Bone ndoda. Anatomy: ithambo. skeleton Human kunye igama ithambo

Yintoni na nokwakhiwa ithambo lomntu igama labo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo asemzimbeni kunye nezinye iinkcukacha uya kufunda kwezi zinto zokufunda kubonelelwe ngazo nqaku. Ukongeza, siza kukuxelela okokuba uziva njani na amaqhina oqhagamshelwano yaye yintoni umsebenzi olwenziwa.

ulwazi jikelele

iziko thaca omzimba womntu ubunjwe izicwili ezininzi. Eyona ibalulekileyo kwezi yi- ithambo. Ngoko ke, makhe siqwalasele kunye nokwakheka amathambo abantu kunye neempawu zomzimba.

Bone inyama ubunjwe iikhemikhali ezimbini: Organic (ossein) - malunga 1/3 kwaye nezingaphiliyo (calcium, kwekalika phosphate) - 2/3. Ukuba umzimba onjalo ukubhentsisa isisombululo acid (isi-nitric oxide, zehydrochloric, njalo njalo)., Le ityuwa ikalika ukunyibilika ngokukhawuleza, yaye uhlale ossein. Uya kugcina imilo ithambo. Noko ke, iya kuba inokusityeda ngakumbi ezithambileyo.

Ukuba ithambo aqhumisele kakuhle, la izinto eziphilayo litshise ngokunxamnye nezingaphiliyo, ahlale. Baya uya kulifeza imilo asemzimbeni kunye nobulukhuni yayo. Nangona eli ithambo (photo thaca kweli nqaku) liza kuba ethe-ethe kakhulu. Izazinzulu lubonise ukuba luthambe lomzimba uxhomekeke ossein ekuwo, buguqulwe ubungwanyalala kunye okubuyela kwimo - evela iityuwa kwezimbiwa.

Iimpawu amathambo abantu

Indibaniso izinto eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo ithambo lomntu wenza bomelele yaye liyaxhathisa ngokungaqhelekanga. Oku kakhulu ezikholisayo utshintsho ezinxulumene-ubudala. Ngapha koko, abantwana abancinane ossein ngaphezulu kunoko abadala. Kulo mba, amathambo abo azakubalulwa nezimo ingakumbi kwaye ngoko kunqabile kakhulu phula phantsi. Ke bona abantu abadala, bona banolwahlulo kwezinto ezingaphiliyo organic iyahluka egameni yangaphambili. Kungenxa yoko le nto umntu osele ekhulile ithambo uba nkum ngakumbi yaye ngaphantsi elastic. Ngenxa yoko, kukho ezininzi Ukophuka ezindala nkqu enomqolo okungephi.

Anatomy of amathambo abantu

unit lokwakheka komzimba, leyo iyabonakala microscope ukukhulisa eliphantsi okanye iglasi, na osteon. Olu hlobo sinamathambo nkqubo ibekwe concentrically ngeenxa lijelo engundoqo ngalo imizwa kunye imithambo yegazi.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba osteons azikho kufutshane nenye ngokusondeleyo. kukho izikhewu phakathi kwabo, nto leyo zizaliswe ithambo lamellae Embi. Kulo mzekelo, osteons nje ibekwe zazivelela. Baya ukuthobela ngokupheleleyo kunye nomthwalo ezisebenzayo. Ngoko, kwi amathambo elide osteons umfuziselo dlinniku kwamathambo cancellous - aa Incopho esqwini nkqo. Kwaye tyaba (umz, yokakayi) - ezi iphiramidi ebonisa okanye ingqamene kumphezulu wayo.

Zeziphi Ingaphandle amathambo abantu?

Osteons kunye amacwecwe Embi zenza umaleko engundoqo embindini ithambo. Ngaphakathi kokuba sigqunywa ngokupheleleyo ne ngomaleko engaphakathi amacwecwe bone, nangaphandle - ngaphandle. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba yonke umaleko yokugqibela elangena yi imithambo yegazi, ibaleke ukusuka periosteum ngemigudu ezizodwa. Ke kaloku, osteons luqulathe kwaye ezinkulu imiba amathambo ukuba iyabonakala ngeliso lenyama kwi radiograph okanye cut.

