwa, ezo imithambo yegazi. Kubume ukwahlula phakathi kweziyobisi compact kunye nomsi-. Umlinganiselo ujongwa kwindawo amathambo emzimbeni womntu, kwakunye nemisebenzi eyenziwa ngayo. Kwezo ndawo ezifuna nenkani ntshikilelo, iyeza esisiseko Ngokomzi ashinyeneyo. Le lithambo sakhiwa ezininzi amacwecwe zezindlu wabeka omnye ngaphakathi enye. bone Cancellous kunye imbonakalo yazo ufana yobusi. Xa kwisisu salo lomongo wethambo ebomvu, kunye nabantu abadala - kwaye yellow, apho iiseli amanqatha ziqwalaselwa. Iquka ithambo ezizodwa kwizicwili esingxotyeni - le periosteum. It eqonda luvo kunye imithambo yegazi.

ngezigaba amathambo

Kukho ukuhlelwa ezahlukeneyo ukuquka zonke iintlobo amathambo abantu, kuxhomekeka kwindawo yabo, isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi.

1. Indawo:

• amathambo cranial;
• umzimba amathambo;
• amathambo zomzimba.

2. uphuhliso ntlobo zilandelayo ithambo:

• ephambili (kuvela ukusuka kwizicwili);
• lesibini (wabumba intlala);
• mixed.

3. Ezi ndidi zilandelayo amathambo abantu kubume:

• tubular;
• ngeviniga;
• eflethini;
• mixed.

Ngenxa yoko, inzululwazi uyazi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ngamathambo. Le theyibhile yenza kube lula ukubeka ngokucacileyo ngakumbi yokuhlela.

ithambo tubular

amathambo Tubular elide kuquka zombini into exineneyo nomsi-. Baya lungohlulwa lube ziinxalenye eziliqela. Mid wambumba bone compact kwaye i side tubular. Le ndawo kuthiwa diaphysis. Xa ukuqanda yayo yokuqala iqulethe lomongo wethambo ebomvu, nto leyo ngokuthe ngcembe indawo tyheli, equlethe iiseli ngamanqatha.

In ithambo cortical iphela epiphysis okwindawo - isabelo ezenziwa into nomsi-. Ngaphakathi kuyo wabeka lomongo wethambo ebomvu. Le ndawo phakathi diaphysis kunye epiphysis ebizwa metaphysis.

Kweli xesha lokukhula esebenzayo abantwana abafikisayo lelona intlala, ngenxa apho kunye ithambo ekhulayo. Neenguqu, lo metaphysis liza kutshintsha ngokupheleleyo abe ithambo phezu ixesha ukwakheka komzimba ithambo. Kuba elide amathambo tubular ziquka amathambo womlenze, igxalaba, yengalo. A isuntswana isakhiwo ezahlukeneyo nilithambo ezincinane tubular. Mnye kuphela pineal nobubovu oyinyaniso, yaye ngenxa yoko, omnye metaphysis. La mathambo ziquka phalanges, metatarsals. Ukuba enze umsebenzi intshukumo ingalo elifutshane.

Iintlobo bone nomsi-. imifanekiso

Igama ithambo isoloko ibonisa yesakhiwo. Umzekelo, ithambo nomsi- wabumba ngethambo cancellous, legqunyiwe ngomaleko obhityileyo compact. Bona musa ziye nemingxuma, ngoko ke umongo ebomvu ibekwa kwisisele encinane. ithambo nomsi- nazo elide ezimfutshane kunye. I yangaphambili ziquka, umzekelo, kwentamo kunye iimbambo. Mfutshane amathambo nomsi- inxaxheba kumsebenzi izihlunu kwaye uhlobo koomatshini abangabancedani. Ezi ziquka amathambo kwisihlahla, amathambo.

ithambo flat

Ezi ntlobo amathambo abantu, ngokuxhomekeke indawo yazo, ukuba izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo aze enze imisebenzi ethile. Amathambo ukakayi na, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, ukhuselo kuba ingqondo. Bona zenziwe iipleyiti ezimbini ubhityileyo izinto ashinyeneyo, phakathi apho isiponji. Kukho imigodi yegazi. amathambo Flat cranial iphuhlisa kwizicwili. Scapula kunye isinqe nabo babe uhlobo amathambo tyaba. Zenza phantse ngokupheleleyo wenkqu nomsi-, leyo iphuhlise ukusuka intlala. Ezi ntlobo umsebenzi bone nje kuphela ukukhusela, kodwa ukuxhasa.

ithambo ingxubevange

amathambo ezimbaxa Ukuxuba ezi tubular caba elifutshane okanye ithambo nomsi-. Baza kucinga ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo aze enze imisebenzi ezidingekayo kwindawo ethile samathambo yomntu. Ezi ntlobo ngethambo, njengoko ugalelwe, kwenzeka kumzimba ithambo zezomzuzwana, omqolo. Ezi ziquka, umzekelo, i-collarbone.

intlala

inyama intlala has isakhiwo bhetyebhetye. Sisiqinisekiso iindlebe, impumlo, yaye ezinye iindawo iimbambo. Intlala inyama kwakhona ibekwe phakathi omqolo, oxhathisayo ngokunjalo deforming nemithwalo amandla. It has amandla aphezulu, ukumelana elihle lingonakali kunye ngozipho.