Ngoko ke, makhe sijonge iimpawu ezibonakalayo lamanqanaba bone:

• Lo maleko wokuqala - ithambo olomeleleyo.
• Okwesibini - nokuhlangana, nolwenzelwa ngaphandle ithambo.
• maleko wesithathu - i zomzimba nokuqina okuvakalala isebenza uhlobo 'iingubo' ukuba imithambo yegazi ezifanelekileyo ukuze ithambo.
• Okwesine - nguye lo intlala nesigubungelo eziphelweni amathambo. Oku kulapho la maqumrhu ukwandisa ukukhula kwabo.
• Umaleko sesihlanu ubunjwe kwalapho. Kwimeko yokusilela kwale sakhi eyondliwe uphawu original receptor ebuchotsheni.

ithambo, okanye mandithi yonke indawo zayo izaliswe lomongo wethambo (ebomvu kunye otyheli). Red buhlobene ngqo ukusekwa amathambo kunye hematopoiesis. Njengoko yaziwa kakuhle, kuba kwakugcwele ngokupheleleyo imithambo yegazi kunye kwimithambo- ondle yena kuphela, kodwa zonke zikhabane zombilini umelwe. lomongo wethambo Yellow kukhuthaza ukukhula asemzimbeni kunye nokomelezwa yayo.

Zeziphi iimilo amathambo?

Njengoko unokuba, kuxhomekeka kwindawo nomsebenzi:

• Long okanye tubular. Ezi zinto kufuneka isabelo zezindlu embindini ukuba umngxuma ngaphakathi kunye emancamini omabini ebanzi apho legqunyiwe ngomaleko omkhulu womhlaba ze intlala (umz, human umlenze ithambo).
• Wide. It amathambo pectoral kunye zangasese kunye ukakayi.
• Mfutshane. Ezi zinto zahluka ngeendlela ezingaqhelekanga, multi-ohlalele ajikelezayo (umzekelo, amathambo kwisihlahla, omqolo, njalo njalo.).

uhlobene njani?

skeleton Human (ebizwa ngokuba ithambo esayifumana ngezantsi) imele ezininzi iinkozo ngamnye, abaqhagamshelwe omnye nomnye. Okanye ukuba umyalelo imiba data kuxhomekeke kwimisebenzi yazo ngqo. Ukwahlula uqhagamshelwano discontinuous kunye eliqhubekekayo ngamathambo abantu. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi.

compound oluqhubekayo. Ezi ziquka:

• Fibroids. Amathambo zomzimba lomntu amaqhina oqhagamshelwano ngokusebenzisa ashinyeneyo nokuqina ijwabu yethemba.
• Bone (okt ithambo waphilisa ngokupheleleyo).
• Intlala (compact intervertebral).

compound Discontinuous. Ezi ziquka lwamalunga, oko kukuthi, phakathi kwezahlulo ukusukelwa yi kwisisu glenoid. Amathambo agcinwe ngokusebenzisa capsule evaliweyo kunye nemisipha axhasayo inyama kwezihlunu.

Ngenxa kula features isandla, amathambo nemilenze kunye buti ngokubanzi bayakwazi ukuvelisa umzimba womntu ihamba. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi weentshukumo abantu kuxhomekeke kuphela kwi iikhompawundi langoku, kodwa phezu kwalapho kunye lomongo wethambo ziqulethwe em- data.

umsebenzi skeletal

Ngaphandle imisebenzi mechanical ezixhasa komzimba womntu, le skeleton yenza intshukumo kunye nokukhusela amaziko zangaphakathi. Ukongeza, inkqubo ithambo imele kwinqanaba hemopoiesis. Ngenxa yoko, umongo, iiseli ezintsha igazi kwakheka.

Ukongeza, i-amathambo luhlobo nguvimba ezininzi calcium umzimba phosphorus. Kungenxa yoko le nto lidlala indima ebalulekileyo nethe kwezimbiwa.

skeleton Human kunye igama ithambo

skeleton omdala luquka malunga ngaphezulu kwama-200 iziqalelo. Ukongeza, ilungu ngalinye (intloko, iingalo, imilenze, njalo njalo.) Ibandakanya ezinye iintlobo amathambo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba igama emzimbeni iimpawu zazo ziyahluka kakhulu.

amathambo entloko

Ukhakhayi Umntu ungamalungu 29. Ukongeza, intloko isebe ngalinye kuquka amathambo kuphela ezithile:

1. Isebe tinhloko, equka izinto ezisibhozo:

• ithambo ngokungqalileyo;
• alubi;
• Parietal (-PC-2.);
• Occipital;
• temporal (2 iiPC.);
• latticework.

2. Isebe Face siquka amathambo elinesihlanu:

• ithambo iPalatine (2 iiPC.);
• somhlaba;
• ithambo zygomatic (2 iiPC.);
• i kwemihlathi yangasentla (2 iiPC.);
• ithambo ngeempumlo (2 iiPC.);
• imihlathi lasezantsi;
• ithambo lacrimal (2 iiPC.);
• turbinate ephantsi (2 iiPC.);
• ithambo hyoid.

3. Amathambo sendlebe eliphakathi:

• izando (2 iiPC.);
• i nensimbi (2 iiPC.);
• nestibili (-PC-2.).

esiqwini

amathambo abantu, abamagama phantse lonke kunxibelelana kwindawo yabo okanye imbonakalo, ngaba amalungu bafunda lula. Ngenxa yoko, Ukophuka ezahlukeneyo okanye ezinye ezimbi ezityhilekileyo ngokukhawuleza ngoncedo indlela noxilongo-X-reyi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba enye amathambo ezinkulu oluntu amathambo umzimba. Oku kuquka umhlathi yonke vertebral, ekukho 32-34 ukwahlula amathambo. Kuxhomekeka imisebenzi kunye nendawo share:

• omqolo thoracic (iiPC-12.);
• entanyeni (-PC-7.), kubandakanywa epistrophe Atlanta;
• empontshwa (-PC-5.).

Ukongezelela koko, amathambo umntla elinxulumene sacrum, coccyx, isifuba, iimbambo (12 × 2) kunye breastbone.

Yonke le miba asemzimbeni yenzelwe ukukhusela amalungu angaphakathi ukusuka kunokwenzeka iimpembelelo yangaphandle (nemivumbo, amaqhuma, ukuhlatywa njalo njalo.). Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwimeko Ukophuka nokoyika iziphelo amathambo ngokulula umonakalo ancedisana ezithambileyo lomzimba, ekhokelela ukopha ngaphakathi olomeleleyo, nto leyo ngokufuthi ekufeni. Ngaphezu koko, imizimba enjalo fusion kufuneka elide ngaphezu kwabo ibekwe nemilenze okanye ephezulu.

ezizitho eliphezulu

Amathambo isandla ziquka elona nani likhulu izinto ezincinane. Ngenxa ezinjalo nemilenze ngamathambo abantu bayakwazi ukwenza izinto, asebenzise ngayo, njalo-njalo. Njengoko umnqonqo, nezandla zabantu nayo yahlulwe yangamacandelo ezininzi:

1. nemilenze umbhinqo iqulethe iincakuba (2 iikhompyutha.) kunye clavicle (2 iiPC.).
2. Inxalenye simahla nemilenze unalo amalungu alandelayo:

• Gxalaba - ihumerus (amaqhosha 2).
• Ngesa- - le ulna (amaqhosha 2) kunye ithambo iphiramidi (amaqhosha 2).
• Brush, equka:
  - iwotshi (8 × 2) equka i-scaphoid, lunate, ithambo olunxantathu kunye pisiform kunye ithambo trapezoid, trapezoid ithambo, capitate, kunye hamate;
  - metacarpus eyenziwa ithambo metacarpal (5 × 2);
  - amathambo iminwe (14 × 2), eziquka phalanges ezintathu (proximal, phakathi kunye distal) apha umnwe ngamnye (ngaphandle ubhontsi, leyo phalanges ezimbini).

Onke amathambo abantu thaca, apho kunzima ukukhumbula igama, ukuvumela ukuba ukuphuhlisa izakhono motor kunye isandla ukwenza iintshukumo elula nebaluleke gqitha kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izinto usemthethweni imilenze eliphezulu benithobele zaphuka okanye enye kukwenzakala kaninzi. Nangona kunjalo, ezi amathambo edidekile ngokukhawuleza kunabanye.

yesiqephu asezantsi

amathambo umlenze Human zikwaquka inani elikhulu lweziqalelo ezincinane. Njengoko zahlulwe macandelo alandelayo kuxhomekeka kwindawo nomsebenzi:

• Le umbhinqo mlenze asezantsi. Ezi ziquka amathambo zangasese, nto leyo equka le ilium, ischium kunye pubis.
• Inxalenye simahla esiphelweni esezantsi, eyenziwa ngaba esinqeni (lithambo - iziqwenga-2; ivi - amaqhosha 2).
• Shin. Luquka ezi lesiquluba (amaqhosha 2) kunye lesiquluba (amaqhosha 2).
• Misa.
• ETarso (7 × 2). It iqulathe emibini ngethambo kwi nganye: isithende, talus, navicular, nesinqumka medial, nesinqumka-ezimilise esiphakathi, osecaleni nesinqumka-ezimile, cuboid.
• Metatarsus equka amathambo amadeo (5 × 2).
• izikhonkwane Bone (14 × 2). Zezi: yokuhlasela eliphakathi (4 × 2) kunye yokuhlasela proximal (5 × 2) kunye yokuhlasela distal (5 × 2).