uqhagamshelo bone

Kukho ezahlukileyo iindidi woxhulumaniso amathambo, equlungqa amaqondo ukuhamba. Amathambo lukakayi, umzekelo, ukuba kukho umaleko obhityileyo kwithishyu nokuqina. Kulo mzekelo, ke ngokupheleleyo nangoku. Loo compound kuthiwa ezinezikhondo. Phakathi omqolo nazo iindawo zomzimba nokuqina okanye intlala. Le uxhulumaniso kuthiwa semi-ehamba, ekubeni ithambo, nangona kangako, kodwa ukuhamba kancinane.

ukuhamba eziPhezulu amalunga, ekusekeni synovia. Amathambo kwi philisi joint yabamba nemisipha. Ezi amalaphu zombini bhetyebhetye kunye ixesha elide. Ukwenzela ukunciphisa ukukhuhlana kwi joint yi ulwelo ekhethekileyo olunamafutha - synovium. It ziqina iziphelo amathambo, Bathiwe wambu intlala, kwaye iququzelela intshukumo yabo.

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi amalungu. Njengoko igama ithambo kuxhomekeke yesakhiwo igama entlanganweni kuxhomekeke imilo emathanjeni, zona xhuma. uhlobo ngalunye likuvumela ukuba wenze iintshukumo ezithile:

• Ball ngokuhlangeneyo. Nale uxhulumaniso inikwa yi nokuhamba amathambo kumacala amaninzi ngexesha elinye. Ezi amalungu ziquka igxalaba, hip.
• ilunga Ginglymoid (engqinibeni, idolo). Oku kubandakanya intshukumo kuphela moya mnye.
• joint zezindlu kuvumela amathambo ukuba xa kuthelekiswa namanye.
• joint Flat. Yena kade-uhambisa, ixesha elincinane yenza intshukumo phakathi amathambo amabini.
• amalungu Ellipsoidal. Ngoko ehlobene, umzekelo, oyi emathanjeni esihlahleni. Ukuba unako ukwenza iintshukumo ukusuka ngapha nangapha phakathi indiza.
• Ngenxa iinqwelo odibeneyo ngomnwe enkulu esandleni Ungasa ngayo iinqwelomoya ezahlukeneyo.

Impembelelo kwimisebenzi yomzimba

Ubungakanani yomsebenzi nokungqubana inempembelelo ebalulekileyo imilo kunye isakhiwo ithambo. Abantu ezahlukeneyo babe ithambo inye aneempawu alo. Xa amandla rhoqo emzimbeni sikhula into umxhelo compact, kwaye lweHo-, phezu koko, lifinyele ubukhulu.

A nefuthe elibi kwimpilo ithambo ukuba kokuhlala ixesha elide ebhedini, ukuphila umzimba. Lolwabo iba aselula, uphelelwa ngamandla ayo kunye luthambe, zaqina.

Utshintsho phantsi kwempembelelo umsebenzi ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nokumila amathambo. Iindawo apho sijongana izihlunu zingaba duda. Xa xi kakhulu, nkqu imingxuma oluncinane kuba ekuhambeni kwexesha. Kwiindawo ukugogeka ngamandla, nto leyo echaphazela ithambo lungu ukuqina unako kuyilwa, izitenxo ezahlukeneyo, amaqhuma. Ingakumbi shintsho uphawu abantu ngobungcali inxaxheba kwezemidlalo.

imilo Ithambo iphenjelelwa ezahlukeneyo yokwenzakala, ingakumbi ezo ifunyenwe abadala. Xa ukuphiliswa Ukophuka abe zonke iintlobo deformation, nto leyo edla ngokuba nefuthe elibi ubuchule bomntu ukulawula ngempumelelo emzimbeni wakho.

utshintsho ezinxulumene-Age in ithambo

Xa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo obomi ubume amathambo ayo ngokwahlukileyo. Kwiintsana phantse onke amathambo iqanjwa wenkqu nomsi-, apho legqunyiwe ngomaleko obhityileyo compact. Ba rhoqo, de kube lixesha elithile, ukwanda kuphunyezwe ngokwandiswa ubungakanani kwi intlala, ezo ngcembe indawo kwezihlunu amathambo. Le nguqu ungadluliselwa engama-20 amabhinqa, yaye abamalunga nama-25 - abantu.

Lo omncinci umntu, le nto eziphilayo ngakumbi equlethwe nezihlunu amathambo akhe. Ngoko ke, besebancinane, ukuba zahluke luthambe kunye bhetyebhetye. Xa omdala umthamo abantu iikhompawundi izimbiwa kwi ithambo ngayo ukuya kwi-70%. Ngoko ke indawo ethile iqala ukunciphisa ubungakanani calcium phosphorus. Amathambo zaqina, ngoko abadala basoloko uyaphule ngenxa ukusa olimele okanye Betha ukungakhathali.

Ukophuka ezinjalo ndiphilise ixesha elide. Kukho sisifo okhethekileyo, uphawu yabantu abadala, ingakumbi abasetyhini - kwamathambo. Kuba ukuthintelwa kwalo xa eneminyaka engama-50 kufuneka udibane nogqirha ukwenza ezinye izifundo ukuvavanya imeko ijwabu ithambo. Nge unyango olufanelekileyo yehla kakhulu umngcipheko Ukophuka kwaye asisifutshane ixesha labo ukuphiliswa.