Isifo bone ixhaphakileyo

Iingcali ziye kudala kwasekwa ukuba kwamathambo. Oku kuphambuka sisoloko sisenza Ukophuka ngesiquphe kunye neentlungu. Igama zimpahla isifo thaca kuvakala ngathi "njengesela cwaka". Oku kungenxa yokuba esi sifo azithathelwa ngqalelo kwaye kade kakhulu. Ukususela amathambo ngcembe leaches calcium, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba ukwehla mninzi zabo. Phela, kwamathambo ixhaphake kakhulu yobudala abadala okanye embindini.

amathambo ukuguga

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, kwinkqubo endala skeletal yabantu ijongene utshintsho olubalulekileyo. Kwelinye icala, kunye nelahleko amathambo ukuncitshiswa kwenani amacwecwe bone (leyo ekhokelela kuphuhliso kwamathambo), kunye kwelinye - ukubunjwa ezingasasebenziyo siwubona maqhuqhuva ifomu ithambo (okanye ekuthiwa osteophytes). Kwakhona, kukho calcification le articular nemisipha, imisipha kunye intlala kwindawo yofakelo ukuya kula maqumrhu.

Ukuguga izixhobo osteoarticular nga ukufumanisa nje iimpawu zesifo, kodwa ndibulela kule ndlela diagnostic, njengokuba-X-reyi.

Luluphi utshintsho kwenzeka ngenxa yoma ukwimo ithambo? Iimeko ezinjalo yezifo ziquka:

• Deformation iintloko ezidityanelweyo (okanye ekuthiwa Ukunyamalala zabo elirhangqiweyo, ezinemiphetho kunye ukuthunga ukuvela engile efanayo).
• Kwamathambo. Xa uhlolo kwi X-ray ithambo isigulane yabantu livela selubala ngaphezu kwindawo enempilo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izigulane ibonisa rhoqo utshintsho kwamalungu ithambo ngenxa ngokugqithisileyo iidipozithi ikalika in intlala osecaleni nezihlunu nokuqina. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi ezinxaxhileyo zikhatshwa:

• X-reyi licuthe emqhokrweni wengxondorha ngokudibeneyo. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba calcification of intlala articular.
• isiqabu inzuzo Diaphyseal. Loo imeko zophendlo lwezifo sikhatshwa calcification le imisipha kwindawo sothimbo ithambo.
• Ithambo loza okanye osteophytes. Isifo kwakheka ngenxa calcification kwemisipha kwindawo uncamathiselo kwi ithambo. Kufuneka igxininiswe into yokuba olo tshintsho ziyazibhaqekela ingakumbi kakuhle ngesandla kunye lomqolo. Kwezinye iindawo amathambo kufumaniseka ukuba aba lolu 3 Iimpawu eziphambili radiologic wokwaluphala. Ezi ziquka kwamathambo, nokunciphisa lwamathanda ngokudibeneyo kwaye nokomeleza amathambo isiqabu.

Abanye abantu abalupheleyo iimpawu Inokwenzeka (malunga 30-45 iminyaka) yokuqala, ngoxa abanye - kamva (iminyaka 65-70), okanye angekhoyo ngokupheleleyo. Zonke ezi tshintsho kubonakaliswa kakhulu ubhalo yomsebenzi abaqhelekileyo kwi ubudala amakhulu skeletal system.

ukuba umdla

• Bambalwa abantu bazi, kodwa ithambo hyoid nguye ithambo kuphela umzimba womntu, oku kungenanto yakwenza nabanye. Topographically kokuba use entanyeni. Ngokwemveli, Noko ke, libhekisela kummandla yobuso intamo. Ngenxa yoko, ilungu sublingual skeleton usebenzisa ijwabu kwezihlunu elinqunyanyisiweyo amathambo kwaye edibene kwingqula.
• Le skeleton bone elide kwaye womelele yifemur.
• Ithambo zincinane ngamathambo abantu ise nendlebe.